PreprintCited by 258SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchAnimal Virus Infections Studiesvaccines and immunoinformatics approaches

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A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity

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Eguia, Rachel, Crawford, Katharine H. D., Stevens-Ayers, Terry, Kelnhofer-Millevolte, Laurel, Greninger, Alexander L., Englund, Janet A., Boeckh, Michael J., Bloom, Jesse D.·2020·PLoS Pathogens

DOI 10.1101/2020.12.17.423313PMC PMC8031418

Preprint — published as 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009453

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Abstract

There is intense interest in antibody immunity to coronaviruses. However, it is unknown if coronaviruses evolve to escape such immunity, and if so, how rapidly. Here we address this question by characterizing the historical evolution of human coronavirus 229E. We identify human sera from the 1980s and 1990s that have neutralizing titers against contemporaneous 229E that are comparable to the anti-SARS-CoV-2 titers induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We test these sera against 229E strains isolated after sera collection, and find that neutralizing titers are lower against these “future” viruses. In some cases, sera that neutralize contemporaneous 229E viral strains with titers >1:100 do not detectably neutralize strains isolated 8–17 years later. The decreased neutralization of “future” viruses is due to antigenic evolution of the viral spike, especially in the receptor-binding domain. If these results extrapolate to other coronaviruses, then it may be advisable to periodically update SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

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Authors: Eguia, R., Crawford, K. H. D., Stevens-Ayers, T., Kelnhofer-Millevolte, L., Greninger, A. L., Englund, J. A., Boeckh, M. J., & Bloom, J. D.
Affiliations: Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
University of Washington (US)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Bloom, Jesse D.
ORCID: Eguia, Rachel
Crawford, Katharine H. D.
Kelnhofer-Millevolte, Laurel
Greninger, Alexander L.
Englund, Janet A.
Boeckh, Michael J.
Bloom, Jesse D.
Venue: PLoS Pathogens
Publisher: openRxiv
Published: 2020-12-18
Volume: 17
Issue: 4
Pages: e1009453-e1009453
ISSN: 1553-7366 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.17.423313
PMC: PMC8031418
OpenAlex: W3144378969
Cited by: 258
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 2
FWCI: 17.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: PLoS Pathogens (publishedVersion, cc-by)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Pfizer
AstraZeneca
GlaxoSmithKline
Sanofi
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
Moderna
National Institutes of Health
Sanofi Pasteur
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007266)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI127893, F30AI149928, R01AI141707)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
Keywords: HCoV-229E, antigenic evolution, antibody escape, neutralizing antibodies, spike protein, receptor binding domain, coronavirus evolution
MeSH terms: SARS-CoV-2, Antibodies, Viral, Humans, Coronavirus 229E, Human, Immune Evasion, Antibodies, Neutralizing

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A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity

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