The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Coping styles and behavioural flexibility: towards underlying mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
A coping style (also termed behavioural syndrome or personality) is defined as a correlated set of individual behavioural and physiological characteristics that is consistent over time and across situations. This relatively stable trait is a fundamental and adaptively significant phenomenon in the biology of a broad range of species, i.e. it confers differential fitness consequences under divergent environmental conditions. Behavioural flexibility appears to be an important underlying attribute or feature of the coping style that might explain consistency across situations. Proactive coping is characterized by low flexibility expressed as rather rigid, routine-like behavioural tendencies and reduced impulse control (behavioural inhibition) in operant conditioning paradigms. This article summarizes some of the evidence that individual differentiation in behavioural flexibility emerges as a function of underlying variability in the activation of a brain circuitry that includes the prefrontal cortex and its key neurochemical signalling pathways (e.g. dopaminergic and serotonergic input). We argue that the multidimensional nature of animal personality and the terminology used for the various dimensions should reflect the differential pattern of activation of the underlying neuronal network and the behavioural control function of its components. Accordingly, unravelling the molecular mechanisms that give rise to individual differences in the coping style will be an important topic in biobehavioural neurosciences, ecology and evolutionary biology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.6.1216 · Cited by 6,652
Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1579 · Cited by 3,785
Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution
Réale, D. J. F., Reader, S. M., Sol, D., McDougall, P. T., & Dingemanse, N. J. (2007) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00010.x · Cited by 3,587
Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview
Sih, A., Bell, A. M., & Johnson, J. C. (2004) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.04.009 · Cited by 3,327
Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology
Koolhaas, J. M., Korte, S. M., De Boer, S. F., Van Der Vegt, B. J., Van Reenen, C. G., Hopster, H., De Jong, I. C., Ruis, M. A. W., & Blokhuis, H. J. (1999) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00026-3 · Cited by 2,875 · cited 3×
“Rodent research distinguishes between proactive and reactive coping (Koolhaas et al. 1999) and researchers of fish and birds often use the terms shyness and boldness (Wilson et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBehavioural reaction norms: animal personality meets individual plasticity
Dingemanse, N. J., Kazem, A. J. N., Réale, D. J. F., & WRIGHT, J. M. (2009) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.013 · Cited by 1,506
The Neuroscience of Natural Rewards: Relevance to Addictive Drugs
Kelley, A. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-09-03306.2002 · Cited by 1,505
Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes
de Wit, H. (2009) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00129.x · Cited by 1,415
Prefrontal executive and cognitive functions in rodents: neural and neurochemical substrates
Dalley, J. W., Cardinal, R. N., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.006 · Cited by 1,329
Shyness and boldness in humans and other animals.
Wilson, D. S., Clark, A., Coleman, K., & Dearstyne, T. (1994) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/0169-5347(94)90134-1 · Cited by 1,124
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 612
Linking individual variation in foraging behaviour and personality in a polar seabird
Harris, S. M. (2020) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03106118 · Cited by 1
Behavioural Tests for Learning and Cognition in Humans and Animals
Nordquist, R. E. (2021) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781789247886.0009 · Cited by 1
Does the Current Concept of Stress Explain PTSD?
Koolhaas, J. M., & de Boer, S. F. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_83 · Cited by 1
Self-citationBhatnagar, P. B. N. (2023) · International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) · doi:10.21275/sr23822190005 · Cited by 1
Shuert, C. R., Pomeroy, P. P., & Twiss, S. D. (2025) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.1787 · Cited by 1
Drivers of Phenotypic Variation Along a Late Pleistocene Range Expansion Route
Bisconti, R., Chiocchio, A., Costantini, D., Carere, C., & Canestrelli, D. (2025) · Journal of Biogeography · doi:10.1111/jbi.70044 · Cited by 1
“…less energy investment in exploration, this behavioural profile could favour metabolic resource allocation to other critical functions pivotal for successful colonisation, such as foraging, growth and reproduction (Verbeek et al. 1994; Deerenberg et al. 1998; Cockrem 2007; Coppens et al. 2010).”
