The DOI matches its Crossref record; 140 of the 140 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap
Open accessAbstract
Agriculture today places great strains on biodiversity, soils, water and the atmosphere, and these strains will be exacerbated if current trends in population growth, meat and energy consumption, and food waste continue. Thus, farming systems that are both highly productive and minimize environmental harms are critically needed. How organic agriculture may contribute to world food production has been subject to vigorous debate over the past decade. Here, we revisit this topic comparing organic and conventional yields with a new meta-dataset three times larger than previously used (115 studies containing more than 1000 observations) and a new hierarchical analytical framework that can better account for the heterogeneity and structure in the data. We find organic yields are only 19.2% (±3.7%) lower than conventional yields, a smaller yield gap than previous estimates. More importantly, we find entirely different effects of crop types and management practices on the yield gap compared with previous studies. For example, we found no significant differences in yields for leguminous versus non-leguminous crops, perennials versus annuals or developed versus developing countries. Instead, we found the novel result that two agricultural diversification practices, multi-cropping and crop rotations, substantially reduce the yield gap (to 9 ± 4% and 8 ± 5%, respectively) when the methods were applied in only organic systems. These promising results, based on robust analysis of a larger meta-dataset, suggest that appropriate investment in agroecological research to improve organic management systems could greatly reduce or eliminate the yield gap for some crops or regions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Such simplified systems are known to substantially reduce both biodiversity and ecosystem services relative to more diversified forms of agriculture ( 127 -129 )”
From Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops (2024) · cites this paper as [128]
Citations
Cites
Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models
Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2006) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790942 · Cited by 13,597
A safe operating space for humanity
Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin, F. S., Lambin, E. F., Lenton, T. M., Scheffer, M., Folke, C., Schellnhuber, H. J., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/461472a · Cited by 13,333
Global Consequences of Land Use
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C., Gibbs, H. K., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1111772 · Cited by 13,272
Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People
Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M., & Toulmin, C. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1185383 · Cited by 11,943
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Solutions for a cultivated planet
Foley, J. A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K. A., Cassidy, E. S., Gerber, J. S., Johnston, M., Mueller, N. D., O’Connell, C., Ray, D. K., West, P. C., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10452 · Cited by 8,476
Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security
Lal, R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097396 · Cited by 8,376
Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., & Befort, B. L. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1116437108 · Cited by 7,692
Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems
Diaz, R. J., & Rosenberg, R. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1156401 · Cited by 6,626
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- FAO, 2009, How to feed the world in 2050
- McIntyre BD, 2009, IAASTD international assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development: global report
- Cassman K, 2007, Editorial response by Kenneth Cassman: can organic agriculture feed the world-science to the rescue?, Renew. Agric. Food Syst., 22, 83
- Pretty JN, 2001, Reducing food poverty with sustainable agriculture: a summary of new evidence
- Smil V. 2005 Feeding the world: how much more rice do we need? In Rice is life: scientific perspectives for the 21st century (ed. K Toriyama KL Heong B Hardy) pp. 21–23. Manila PH: International Rice Research Institute.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 868
Frieri, F., & Morone, P. (2025) · Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration · doi:10.1007/s41207-025-00764-8 · Cited by 2
The distinct drivers of diversification and job quality on BC organic vegetable farms
Klassen, S., Kremen, C., Ramankutty, N., & Wittman, H. K. (2025) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-025-10793-2 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLong-term organic and conventional management affects corn nutrient composition
Hinson, P. O., Benson, A. R., & Smith, A. (2025) · Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems · doi:10.1017/s1742170525000018 · Cited by 1
Safe-Guarding Bee Diversity and Food Provisioning
Meeus, I., Smagghe, G. J., & Eeraerts, M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.21867-2 · Cited by 1
Gizicki-Neundlinger, M., Gingrich, S., & Güldner, D. (2017) · Human-environment interactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69236-4_6 · Cited by 1
Recent Trends in Adoption of Organic Farming in Pakistan: A Case Study
Aslam, W., & Chen, H. (2018) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 1
Fertilizer-use Efficiency of Farmers Using Manure in Liaozhong County, China
Kusano, E., Yin, C., & Chien, H. (2019) · Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly JARQ · doi:10.6090/jarq.53.127 · Cited by 1
Can Smart Villages Help to Stem Biodiversity Loss?
