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Coping styles and behavioural flexibility: towards underlying mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
A coping style (also termed behavioural syndrome or personality) is defined as a correlated set of individual behavioural and physiological characteristics that is consistent over time and across situations. This relatively stable trait is a fundamental and adaptively significant phenomenon in the biology of a broad range of species, i.e. it confers differential fitness consequences under divergent environmental conditions. Behavioural flexibility appears to be an important underlying attribute or feature of the coping style that might explain consistency across situations. Proactive coping is characterized by low flexibility expressed as rather rigid, routine-like behavioural tendencies and reduced impulse control (behavioural inhibition) in operant conditioning paradigms. This article summarizes some of the evidence that individual differentiation in behavioural flexibility emerges as a function of underlying variability in the activation of a brain circuitry that includes the prefrontal cortex and its key neurochemical signalling pathways (e.g. dopaminergic and serotonergic input). We argue that the multidimensional nature of animal personality and the terminology used for the various dimensions should reflect the differential pattern of activation of the underlying neuronal network and the behavioural control function of its components. Accordingly, unravelling the molecular mechanisms that give rise to individual differences in the coping style will be an important topic in biobehavioural neurosciences, ecology and evolutionary biology.
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“Rodent research distinguishes between proactive and reactive coping (Koolhaas et al. 1999) and researchers of fish and birds often use the terms shyness and boldness (Wilson et al.”
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“This is in accordance with what have been suggested as general differences between proactive and reactive individuals, where reactive individuals react to environmental changes while proactive individuals follow predictions of the actual environment (Coppens et al. 2010).”
ResultConcept of mental health and mental well-being, it's determinants and coping strategies
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“Others have conflated personality and plasticity by labeling differences in plastic responses within populations ( ) as personality (e.g., responsiveness, ClarkI # E 1991; coping styles, Koolhaas et al. 1999; Coppens et al. 2010; reactivity, Wolf et al. 2007; inconsistency, Royle et al. 2010).”
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“The proactive-reactive behavioral axis has been described in terms of " fight or flight " vs. " freeze " responses to stress (Coppens et al., 2010).”
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“Behavioural flexibility is the ability of an organism to directly respond and adjust its behaviour to environmental circumstances (Coppens et al. 2010; Wright et al. 2010), which provides animals with a crucial tool for adapting to changing environments (Sol and Lefebvre 2000; Reader and Laland 2003).”
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“It is interesting to note that similar effects as we describe here at the level of the sexes have been documented extensively at the individual level (‘coping styles’) [72,76].”
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“, 2008), self-control (Carver, Johnson, & Joormann, 2014; Ranade, Pi, & Kepecs, 2014), and cognitive flexibility (Coppens et al., 2010), while in rats, serotonin participates in control of impulsive behaviour (Bizot, Le Bihan, Puech, Hamon, & Thiébot, 1999).”
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Individual differences in the effects of prenatal stress exposure in rodents
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“Proactive stresscoping individuals tend to show more aggression and impulsivity and are less behaviorally flexible than passive stress-copers (Coppens et al., 2010).”
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“the aim of understanding its physiological basis (Coppens et al., 2010; Koolhaas et al., 2010) and the effects of cattle temperament on animal's health (Burdick et al.”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of offensive aggression: Revealing a modular view
de Boer, S. F., Olivier, B., Veening, J., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.040 · Cited by 70
Self-citationLaredo, S. A., Steinman, M. Q., Robles, C. F., Ferrer, E., Ragen, B. J., & Trainor, B. C. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12824 · Cited by 75
“Coping strategies during times of rapid change can be traced back to an individual’s propensity to demonstrate behavioral flexibility under environmental stress (Coppens et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSoares, M. C., Gerlai, R. T., & Maximino, C. (2018) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.13757 · Cited by 72
Mazza, V., Jacob, J., Dammhahn, M., Zaccaroni, M., & Eccard, J. A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46582-1 · Cited by 68
LeBlanc, S., Höglund, E., Gilmour, K. M., & Currie, S. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00196.2011 · Cited by 67
“In the HR/LR trout model (47), as well as in rats (8), such differences have been demonstrated using feeding behavior.”
BackgroundSocial stress models in rodents: Towards enhanced validity
Koolhaas, J. M., de Boer, S. F., Buwalda, B., & Meerlo, P. (2016) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.09.003 · Cited by 68
“It is rigid and makes much more mistakes than a reactive coping individual (Benus et al., 1990; Bolhuis et al., 2004; Coppens et al., 2010).”
Self-citationFavati, A., Leimar, O., Radesäter, T., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2531 · Cited by 66
“Third (and partially overlapping with the previous), behaviour and social position can have a common underlying cause [13,21].”