Local dominance predicts foraging decisions in a changing environment
Ibanez-Herranz, M., van den Heuvel, K., Villing, N., de Groot, C., van Oers, K., & Serrano‐Davies, E. (2025) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/araf112 · Cited by 1
Flores-Serrano, A. G., Zaldívar-Rae, J., Salgado, H., & Pineda, J. C. (2014) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · doi:10.32776/revbiomed.v25i1.67 · Cited by 1
Gray, M. M., Sieving, K. E., & Cox, J. A. (2022) · Avian Conservation and Ecology · doi:10.5751/ace-02111-170107 · Cited by 1
“…gathering and utilizing novel sources of information (Guillette et al. 2011), they exhibit flexibility in response to sudden environmental changes (Coppens et al. 2010, Herborn et al. 2014), they disperse more slowly and over shorter distances (Cote et al. 2010), they act to minimize risk (Hall…”
BackgroundTHE ARCHITECTURE OF PHENOTYPES IN A NATURALLY HYBRIDIZING COMPLEX OF XIPHOPHORUS FISHES
Johnson, J. B. ‘. (2013) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 1
Distinguishing animal personality and innovation in the guppy - the effect of sex and body size
Berdal, M. A. (2015) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) · Cited by 1
Breeding in a changing Arctic: physiology and behaviour of barnacle geese
de Jong, M. E. (2021) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.180365603
Adcock, S. (2014) · Memorial University Research Repository (Memorial University) · Cited by 1
Strier, K. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1570 · Cited by 1
Santana-Santana, M., Bayascas, J. R., & Giménez‐Llort, L. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0342.v1
Chen, G., Zhang, Y., Wei, Z., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Peng, J., Luo, P., Tang, L., Xu, Z., Yu, C., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2691695/v1 · Cited by 1
Behavioural, physiological, and genetic drivers of copingPreprint
Bhattacharjee, D., Guðjónsdóttir, A. R., Chova, P. E., Middelburg, E., Jäckels, J., de Groot, N. G., Wallner, B., Massen, J. J. M., & Pflüger, L. S. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.28.555090 · Cited by 1
Fisheries-induced evolution and selection on physiological traits
Killen, S. S., & Koeck, B. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90801-6.00085-9 · Cited by 1
Leading an urban invasion: risk-sensitive learning is a winning strategyPreprint
Breen, A. J., & Deffner, D. (2023) · doi:10.7554/elife.89315.1 · Cited by 1
Coping Strategies in Clinical Psychology and NeuropsychologyPreprint
Theodoratou, M. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1932.v1 · Cited by 1
Escape tendency and the mobility behavior of four alpine rodents do not change with altitudePreprint
Cerri, J., Melcore, I., Gargano, N., et al. (2023) · doi:10.32942/x25k69 · Cited by 1
Tchabovsky, A. V., Surkova, E. N., Savinetskaya, L. E., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.22.595322 · Cited by 1
Wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące stałości i zmienności zachowania
Miler, K. (2015)
Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Range Expansion in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Liebl, A. L. (2013) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
THE ECOLOGY OF STRESS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE ON STRESS IN WILD CENTRARCHID FISHES
O'Connor, C. (2011) · doi:10.22215/etd/2011-09761
“…routine-forming, and exhibit higher sympathetic activity in response to a stressor, whereas reactive individuals freeze and exhibit higher HPI-axis activity in response to a stressor, but are more responsive to environmental changes and exhibit more behavioral flexibility (Coppens et al. 2010).”
BackgroundMaria, A. C. B. E. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.10.2016.tde-16092015-115043 · Cited by 1
Stubbendorff, C. (2016) · Figshare
Personality and parasites: sex-dependent
Dunn, J. C., Miall, L. C., & Quinn, L. R. (2011)
Redfern, J. C. (2016) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-290
Development of aggression and impulsivity: Modulation by adolescent social stress?
Coppens, C. M. (2013) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
Self-citationThe relationship between personality and cognitionin the fowl, Gallus gallus
Zidar, J. (2017) · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-140361
“A growing body of evidence show plasticity in personality traits within individuals (Dingemanse et al. 2010), particularly when linked to variation in coping styles (Carere et al. 2005; Coppens et al. 2010; Koolhaas et al. 1999; 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialVariation in proactive - reactive personality types in the red junglefowl
Almberg, J. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Podgorniak, T., Oliveira, É. D., Daverat, F., et al. (2018) · Hydroécologie Appliquée · doi:10.1051/hydro/2018002
Reis-Silva, T. M. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.47.2018.tde-04072018-153808
The two sides of the coin of psychosocial stress: evaluation by positron emission tomography
Feltes, P. K. (2018) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
Cognitive variation in threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Bensky, M. K. (2019) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Prentice, P. M., Mnatzaganian, C., Houslay, T. M., Thornton, A., & Wilson, A. J. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.19.103689
Cognition in narrow-striped mongooses, Mungotictis decemlineata, a Malagasy carnivore species
Rasolofoniaina, B. N. (2021) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-8432
Endocrine and Behavioural Plasticity in Vertebrates
Fry, A. L. (2021) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.56835