Heap, B., Holmes, J., & Jones, B. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108668675.016 · Cited by 1
Economic results and development of organic farms in Latvia
Veveris, A., & Pužulis, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development"/Economic Science for Rural Development · doi:10.22616/esrd.2020.53.003 · Cited by 1
Desempenho agronômico de pimenta dedo de moça sob adubação orgânica e mineral
dos Santos, W. M., Rocha, A. F. M., da Silva, F. B., Vale, L. S. R., Faria, L. R., Marques, M. L. D. S., Félix, M. J. D., & dos Santos, E. A. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i4.13893 · Cited by 1
González‐Fuentes, J. A., Cavazos, C. J. L., Preciado-Rangel, P., Troyo‐Diéguez, E., Rojas-Duarte, A., & Rodríguez-Ortiz, J. C. (2021) · Terra Latinoamericana · doi:10.28940/terra.v39i0.897 · Cited by 3
Achieving Food and Nutrition Security: The Role of Agroecology
Amissah, L., & Aflakpui, G. K. S. (2019) · Industrial and applied mathematics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69626-3_58-1 · Cited by 1
Prospects and Objectives for Organic Agriculture Development in the North-West Russia
Попов, В. Д., Minin, V. B., Maksimov, D. A., & Zakharov, A. (2022) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7780-0_8 · Cited by 1
Benoît, M., Steinmetz, L., Fléchet, D., Piet, L., & Poméon, T. (2024) · INRAE Productions Animales · doi:10.20870/productions-animales.2024.37.2.7444 · Cited by 1
McCleary, S. (2025) · Fourth World Journal · doi:10.63428/fxj14s17 · Cited by 1
Benaragama, D. I. (2016) · University Library - University of Saskatchewan (University of Saskatchewan) · Cited by 1
Vergelijking klimaateffecten van de gangbare vs. de biologische landbouw
Meerburg, B. G., Helmes, R., Reijs, J. W., Berge, H. F. M. T., Lesschen, J. P., & Vellinga, T. V. (2018) · doi:10.18174/451699 · Cited by 1
Khumairoh, U. (2019) · doi:10.18174/467331 · Cited by 1
The nitrogen operating space of world food productionPreprint
Harchaoui, S., & Chatzimpiros, P. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1912.12058 · Cited by 1
Karanja, E. (2020) · Cited by 1
(2020) · Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development"/Economic Science for Rural Development · doi:10.22616/esrd.2020.53 · Cited by 1
Temple, C., Blouin, A. G., Tindale, S. J., Steyer, S., Maréchal, K., & Massart, S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.12.523758 · Cited by 1
Growing agroecology in Nicaragua : Towards a multi-scale perspective on agroecological transitions
Schiller, K. (2023) · doi:10.18174/585945 · Cited by 1
Dimon, R., Segre, H., & Shwartz, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4460139 · Cited by 1
DRIVERS AND CONSTRAINTS OF CONVERSION TO ORGANIC FARMING IN THE KINGDOM OF BHUTAN
Mahat, P. (2017) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2017.220 · Cited by 1
The Enduring Fantasy of “Feeding the World”
Calo, A. J., de Wit, M. M., Iuliano, B. G., & Iles, A. (2025) · doi:10.63478/fplcw9hy · Cited by 1
Coronese, M., Occelli, M., Lamperti, F., & Andrea Roventini, B. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4735270 · Cited by 1
Resources and Economic Welfare
Sørensen, B. E. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803218-3.00002-1
Reply to ‘Are the claimed benefits of organic agriculture justified?’
Reganold, J. P., & Wachter, J. M. (2016) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.100
Granatstein, D. M., Kirby, E., & Brady, M. (2016) · Acta Horticulturae · doi:10.17660/actahortic.2016.1137.43
Schurr, H. (2017) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Bramberger, L. (2017) · The Atrium (University of Guelph)
Chapter 1 - The Principles of Agroecology
Rosset, P. M., & Altieri, M. A. (2017) · Agroecology · doi:10.3362/9781780449944.002
Tackling and Preventing the Problem
Cassou, E., Jaffee, S. M., & Ru, J. (2018) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9_ch2
de Carvalho, C. R. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.11.2018.tde-03052018-114740
International Trends in Assessing Ecosystem Services related to Rural Landscapes
Okubo, S. (2017) · JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION · doi:10.2750/arp.36.21
Value Chain-Induced Constraints Limiting Scale of Conservation Agriculture in South Africa
von Loeper, W. J., Drimie, S., & Blignaut, J. N. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.84499
Cocoa pollination as a potential yield driver under changing management and climate
Toledo‐Hernández, M. (2020) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8167
META – ANALYSIS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHES (REVIEW)
alqysy, E. H., ALamadani, M. A., & alaidham, S. S. (2020) · Mağallaẗ zirāʿaẗ al-rāfidayn · doi:10.33899/magrj.2020.127947.1064
Charles, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2058-6_2
Training Strategies for Organic Agriculture as a Pathway to Achieve the SDGs
de Porras, M., Haller, L., & Alexander, S. (2021) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7512-3.ch010
Transformations of Urban Agro Ecology Landscapes in Territory Transition
Vargas-Hernández, J. G. (2021) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2349-3.ch002
Transformations of urban agroecology landscape in territory transition
Vargas-Hernández, J. G. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85214-2.00007-0
Systèmes agroalimentaires en transition
(2017) · Éditions Quæ eBooks · doi:10.3917/quae.lubel.2017.01.0166
Marsden, T., Lamine, C., & Schneider, S. (2020) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781788974196.00015
Dependence of the Yield of Organic Potatoes on the Variable Composition of Technological Operations
Zakharov, A., Maksimov, D. A., Minin, V. B., Мурзаев, Е. А., & Ivanov, D. Y. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/979/1/012081
Ist ökologischer oder konventioneller Landbau besser für die Biodiversität?