BackgroundMesa‐Gresa, P., Pérez‐Martinez, A., & Redolat, R. (2013) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21481 · Cited by 72
Environmental and genetic determinants of innovativeness in a natural population of birds
Quinn, J. L., Cole, E. F., Reed, T. E., & Morand‐Ferron, J. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0184 · Cited by 73
The relationship between learning speed and personality is age- and task-dependent in red junglefowl
Zidar, J., Balogh, A., Favati, A., Jensen, P., Leimar, O., Sorato, E., & Løvlie, H. (2018) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2579-2 · Cited by 66
Social support in pigs with different coping styles
Reimert, I., Bolhuis, J. E., Kemp, B., & Rodenburg, T. B. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.059 · Cited by 65
“16,48, this study] which indicates that the relationship between coping style and these systems is not yet clear [10,11].”
BackgroundStamatakis, A., Diamantopoulou, A., Panagiotaropoulos, T. I., Raftogianni, A., & Stylianopoulou, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00178 · Cited by 66
Differences in stress reactivity between zebrafish with alternative stress coping styles
Wong, R. Y., French, J. A., & Russ, J. B. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181797 · Cited by 64
A proactive–reactive syndrome affects group success in an ant species
Blight, O., Díaz-Mariblanca, G. A., Cerdá, X., et al. (2015) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arv127 · Cited by 64
On personality, energy metabolism and mtDNA introgression in bank voles
Šíchová, K., Koskela, E., Mappes, T., Lantová, P., & Boratyński, Z. (2014) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.011 · Cited by 64
Tran, S., Nowicki, M., Muraleetharan, A., et al. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.08.009 · Cited by 63
“In contrast, reactive animals are more driven by the environment and may exhibit immobility and anxiety-like behaviors in response to a novel environment (see Coppens et al., 2010 for review).”
BackgroundLinking Fearfulness and Coping Styles in Fish
Martins, C. I. M., Silva, P. I. M., Conceição, L. E. C., Costas, B., Höglund, E., Øverli, Ø., & Schrama, J. W. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028084 · Cited by 69
“flexible responses, when faced with changing environmental conditions, individuals of the same species or population show consistent responses in stressful and dangerous situations [2,3,4].”
BackgroundSocial modulation of decision-making: a cross-species review
van den Bos, R., Jolles, J. W., & Homberg, J. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00301 · Cited by 74
Song bout length is indicative of spatial learning in European starlings
Farrell, T. M., Weaver, K. H. A., An, Y., & MacDougall‐Shackleton, S. A. (2011) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arr162 · Cited by 61
“…onset and longer duration of stress in development had effects on neural and physiological de- velopment that altered physiological reactivity to novel objects and situations (Coppens et al. 2010) or 2) birds caught as juveniles represent a subpopulation of birds from our nestling population.”
BackgroundCarbonara, P., Alfonso, S., Zupa, W., et al. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112698 · Cited by 62
Reimert, I., Rodenburg, T. B., Ursinus, W., Kemp, B., & Bolhuis, J. E. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.11.015 · Cited by 61
Bowen, M. T., Kevin, R. C., May, M. D., Staples, L., Hunt, G. E., & McGregor, I. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068483 · Cited by 60
“Conversely, passive responders avoid threats, have a less aggressive phenotype, and respond actively only when it is absolutely necessary [24,25].”
BackgroundManuel, R., Gorissen, M., Pizà‐Roca, C., Zethof, J., van de Vis, H., Flik, G., & van den Bos, R. (2014) · Zebrafish · doi:10.1089/zeb.2013.0970 · Cited by 61
“Boldness” in the domestic dog differs among breeds and breed groups
Starling, M. J., Branson, N., Thomson, P. C., & McGreevy, P. D. (2013) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2013.04.008 · Cited by 62
Naguib, M., Flörcke, C., & van Oers, K. (2011) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20533 · Cited by 65
Individuality in movement: the role of animal personality
Nilsson, J., Brönmark, C., Hansson, L., et al. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677184.003.0006 · Cited by 59
Reimert, I., Rodenburg, T. B., Ursinus, W., Kemp, B., & Bolhuis, J. E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108700 · Cited by 58
“In many different animal species two extremes in coping style or personality have been described: proactive and reactive [91,92,93].”
BackgroundLuo, L., Reimert, I., Haas, E. N. D., Kemp, B., & Bolhuis, J. E. (2019) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-019-01287-w · Cited by 58
Metadata
- Authors
- Coppens, C. M., de Boer, S. F., & Koolhaas, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Department of Behavioural Physiology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2010-12-27
- Volume
- 365
- Issue
- 1560
- Pages
- 4021-4028
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC2992750
- OpenAlex
- W2136361247
- Semantic Scholar
- a728963ac55bd0a912d799a48dfeb94690ee6746
- Cited by
- 610
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 27.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- coping styles, behavioral flexibility, animal personality, behavioral syndromes, proactive coping, behavioral inhibition, individual differences, prefrontal cortex, dopamine signaling, brain circuits
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Personality, Receptors, Dopamine, Reward, Prefrontal Cortex, Behavioral Research
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