Cited by 7,124Epigenetics and DNA MethylationGenomics and Chromatin DynamicsGenetic Syndromes and Imprinting

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 206 of the 208 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory

Open access

Bird, Adrian·2002·Genes & Development

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The character of a cell is defined by its constituent proteins, which are the result of specific patterns of gene expression. Crucial determinants of gene expression patterns are DNA-binding transcription factors that choose genes for transcriptional activation or repression by recognizing the sequence of DNA bases in their promoter regions. Interaction of these factors with their cognate sequences triggers a chain of events, often involving changes in the structure of chromatin, that leads to the assembly of an active transcription complex (e.g., Cosma et al. 1999). But the types of transcription factors present in a cell are not alone sufficient to define its spectrum of gene activity, as the transcriptional potential of a genome can become restricted in a stable manner during development. The constraints imposed by developmental history probably account for the very low efficiency of cloning animals from the nuclei of differentiated cells (Rideout et al. 2001; Wakayama and Yanagimachi 2001). A “transcription factors only” model would predict that the gene expression pattern of a differentiated nucleus would be completely reversible upon exposure to a new spectrum of factors. Although many aspects of expression can be reprogrammed in this way (Gurdon 1999), some marks of differentiation are evidently so stable that immersion in an alien cytoplasm cannot erase the memory. The genomic sequence of a differentiated cell is thought to be identical in most cases to that of the zygote from which it is descended (mammalian B and T cells being an obvious exception). This means that the marks of developmental history are unlikely to be caused by widespread somatic mutation. Processes less irrevocable than mutation fall under the umbrella term “epigenetic” mechanisms. A current definition of epigenetics is: “The study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence” (Russo et al. 1996). There are two epigenetic systems that affect animal development and fulfill the criterion of heritability: DNA methylation and the Polycomb-trithorax group (Pc-G/trx) protein complexes. (Histone modification has some attributes of an epigenetic process, but the issue of heritability has yet to be resolved.) This review concerns DNA methylation, focusing on the generation, inheritance, and biological significance of genomic methylation patterns in the development of mammals. Data will be discussed favoring the notion that DNA methylation may only affect genes that are already silenced by other mechanisms in the embryo. Embryonic transcription, on the other hand, may cause the exclusion of the DNA methylation machinery. The heritability of methylation states and the secondary nature of the decision to invite or exclude methylation support the idea that DNA methylation is adapted for a specific cellular memory function in development. Indeed, the possibility will be discussed that DNA methylation and Pc-G/trx may represent alternative systems of epigenetic memory that have been interchanged over evolutionary time. Animal DNA methylation has been the subject of several recent reviews (Bird and Wolffe 1999; Bestor 2000; Hsieh 2000; Costello and Plass 2001; Jones and Takai 2001). For recent reviews of plant and fungal DNA methylation, see Finnegan et al. (2000), Martienssen and Colot (2001), and Matzke et al. (2001).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1101/gad.947102

Cites

206 of 206 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

1 retracted

Transient depletion of xDnmt1 leads to premature gene activation in Xenopus embryosPreprint
Stancheva, I., & Meehan, R. R. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.14.3.313 · Cited by 184
Retracted
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome
International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, C. F. G. R., Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., et al. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35057062 · Cited by 24,216
The sequence of the human genome
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1058040 · Cited by 13,909
Translating the Histone Code
Jenuwein, T., & Allis, C. D. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063127 · Cited by 9,756