Associations and basis of personality, life-history and social interactions
Niemelä, P. T. (2012) · UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland)
Tjøstheim, T. A., Johansson, B., & Balkenius, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2021.752219
Roy, T., Rohr, T., & Arlinghaus, R. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.14.484277
The Gray Seal: 80 Years of Insight into Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers of Phocid Behavior
Twiss, S. D., Bishop, A. M., & Culloch, R. M. (2022) · Ethology and behavioral ecology of marine mammals · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88923-4_9
Strier, K. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1570-1
Bayani, G. U. (2022) · International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Bioresearch · doi:10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5720
Chronic Mild Stress and COVID-19 Sequelae
Komnenov, D. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.106578
Coping Strategies for Menstrual and Premenstrual Distress
Pal, S., Mandal, M., & Poddar, S. (2023) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5088-8.ch008
Risk-sensitive learning is a winning strategy for leading an urban invasionPreprint
Breen, A. J., & Deffner, D. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.19.533319
“…defined as some ‘attribute’, ‘cognition’, ‘characteristic’, ‘feature’, ‘trait’ and/or ‘quality’ that enables animals to adapt behaviour to changing circumstances ( Coppens et al., 2010 ; Audet and Lefebvre, 2017 ; Barrett et al., 2019 ; Lea et al., 2020 )—has previously been hypothesised to…”
Author Response: Leading an urban invasion: risk-sensitive learning is a winning strategy
Breen, A. J., & Deffner, D. (2023) · doi:10.7554/elife.89315.1.sa3
Breen, A. J., & Deffner, D. (2023) · doi:10.7554/elife.89315.1.sa1
Breen, A. J., & Deffner, D. (2023) · doi:10.7554/elife.89315.1.sa0
Leading an urban invasion: risk-sensitive learning is a winning strategyPreprint
Breen, A. J., & Deffner, D. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.89315.2
Behavioral variation changes across an urbanization gradient in a population of great titsPreprint
Gervais, L., Thompson, M., de Villemereuil, P., Burkhard, T. T., Teplitsky, C., Class, B., Réale, D. J. F., & Charmantier, A. (2024) · doi:10.32942/x2kw4c
Mason et al Preprint_Goat Emotions, Cognition and PersonalityPreprint
Mason, M. A., Briefer, E. F., Semple, S., & McElligott, A. G. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jxd28
Cunha, O. D., Mead, J. J., Sanchez, B. A., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4681611/v1
Bisconti, R., Chiocchio, A., Costantini, D., Carere, C., & Canestrelli, D. (2024) · doi:10.32942/x24s62
Koeck, B., Olsen, E. M., Závorka, L., et al. (2024) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110831
EFECTO DE LA INTERACCIÓN SOCIAL EN LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DE TILAPIA DEL NILO (Oreochromis niloticus)
Vargas, R., Grajales-Cedeño, J. K., Ríos-Moreno, A., et al. (2024) · Revista investigaciones agropecuarias · doi:10.48204/j.ia.v7n1.a6540
Boldness and learning in an active foraging lizard
Patiño, C. A. R., Mastachi-Loza, C., Carmen-Cristóbal, J. M., & Ruiz-Gomez, M. D. (2025) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105174
Bhaskaran, G., Wauters, J., Koteja, P., & Sadowska, E. T. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.24.644903
Axling, J., Petersson, E., & Winberg, S. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.29.656924
“…have been reported to differ in learning behavior and results from studies on rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), suggests that reactive individuals are more guided by environmental stimuli whereas the proactive ones more easily form behavioral routines and are less flexible (8,14,15).”
Behavioral Health and Mental Well-being of Sheltered Animals
Cussen, V. A., & Reid, P. J. (2025) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781800624313.0018
Mental Health and Proactive Behaviour
Rafi, S., Panchal, D. N., & Agarwal, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-49673-8_3
Schöttes, F. M., Gethöffer, F., Tost, D., Kemper, N., & Siebert, U. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1619604 · Cited by 1
Acker, P., & Reid, J. M. (2025) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.70175
“This latter component quantifies the magnitude of individual differences in ‘flexibility’ (or ‘respon - siveness’), and hence in the degree of labile phenotypic plasticity (Acker et al., 2023 ; Coppens et al., 2010 ; Dingemanse et al., 2010; Piersma & Drent, 2003 ).”
A psychological model of the cognitive processes regulating exploratory behavior in animals
Pisula, W. (2025) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105303
Behavioral syndromes are associated with social plasticity and competence in a wild primate
Tkaczynski, P., Campbell, L., MacLarnon, A. M., et al. (2025) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-025-03670-9
“…physiological stress activity and reactivity compared to reactive/shy individuals, meaning they are also expected to be less physiologically sensitive and behaviorally responsive to socioecological variation when compared reactive/shy individuals (Koolhaas et al. 1999, 2010; Coppens et al. 2010).”
InfluentialLateral bias in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Williams, G. A., Muns, R., Carroll, G., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-28801-0
“Previous research has indicated that hemispheric dominance can influence an animal’s susceptibility to welfare outcomes, with right hemisphere dominance associated with adverse welfare effects and left hemisphere dominance linked to positive welfare outcomes 7,16,20,87,88 .”
