Twelve-month specific IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain among COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors in Wuhan
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1038/s41467-021-24230-5
Abstract
To investigate the duration of humoral immune response in convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, we conduct a 12-month longitudinal study through collecting a total of 1,782 plasma samples from 869 convalescent plasma donors in Wuhan, China and test specific antibody responses. The results show that positive rate of IgG antibody against receptor-binding domain of spike protein (RBD-IgG) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors exceeded 70% for 12 months post diagnosis. The level of RBD-IgG decreases with time, with the titer stabilizing at 64.3% of the initial level by the 9th month. Moreover, male plasma donors produce more RBD-IgG than female, and age of the patients positively correlates with the RBD-IgG titer. A strong positive correlation between RBD-IgG and neutralizing antibody titers is also identified. These results facilitate our understanding of SARS-CoV-2-induced immune memory to promote vaccine and therapy development.
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Infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to persistent anti-RBD antibodies in serum and corresponding neutralizing responses.
“Consistent with the longevity of bone marrow plasma cells, infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to persistent anti-RBD antibodies in serum, and corresponding neutralizing responses.”
From Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
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Kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection antibody responses
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“The nucleocapsid protein, spike glycoprotein, and S protein fragments (S1, RBD, S2) of SARS-CoV-2 are the main antigens that induce antibody responses (15).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhou, X., Cheng, L., Wang, H., Liao, X., Wang, M., Wei, L., Song, S., Zhou, B., Ma, Z., Guo, H., et al. (2022) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2043728 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“in Wuhan, China, and found that the levels of plasma IgG and nAbs significantly declined with time [9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGuo, J., Li, L., Wu, Q., Li, H., Li, Y., Hou, X., Yang, F., & Qin, Z. (2021) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2021-0141 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“A few recent studies have shown that humoral immunity persists for more than 12 months after the onset of symptoms, despite a decline in antibody concentrations [8,10].”
BackgroundResultYan, X., Zhao, X., Du, Y., Wang, H., Liu, L., Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Wei, S. (2024) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107075 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Lin, B., Cheng, L., Zhang, J., Yang, M. X., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & Qin, X. (2023) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2023.117390 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Vaccine protection over time NAbs were observed to decrease with time in recovered COVID-19 patients who were vaccinated one year after recovery [81, 82]; this finding suggests the risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 variants.”
Self-citationKannenberg, J., Trawinski, H., Henschler, R., Buhmann, R., Hönemann, M., & Jassoy, C. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac034 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cytoplasm Hydrogelation-Mediated Cardiomyocyte Sponge Alleviated Coxsackievirus B3 Infection
Wang, J., Liu, T., Gu, S., Yang, H.-H., Xie, W., Cheng, G., & Gu, D. (2023) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01983 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAleksova, M., Todorova, Y., Emilova, R., Baymakova, M. P., Yancheva, N., Andonova, R., Zasheva, A., Grifoni, A., Weiskopf, D., Sette, A., et al. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13071280 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, E., Han, Q., Bi, J., Wei, S., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Feng, N., Wang, T., Wu, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066730 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHong, L., Nian, X., Wu, J., Liu, D., Feng, L. Z., Lu, J., Peng, Y., Zhou, Z., Deng, T., Liu, J., et al. (2022) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-022-00496-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…of SARS-CoV-2-speci fi c antibodies (RBD-IgG) decreases over time in individuals who recovered from COVID-19, where only 35.7% of the initial level persisted after 9 months, and the GMT range for RBD-IgG titers was 156 – 189 thereafter until 1 year after recovery, in our previous study 7 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationLagousi, T., Routsias, J. G., Mavrouli, M. D., Papadatou, I., Geropeppa, M., & Spoulou, V. I. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081210 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“have reported a strong correlation between anti-RBD antibodies with NAbs [8].”
BackgroundGriffante, G., Chandel, S., Ferrante, D., Caneparo, V., Capello, D., Bettio, V., Borgogna, C., Aleni, C., Esposito, S., Sarro, A., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13112270 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Both anti-RBD and anti-S antibody levels were below the detection limit of the assays in 7% of the subjects after ~50 days from the first SARS-CoV-2 positive PCR test, indicating that these patients did not seroconvert or had already lost their seroconversion at this time point [5,19,21].”
BackgroundMethodXu, J., Zheng, J., Tan, Y., Cai, J., Xiang, Y., Ling, H., Li, Z., & Bai, Q. (2023) · Viral Immunology · doi:10.1089/vim.2022.0111 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tang, Y.-F., Han, J.-Y., Ren, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s371283 · Cited by 4
Yang, J., Ma, L., Guo, L., Zhang, T., Leng, Z., Jia, M., Chen, F., Qi, W., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., et al. (2022) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-022-02096-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“included 869 patients who recovered from natural infections in Wuhan, from whom 1782 plasma samples were collected and analyzed [16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSun, Y.-S., Luo, X., Chen, N., et al. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07323-7 · Cited by 2
Wen, R., Li, J., Chen, F., Liu, J., Xu, P., Li, M., Liu, C., Tan, L., & Liu, C. (2024) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-024-01953-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The Kaplan – Meier method is used to analyze the time to the primary endpoint using a log-rank test cell membranes [32].”