DNA Methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b Are Essential for De Novo Methylation and Mammalian Development
Okano, M., Bell, D. W., Haber, D. A., & Li, E. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81656-6 · Cited by 6,143
Rett syndrome is caused by mutations in X-linked MECP2, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2
Amir, R. E., Van den Veyver, I. B., Wan, M., Tran, C. Q., Francke, U., & Zoghbi, H. Y. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/13810 · Cited by 4,990
Targeted mutation of the DNA methyltransferase gene results in embryonic lethality
Li, E., Bestor, T. H., & Jaenisch, R. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90611-f · Cited by 3,984
CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation
Bird, A. P. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/321209a0 · Cited by 3,777
Self-citation
Epigenetic Reprogramming in Mammalian Development
Reik, W., Dean, W., & Walter, J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063443 · Cited by 3,078
Selective recognition of methylated lysine 9 on histone H3 by the HP1 chromo domain
Bannister, A. J., Zegerman, P., Partridge, J. F., Miska, E. A., Thomas, J. O., Allshire, R. C., & Kouzarides, T. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35065138 · Cited by 2,903
The Role of DNA Methylation in Mammalian Epigenetics
Jones, P. A., & Takai, D. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063852 · Cited by 2,125
Role for DNA methylation in genomic imprinting
Li, E., Beard, C., & Jaenisch, R. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/366362a0 · Cited by 2,117
The DNA methyltransferases of mammals
Bestor, T. H. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.16.2395 · Cited by 2,078
DNA Modification Mechanisms and Gene Activity During Development
Holliday, R., & Pugh, J. E. (1975) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.187.4173.226 · Cited by 1,973
Methylation-Induced Repression— Belts, Braces, and Chromatin
Bird, A. P., & Wolffe, A. P. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81532-9 · Cited by 1,858
Self-citation
Cellular differentiation, cytidine analogs and DNA methylation
Jones, P. A., & Taylor, S. M. (1980) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(80)90237-8 · Cited by 1,831
Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene
Bell, A. C., & Felsenfeld, G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35013100 · Cited by 1,746
Role of Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation in Epigenetic Control of Heterochromatin Assembly
Nakayama, J.-I., Rice, J. C., Strahl, B. D., Allis, C. D., & Grewal, S. I. S. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1060118 · Cited by 1,739
Role for DNA methylation in genomic imprinting
Li, E., Beard, C., & Jaenisch, R. (1994) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/0168-9525(94)90228-3 · Cited by 1,698
Cloning and characterization of a family of novel mammalian DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases
Okano, M., Xie, S., & Li, E. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/890 · Cited by 1,643
Transcription regulation by histone methylation: interplay between different covalent modifications of the core histone tailsPreprint
Zhang, Y., & Reinberg, D. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.927301 · Cited by 1,639
DNA hypermethylation in tumorigenesis: epigenetics joins genetics
Baylin, S. B., & Herman, J. G. (2000) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(99)01971-x · Cited by 1,615
Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites
Yoder, J. A., Walsh, C. P., & Bestor, T. H. (1997) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01181-5 · Cited by 1,562
A mouse Mecp2-null mutation causes neurological symptoms that mimic Rett syndrome
Guy, J., Hendrich, B., Holmes, M., Martin, J. E., & Bird, A. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/85899 · Cited by 1,558
Self-citation
CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus
Hark, A. T., Schoenherr, C. J., Katz, D. J., Ingram, R. S., Levorse, J. M., & Tilghman, S. M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35013106 · Cited by 1,547
Identification and Characterization of a Family of Mammalian Methyl-CpG Binding Proteins
Hendrich, B., & Bird, A. P. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.11.6538 · Cited by 1,386
Self-citation
Demethylation of the zygotic paternal genome
Mayer, W., Niveleau, A., Walter, J., Fundele, R. H., & Haaf, T. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35000656 · Cited by 1,377
X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation
Riggs, A. D. (2008) · Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics · doi:10.1159/000130315 · Cited by 1,343
MeCP2 Is a Transcriptional Repressor with Abundant Binding Sites in Genomic Chromatin
Nan, X., Campoy, F. J., & Bird, A. P. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81887-5 · Cited by 1,288
Self-citation
Genomic imprinting in mammalian development: a parental tug-of-war
Moore, T. (1991) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/0168-9525(91)90230-n · Cited by 1,281
Deficiency of methyl-CpG binding protein-2 in CNS neurons results in a Rett-like phenotype in mice
Chen, R. Z., Akbarian, S., Tudor, M., & Jaenisch, R. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/85906 · Cited by 1,275
Chromosome instability and immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in a DNA methyltransferase gene
Xu, G., Bestor, T. H., Bourc’his, D., Hsieh, C., Tommerup, N., Bugge, M., Hultén, M. A., Qu, X., Russo, J. J., & Viégas-Pèquignot, E. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/46052 · Cited by 1,204
Epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation
Russo, V. E. A., Martienssen, R. A., & Riggs, A. D. (1996) · Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory eBooks · Cited by 1,105
Transcription of IAP endogenous retroviruses is constrained by cytosine methylation
Walsh, C. P., Chaillet, J. R., & Bestor, T. H. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/2413 · Cited by 1,105
The protein CTCF is required for the enhancer blocking activity of vertebrate insulators
Bell, A. C., West, A. G., & Felsenfeld, G. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81967-4 · Cited by 1,101
Temporal and regional changes in DNA methylation in the embryonic, extraembryonic and germ cell lineages during mouse embryo development
Monk, M., Boubelı́k, M., & Lehnert, S. A. (1987) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.99.3.371 · Cited by 1,100
A histone H3 methyltransferase controls DNA methylation in Neurospora crassa
Tamaru, H., & Selker, E. U. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35104508 · Cited by 1,054
Amount and distribution of 5-methylcytosine in human DNA from different types of tissues or cells
Ehrlich, M., Gama-Sosa, M. A., Huang, L.-H., Midgett, R. M., Kuo, K. C., McCune, R. A., & Gehrke, C. W. (1982) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/10.8.2709 · Cited by 1,039
Non-CpG methylation is prevalent in embryonic stem cells and may be mediated by DNA methyltransferase 3a
Ramsahoye, B. H., Biniszkiewicz, D., Lyko, F., Clark, V. H., Bird, A. P., & Jaenisch, R. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5237 · Cited by 1,012
Self-citation
Number of CpG islands and genes in human and mouse.
Antequera, F., & Bird, A. P. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11995 · Cited by 1,011
Self-citation
DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1 associates with histone deacetylase activity
Fuks, F., Burgers, W. A., Brehm, A., Hughes‐Davies, L., & Kouzarides, T. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/71750 · Cited by 988
Active demethylation of the paternal genome in the mouse zygote
Oswald, J., Engemann, S., Lane, N., Mayer, W., Olek, A., Fundele, R. H., Dean, W., Reik, W., & Walter, J. (2000) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00448-6 · Cited by 983
DNA hypomethylation leads to elevated mutation rates
Chen, R. Z., Pettersson, U., Beard, C., Jackson‐Grusby, L., & Jaenisch, R. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/25779 · Cited by 950
Interspersed repeats and other mementos of transposable elements in mammalian genomes
Smit, A. F. (1999) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(99)00031-3 · Cited by 949
DNMT1 forms a complex with Rb, E2F1 and HDAC1 and represses transcription from E2F-responsive promoters
Robertson, K. D., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Yokochi, T., Wade, P. A., Jones, P. L., & Wolffe, A. P. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/77124 · Cited by 942
RNA-directed de novo methylation of genomic sequences in plants
Wassenegger, M., Heimes, S., Riedel, L., & Sanger, H. L. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90119-8 · Cited by 929
Repeat-induced gene silencing in mammals
Garrick, D., Fiering, S., Martin, D. I. K., & Whitelaw, E. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0198-56 · Cited by 887 · cited 1×
“The most suggestive evidence in mammals concerns manipulation of transgene copy number at a single locus in the mouse genome using cre-lox technology (Garrick et al. 1998).”