Male bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) are more active and behaviourally flexible than workers
Chow, P. K. Y., Robert, T., Donnelly, S., & Hochard, K. D. (2026) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-026-02061-5
“…flexibility, or being able to quickly adjust to environmental changes, demands and opportunities (Dukas and Bernays 2000 ; Chapman et al. 2003 ; Coppens et al. 2010a , b; Lea et al. 2020a , b), has been shown to have fit - ness consequences (e.g., Dukas and Bernays 2000 ; Nico - lakakis et al.…”
Temperament and cognitive flexibility across lemur species
Cantwell, A., Nair, P., Petrillo, F. D., & Rosati, A. G. (2025) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123349
“Temperament has further been linked to differences in cognitive performance, connecting behavioural syndromes to distinct cognitive styles: the different strategies that individuals use to gather, process and act on information (Carere & Locurto, 2011; Coppens et al., 2010; Sih & Del Giudice, 2012).”
Castro, L., Nowak, R., & Dufour, V. (2026) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.72506
“Individual factors such as personality (Coppens et al. 2010) or age (Dougherty and Guillette 2018) may also influence behavioural inhibition and cognitive flexibility.”
Responses to the backtest as genetic indicators of disease resilience in grow-finish pigs
Kayondo, F., Seddon, Y. M., Fortin, F., Harding, J. C. S., Dyck, M. K., Plastow, G. S., Canada, P., Vandenbroek, D., DeVries, B., Dion, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skag042
“…responses with growth rate under challenge could stem from the passive coping style being typically associated with a more reactive HPA axis, while the active coping style is more strongly associated with a more reactive SAM axis (Koolhaas et al 1999; Koolhaas et al 2007; Coppens et al 2010).”
Escape tendency and mobility behaviour of four alpine rodents do not change with altitude
Melcore, I., Morgia, V. L., Gargano, N., et al. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123495
Interactions entre traits de personnalité des téléostéens, environnement et polluants
Alfonso, S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d98f4d37z5562z4cbbz82c7zc344d536f71c
Emotions et personnalité : au cœur des décisions chez un poisson monogame
Laubu, C. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/abcdc27fz30c9z4c1cz86e5z65821c7e749a
Sharing the trail: recreation effects on bear behaviour in a Canadian Rocky Mountain ParkPreprint
Dimitriou, A., Gaynor, K. M., Benson‐Amram, S., Percy, M. P., & Burton, A. C. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.02.714576
Dessart, M. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/50008b08z15a7z43d1z980ez9cc83dd99e57
French-Canadian adaptation and validation of the adolescents’ Pain Coping Questionnaire
Théroux, J., Lessard, L., Innes, S. I., Gardner, J., Gilbert, G., Genest, C., St‐Arneault, K., Carmel, J., Cara-Slavich, S., Larue, C., et al. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1080/24740527.2026.2650298
Rethinking Behaviors of Free‐Ranging Asian Elephants in the Context of Human‐Altered Landscapes
Pokharel, S. S., & Sharma, N. (2026) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/eth.70076
Exploring the relationship between inhibitory control and coping behaviour in horses
von der Tann, M., Palme, R., von Borstel, U. K., & Brucks, D. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-48050-z
Mazza, V., Latini, L., Burini, G., Donno, R. D., Scalvini, M., Benedetti, D., Liuzzo, M., Grignani, G., Nascetti, G., Malavasi, S., et al. (2026) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-026-02062-4
“Pronounced explorative tendencies drive animals to frequent resampling of environmental information (e.g. Verbeek et al. 1994; Koolhaas et al. 1999; Coppens et al. 2010; Sih and Del Giudice 2012; Mazza and Eccard 2024; Jánošíková 2025), even when it does not serve an immediate purpose (e.g. Archer…”
Local Governance Fiscal Resilience in Low Tax Base Environments
der Waldt, G. V. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-776-120261006
Systemic metabolic correlates of environmental sensitivity in group-housed micePreprint
Joko, N., & Abe, K. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.18.725769
“Behavior in social animals is strongly shaped by both physical and social environmental contexts (Sih et al , 2004; Coppens et al , 2010; Niemelä & Dingemanse, 2014) .”
Metadata
- Authors
- Coppens, C. M., de Boer, S. F., & Koolhaas, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Department of Behavioural Physiology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2010-12-27
- Volume
- 365
- Issue
- 1560
- Pages
- 4021-4028
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2992750
- OpenAlex
- W2136361247
- Semantic Scholar
- a728963ac55bd0a912d799a48dfeb94690ee6746
- Cited by
- 610
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 27.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- coping styles, behavioral flexibility, animal personality, behavioral syndromes, proactive coping, behavioral inhibition, individual differences, prefrontal cortex, dopamine signaling, brain circuits
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Personality, Receptors, Dopamine, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex, Behavioral Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
