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ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality
Open accessAbstract
Although a small decrease in survival and increase in tumor incidence was observed in ATR +/− mice, ATR −/− embryos die early in development, subsequent to the blastocyst stage and prior to 7.5 days p.c. In culture, ATR −/− blastocysts cells continue to cycle into mitosis for 2 days but subsequently fail to expand and die of caspase-dependent apoptosis. Importantly, caspase-independent chromosome breaks are observed in ATR −/− cells prior to widespread apoptosis, implying that apoptosis is caused by a loss of genomic integrity. These data show that ATR is essential for early embryonic development and must function in processes other than regulation of p53.
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“ATR is an essential gene for the initiation and regulation of NER and for genome maintenance 17, 36, 37.”
From Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation (2017) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“ATR was originally cloned as a member of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase–related kinase (PIKK) family and is essential for early embryonic development [32, 80, 81].”
From Functional interplay between ATM/ATR-mediated DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways in oxidative stress (2014) · cites this paper as [81]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, E. J., & Baltimore, D.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2000-02-15
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 397-402
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC316378
- OpenAlex
- W2167196101
- Cited by
- 951
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 34
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Cancer Research Institute
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- ATR kinase, early embryonic lethality, chromosomal fragmentation, caspase-dependent apoptosis, blastocyst, genome stability, p53-independent function, mitotic cycle
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blastocyst, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Chromosome Aberrations, DNA Repair, Fetal Death, Genotype, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mitosis, Neoplasm Proteins, Neoplasms, Experimental, Transcription Factors, Apoptosis, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Mice, Knockout, Gene Targeting, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Cycle Proteins, BRCA1 Protein, Caspases, BRCA2 Protein, Mice, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
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