Method
Transitions in Distinct Histone H3 Methylation Patterns at the Heterochromatin Domain Boundaries
Noma, K.-I., Allis, C. D., & Grewal, S. I. S. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064150 · Cited by 764
Orchestrated response: a symphony of transcription factors for gene controlPreprint
Lemon, B. D., & Tjian, R. (2000) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.831000 · Cited by 762
Nuclear Cloning and Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Genome
Rideout, W. M., Eggan, K. C., & Jaenisch, R. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063206 · Cited by 756
Developmental pattern of gene-specific DNA methylation in the mouse embryo and germ line.Preprint
Kafri, T., Ariel, M. S., Brandeis, M., Shemer, R., Urven, L. E., McCarrey, J. R., Cedar, H., & Razin, A. (1992) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.6.5.705 · Cited by 743
Reactivation of an Inactive Human X Chromosome: Evidence for X Inactivation by DNA Methylation
Mohandas, T. K., Sparkes, R. S., & Shapiro, L. J. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6164095 · Cited by 723
Spl elements protect a CpG island from de novo methylation
Brandeis, M., Frank, D., Keshet, I., Siegfried, Z., Mendelsohn, M. M., Names, A., Temper, V., Razin, A., & Cedar, H. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/371435a0 · Cited by 719
Genomic Imprinting Disrupted by a Maternal Effect Mutation in the Dnmt1 Gene
Howell, C. Y., Bestor, T. H., Ding, F., Latham, K. E., Mertineit, C., Trasler, J. M., & Chaillet, J. R. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00280-x · Cited by 708
Maintenance of genomic methylation requires a SWI2/SNF2-like protein
Jeddeloh, J. A., Stokes, T. L., & Richards, E. J. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/8803 · Cited by 705
High levels of De Novo methylation and altered chromatin structure at CpG islands in cell lines
Antequera, F., Boyes, J., & Bird, A. P. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90015-7 · Cited by 696
Self-citation
Loss of genomic methylation causes p53-dependent apoptosis and epigenetic deregulation
Jackson-Grusby, L., Beard, C., Possemato, R., Tudor, M., Fambrough, D., Csankovszki, G., Dausman, J., Lee, P., Wilson, C., Lander, E., et al. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/83730 · Cited by 694
Ordered Recruitment of Transcription and Chromatin Remodeling Factors to a Cell Cycle– and Developmentally Regulated Promoter
Cosma, M. P., Tanaka, T. U., & Nasmyth, K. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80740-0 · Cited by 693
Toxicity of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine to mammalian cells is mediated primarily by covalent trapping of DNA methyltransferase rather than DNA demethylation.
Jüttermann, R., Li, E., & Jaenisch, R. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.25.11797 · Cited by 679
CpG islands as gene markers in the vertebrate nucleus
Bird, A. P. (1987) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/0168-9525(87)90294-0 · Cited by 678
Self-citation
Recombinant Human DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase
Pradhan, S., Bacolla, A., Wells, R. D., & Roberts, R. J. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.46.33002 · Cited by 677
Dissection of the methyl-CpG binding domain from the chromosomal protein MeCP2
Nan, X., Meehan, R. R., & Bird, A. P. (1993) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/21.21.4886 · Cited by 625
Self-citation
A mammalian protein with specific demethylase activity for mCpG DNA
Bhattacharya, S. K., Ramchandani, S., Cervoni, N., & Moshe Szyf, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/17533 · Cited by 616
DNA Methylation Is the Primary Silencing Mechanism for a Set of Germ Line- and Tumor-Specific Genes with a CpG-Rich Promoter
Smet, C. D., Lurquin, C., Lethé, B., Martelange, V., & Boon, T. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.11.7327 · Cited by 612
A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation is triggered during ES cell differentiation.
Wutz, A., & Jaenisch, R. (2000) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80248-8 · Cited by 610
Sp1 sites in the mouse aprt gene promoter are required to prevent methylation of the CpG island.Preprint
Macleod, D., Charlton, J., Mullins, J. J., & Bird, A. P. (1994) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.8.19.2282 · Cited by 605
Self-citation
Imprinted expression of the Igf2r gene depends on an intronic CpG island
Wutz, A., Smrzka, O. W., Schweifer, N., Schellander, K., Wagner, E. F., & Barlow, D. P. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39631 · Cited by 590
The age and evolution of non-LTR retrotransposable elements
Malik, H. S., Burke, W. D., & Eickbush, T. H. (1999) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026164 · Cited by 587
Dnmt3a binds deacetylases and is recruited by a sequence‐specific repressor to silence transcription
Fuks, F., Burgers, W. A., Godin, N., Kasai, M., & Kouzarides, T. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.10.2536 · Cited by 555
Closely related proteins MBD2 and MBD3 play distinctive but interacting roles in mouse developmentPreprint
Hendrich, B., Guy, J., Ramsahoye, B. H., Wilson, V. A., & Bird, A. P. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.194101 · Cited by 543
Self-citation
The activation of human gene MAGE-1 in tumor cells is correlated with genome-wide demethylation.