Maurer, R. W. (2022) · Wirtschaftsdienst · doi:10.1007/s10273-022-3160-1
Training Strategies for Organic Agriculture as a Pathway to Achieve the SDGs
de Porras, M., Haller, L., & Alexander, S. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5352-0.ch013
Reid, G. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.734279093.793559943
Rausser, G. C., Hanemann, W. M., & Zilberman, D. (2012) · Annual Review of Resource Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-re-4-091912-100001
Stevens, C. J. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.736793572.793568750
Symonds, M. E. (2021) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.739222459.793581721
(2017) · Presses Universitaires de France eBooks · doi:10.3917/puf.feder.2017.03.0393
Diversity and Functions of Biostimulants in Crop Plants
Prium, D. H., Mowna, S. A., Araf, Y., Alam, T., Ullah, A., Chakraborty, M., Ansary, M. W. R., & Islam, T. (2022) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781789248098.0002
Choudhary, H., Dave, P. P., Parvez, N., Raghuvanshi, P. S., Lal, B., Singh, S., Rathore, R., Singh, R. K., Zulapi, R., & Verma, A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Agriculture International · doi:10.9734/jeai/2022/v44i122077
Penerapan Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) pada Masyarakat dalam Menghadapi Pandemic Covid-19
Sitohang, T. R., & Limbong, M. H. (2022) · JURNAL KREATIVITAS PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT (PKM) · doi:10.33024/jkpm.v5i12.7960
Synthétiser les connaissances en agronomie / Synthesizing knowledge in agronomy
Makowski, D. (2017) · Notes Académiques de l Académie d agriculture de France / Academic Notes of the French Academy of Agriculture · doi:10.58630/pubac.not.a129775
Rosa-Schleich, J. (2023) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-9745
Österreichischer Special Report Gesundheit, Demographie und Klimawandel - Supplement
Haas, W., Moshammer, H. M., Muttarak, R., & Koland, O. (2019) · doi:10.1553/asr18_supplement
Field management practices to produce nutritional and healthier minor crops
Orhun, G. E., Maqbool, A., Akın, M., Eyduran, Ş. P., & Rakszegi, M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90566-4.00020-5
Bewertung von Ökosystemen und deren Leistungen in Deutschland
Grunewald, K., Meier, S., Bastian, O., Syrbe, R., Walz, U., Schweppe-Kraft, B., Lampkin, N. H., Elsasser, P., Altenbrunn, K., Köthke, M., et al. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65916-8_5 · Cited by 1
Selvananthan, G., Amaratunge, S., Fernando, J., & Rathnayake, A. (2023) · Vidyodaya Journal of Management · doi:10.31357/vjm.v9ii.6378
RANEPA, & Surpkelova, A. (2023) · Lomonosov Economics Journal · doi:10.55959/msu0130-0105-6-58-1-12
Circular agriculture in India: Policy perspective
Vikram, P. (2022) · International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development · doi:10.33545/26180723.2022.v5.i2a.154
Bioenergy production and organic agriculture
Siegmeier, T., Blumenstein, B., & Möller, D. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99145-2.00012-4
Produktywność nowych odmian ziemniaka w uprawie ekologicznej i konwencjonalnej
Zarzyńska, K. (2023) · Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin · doi:10.37317/biul-2023-0003
Almeida, A. R. (2021) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-348919
Impacts of organic and conventional management systems on weeds and insects’ biodiversityPreprint
Rad, M. M., & Lashkari, A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3516542/v1
Produkcyjność soi uprawianej metodą proekologiczną i konwencjonalną w zależności od rozstawy rzędów
Gawęda, D., & Buczek, J. (2023) · Agronomy Science · doi:10.24326/as.2023.5155
MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO NO CONTEXTO DA PRODUÇÃO AGROECOLÓGICA
Ferreira, D. S., Figueiredo, A. C., Ferreira, J. M. S., Cabral, S. D. O., Gonçalves, D. D. C., Dian, V. S., Gonçalves, M. S., Ribeiro, W. R., & Freitas, W. D. S. (2023) · EPITAYA eBooks · doi:10.47879/ed.ep.2023946p447
Productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under conventional and organic nutrition
Jose, E., Soni, K. B., Alex, S., Shalini Pillai, P., Jayalekshmy, V. G., Stephen, R., Kiran, A. G., & Dongare, M. D. (2023) · Environment Conservation Journal · doi:10.36953/ecj.23132599
