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The macroevolutionary consequences of phenotypic integration: from development to deep time
Open accessAbstract
Phenotypic integration is a pervasive characteristic of organisms. Numerous analyses have demonstrated that patterns of phenotypic integration are conserved across large clades, but that significant variation also exists. For example, heterochronic shifts related to different mammalian reproductive strategies are reflected in postcranial skeletal integration and in coordination of bone ossification. Phenotypic integration and modularity have been hypothesized to shape morphological evolution, and we extended simulations to confirm that trait integration can influence both the trajectory and magnitude of response to selection. We further demonstrate that phenotypic integration can produce both more and less disparate organisms than would be expected under random walk models by repartitioning variance in preferred directions. This effect can also be expected to favour homoplasy and convergent evolution. New empirical analyses of the carnivoran cranium show that rates of evolution, in contrast, are not strongly influenced by phenotypic integration and show little relationship to morphological disparity, suggesting that phenotypic integration may shape the direction of evolutionary change, but not necessarily the speed of it. Nonetheless, phenotypic integration is problematic for morphological clocks and should be incorporated more widely into models that seek to accurately reconstruct both trait and organismal evolution.
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“Rather, the macroevolutionary consequences of integration are likely to be highly dependent on the direction and magnitude of selection on each module (13).”
From Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Taken together, these results support the fundamental prediction that macroevolutionary patterns are shaped by phenotypic modularity and integration, which are in turn determined by developmental processes (7, 11, 13, 16, 23).”
From Developmental origins of mosaic evolution in the avian cranium (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goswami, A., Smaers, J. B., Soligo, C., & Polly, P. D.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goswami, A.
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2014-08-19
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 1649
- Pages
- 20130254
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC4084539
- OpenAlex
- W2158213278
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 31.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0308765, 0502186)
- American Museum of Natural History
- University of Chicago
- Field Museum
- Royal Society
- University of New South Wales
- National Museum of Natural History
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/J012432/1, NE/H022937/1)
- Office of International Science and Engineering
- University of California Museum of Paleontology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- phenotypic integration, modularity, morphological evolution, heterochrony, postcranial skeleton, ossification, selection response, morphological disparity, homoplasy, convergent evolution, evolutionary rates, random walks
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Models, Biological, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Selection, Genetic, Time Factors, Vertebrates, Developmental Biology, Body Patterning, Biodiversity, Systems Biology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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