Expression Profiles of HLA-G, HLA-H and HLA-F Post SARS-CoV2 Vaccination and Infection in Iraq
Al-Maliki, L., Issa, Y., Salih, S. M., et al. (2024) · Cuestiones de Fisioterapia · doi:10.48047/yaxvep51 · Cited by 2
Liang, B., Xiang, T., Wang, H., Li, Z., Quan, X., Feng, X., Li, S., Lu, S., Fan, L., Xu, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.966098 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The median (IQR) number of RBD-specific ASCs for HC-vaccination group is 17(10-34), for SR-baseline group is 101 (32-280), and for SR-vaccination group is 79(20-198).”
BackgroundClaudiani, S., Parker, E., Milojkovic, D., et al. (2022) · Leukemia and Lymphoma · doi:10.1080/10428194.2022.2027403 · Cited by 2
Manteghinejad, A., Rasti, S., Nasirian, M., & Javanmard, S. H. (2024) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_173_23 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Das, A., Islam, F., Alvi, Y., et al. (2024) · Preventive medicine reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102603 · Cited by 1
“Anti-SARS-CoV-2-total antibody was detected in patient samples using the Wan-tai SARS-CoV-2-Ab ELISA kit (Li et al., 2021).”
MethodMusa, S., Ćatović-Baralija, E., Sawin, V. I., Nardone, A., Palo, M., Skočibušić, S., Blažević, M., Lagarija, S., Ahmetović-Karić, G., Ljuca, A., et al. (2023) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.13182 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Strumilienė, E. (2026) · Pulmonology and allergology · doi:10.15388/vu.thesis.908
One-year seropositivity after COVID-19 infection: A study from a developing country
Alrabadi, N., Obeidat, H., Haddad, R., et al. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000047902
“These results are consistent with the findings of Li et al, who reported seropositivity persistence in 70% of plasma samples 1 year after infection, [17] as well as those of Yao et al, who concluded that the immune memory response persists for approximately a year.”
Behera, S., Mahapatra, S., Majhi, M. M., et al. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.90826
“This result was further supported by previous studies, which observed a decrease in IgG antibody titer up to 12 months of examination [18].”
Xia, Q.-X., Li, H., Sun, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1521785
Laazaazia, O., Ouladlahsen, A., Aqillouch, S., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Immunogenetics · doi:10.1111/iji.12709
“Our findings align with a previous report in which severe COVID-19 was associated with higher titres of IgG against the spike receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 (Li et al. 2021; Mor et al. 2021).”
Screening and Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Among Unvaccinated Blood Donors in Chongqing, China
Jiang, Y., Huang, L., Liao, H., Luo, C., Zhang, C., & Mao, W. (2024) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2023.232
Hanssen, D. A. T., Pagen, D. M. E., Penders, J., Brinkhues, S., Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., Savelkoul, P. H. M., & van Loo, I. H. M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Virology Plus · doi:10.1016/j.jcvp.2023.100164
Volkov, O., Borozdenkova, S., & Gray, A. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.11.22.22282637
“Age-dependent biases can emerge, as younger convalescents have lighter Covid and lower NAbTs, whereas younger vaccinees have stronger immunity and higher NAbTs, than do older convalescents[27] and vaccinees, respectively.”
BackgroundSuntronwong, N., Yorsaeng, R., Auphimai, C., Thongmee, T., Vichaiwattana, P., Kanokudom, S., Assawakosri, S., Nilyanimit, P., Srimuan, D., Thatsanatorn, T., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.22268704
Garcia-Valtanen, P., Hope, C., Masavuli, M. G., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.11.08.21266035
Predicting the Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines from SARS-CoV-2 Variants Neutralisation DataPreprint
Volkov, O., Borozdenkova, S., & Gray, A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.06.21263160 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fármacos potencialmente útiles en el tratamiento de la COVID-19 en Atención Primaria
García-Matarín, L., Velilla-Zancada, S., Trillo‐Calvo, E., Molina-Escribano, F., & Serrano-Cumplido, A. (2021) · Medicina de Familia SEMERGEN · doi:10.1016/j.semerg.2021.06.009
“acetilsalicílico 81 mg/día durante 6 días (3-12) Efectos antivirales, antiinflamatorios y”
BackgroundMa, M.-J. (2021) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab340
Indian vaccine on COVID-19, competitive analysis
Rajput, Z., & Chopra, L. (2023) · INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: A HOLISTIC AND SYMBIOTIC APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ICHT 2022 · doi:10.1063/5.0138203
- Authors
- Li, C., Yu, D., Wu, X., Liang, H., Zhou, Z., Xie, Y., Li, T., Wu, J., Lu, F., Feng, L., Mao, M., Lin, L., Guo, H., Yue, S., Wang, F., Peng, Y., Hu, Y., Wang, Z., Yu, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J., Ning, H., Yang, H., Fu, D., He, Y., Zhou, D., Du, T., Duan, K., Dong, D., Deng, K., Zou, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, R., Gao, Y., Zhang, X., & Yang, X.
- Affiliations
- China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation (China) (CN)
- China National Biotechnology (China) (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Xinxin
- Yang, Xiaoming
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2021-04-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4144-4144
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8260809
- OpenAlex
- W3182484993
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 14
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, convalescent plasma, humoral immune response, antibody persistence, neutralizing antibodies, sex differences in antibody response, immunological memory
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Serotherapy, Adult, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Blood Donors, Cell Line, Chlorocebus aethiops, China, Convalescence, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunization, Passive, Immunologic Memory, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Receptors, Virus, Sex Factors, Vero Cells, Immunity, Humoral, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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