Examining the Environmental Impact of Organic Farming in Japan
Shigeno, R. (2023) · Journal of Food System Research · doi:10.5874/jfsr.23.30.3_3
(2023) · Journal of Food Chemistry and Nanotechnology · doi:10.17756/jfcn.2023-s1-043
Social Metabolism at the Local Scale
de Molina, M. G., & Toledo, V. M. (2023) · Environmental history · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48411-7_7
A PART OF THE SOLUTION: ORGANIC FARMING METHODS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Mansumlu, G. (2024) · SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH · doi:10.36719/2789-6919/32/86-97 · Cited by 1
Trends and challenges in implementing community-supported agriculture
de Melo, G. A., Barbosa, S. B., Peixoto, M. G. M., Mendonça, M. C. A., Sehnem, S., & Guerra, J. B. S. O. D. A. (2024) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-024-05387-7
Effect of in-row spacing on weed suppression and yield of ‘Covington’ and ‘Monaco’ sweetpotato
Cooper, E. G., Meyers, S. L., Jennings, K. M., Adair, A., Gibson, K. D., & Johnson, W. G. (2024) · Weed Technology · doi:10.1017/wet.2024.63
The dynamics of organic farming conversion in groundwater management
Iannucci, G., & Péreau, J.-C. (2024) · Macroeconomic Dynamics · doi:10.1017/s1365100524000592
Die Bio-Tierhaltung aus Sicht der Gesellschaft
Bayer, E. (2024) · doi:10.53846/goediss-10838
Teses e dissertações brasileiras de abordagem qualitativa sobre a fibromialgia em mulheres
Sampaio, A. D., de Siqueira, H. C. H., de Medeiros, A. C., Sampaio, A. L. D., & Zillmer, J. G. V. (2024) · Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales · doi:10.55905/revconv.17n.13-351
Unraveling the nexus of organic agriculture and soil health: A review
Laila, C., Sheeba, S., Sabarinathan, K. G., Amutha, R., Prema, P., Sujatha, P., Prabhaharan, J., & Saravanapandian, P. (2024) · Plant Science Today · doi:10.14719/pst.5532
Ecosystem Services and Sustainability: A Framework for Improving Decision-Making in Urban Areas
Torres, A. V. (2022) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1944341
Effect of buckwheat and silage tarps on sweetpotato between-row weed control
Cooper, E. G., Meyers, S. L., Jennings, K. M., Adair, A., Gibson, K. D., & Johnson, W. G. (2025) · Weed Technology · doi:10.1017/wet.2024.69
Rai, E., & Singh, S. (2024) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i6.2024.4475
Organic agricultural production: Plants
Wachter, J. M., & Reganold, J. P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15976-3.00010-6
Certified vs. Non-certified Eco-Labels: Consumer Preferences for Eco-Labeled Agricultural Products
Kyoi, S. (2025) · Global environmental studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3502-3_6
Pulido, S. J. B., & Robles, E. O. L. (2025) · Revista Mexicana de Agroecosistemas · doi:10.60158/rma.v12i1.445
Eshel, G. (2025) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/13832.001.0001
Perception of College Students Regarding Market Availability of Organic Foods in Udaipur City
Kaur, T., & Mogra, R. (2025) · Journal of Community Mobilization and Sustainable Development · doi:10.5958/2231-6736.2025.00030.6
Einführung: Mensch und Natur – eine konfliktreiche Wechselbeziehung
Bärlocher, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-70586-5_1
Metadata
- Authors
- Ponisio, L. C., M'Gonigle, L. K., Mace, K. C., Palomino, J., de Valpine, P., & Kremen, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author
- Ponisio, Lauren C.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2015-01-22
- Volume
- 282
- Issue
- 1799
- Pages
- 20141396
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC4286047
- OpenAlex
- W1992197367
- Cited by
- 871
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 35
- FWCI
- 65.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant and soil sciences
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems
- Keywords
- organic farming, conventional farming, yield gap, agricultural diversification, multiple cropping, crop rotation, Fabaceae, perennial crops, agroecology, food production
- MeSH terms
- Conservation of Natural Resources, Food Supply, Fabaceae, Soil, Crops, Agricultural, Biodiversity, Organic Agriculture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review