Smet, C. D., Backer, O. D., Faraoni, I., Lurquin, C., Brasseur, F., & Boon, T. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.14.7149 · Cited by 542
How does DNA methylation repress transcription?
Kass, S. U., Pruss, D., & Wolffe, A. P. (1997) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01268-7 · Cited by 537
Aberrant methylation of donor genome in cloned bovine embryos
Kang, Y., Koo, D., Park, J., Choi, Y., Chung, A., Lee, K.-K., & Han, Y. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/88903 · Cited by 534
The p120 catenin partner Kaiso is a DNA methylation-dependent transcriptional repressor
Prokhortchouk, A., Hendrich, B., Jørgensen, H., Ruzov, A., Wilm, M., Georgiev, G., Bird, A., & Prokhortchouk, E. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.198501 · Cited by 533
Self-citation
DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Inheritance in Plants and Filamentous Fungi
Martienssen, R. A., & Colot, V. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.293.5532.1070 · Cited by 518
DNA methylation in Drosophila melanogaster
Lyko, F., Ramsahoye, B. H., & Jaenisch, R. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35046205 · Cited by 501
Mutations in ATRX, encoding a SWI/SNF-like protein, cause diverse changes in the pattern of DNA methylation
Gibbons, R. J., McDowell, T. L., Raman, S., O’Rourke, D., Garrick, D., Ayyub, H., & Higgs, D. R. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/74191 · Cited by 495
Embryonic germ cells induce epigenetic reprogramming of somatic nucleus in hybrid cells
Tada, M., Tada, T., Lefebvre, L., Barton, S. C., & Surani, M. A. (1997) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/16.21.6510 · Cited by 483
Alternative chromatin structure at CpG islands
Tazi, J. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90339-g · Cited by 480
Repression of genes by DNA methylation depends on CpG density and promoter strength: evidence for involvement of a methyl‐CpG binding protein.
Boyes, J., & Bird, A. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05055.x · Cited by 471 · cited 2×
“The degree of repression may be weak or strong depending on the density of methylation (Boyes and Bird 1992; Hsieh 1994).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Gene number, noise reduction and biological complexity
Bird, A. P. (1995) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(00)89009-5 · Cited by 464
Self-citation
Activation of mammalian DNA methyltransferase by cleavage of a Zn binding regulatory domain.
Bestor, T. H. (1992) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05326.x · Cited by 461
Undermethylation associated with retroelement activation and chromosome remodelling in an interspecific mammalian hybrid
O'Neill, R. J. W., O’Neill, M. J., & Graves, J. A. M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29985 · Cited by 457
Methylation matters
Costello, J., & Plass, C. (2001) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.38.5.285 · Cited by 457
CpG methylation is maintained in human cancer cells lacking DNMT1
Rhee, I. P., Jair, K., Yen, R.-W. C., Christoph Lengauer, C., Herman, J. G., Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B., Baylin, S. B., & Schuebel, K. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35010000 · Cited by 453
Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b Are Transcriptional Repressors That Exhibit Unique Localization Properties to Heterochromatin
Bachman, K. E., Rountree, M. R., & Baylin, S. B. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m104661200 · Cited by 447
Chromosome methylation patterns during mammalian preimplantation developmentPreprint
Rougier, N., Bourc’his, D., Gomes, D. M., Niveleau, A., Plachot, M., Pàldi, A., & Viegas-Péquignot, E. (1998) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.12.14.2108 · Cited by 444
Dnmt2 is not required for de novo and maintenance methylation of viral DNA in embryonic stem cells
Okano, M. (1998) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/26.11.2536 · Cited by 423
Imprinting and the Epigenetic Asymmetry Between Parental Genomes
Ferguson‐Smith, A. C., & Surani, M. A. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064020 · Cited by 405
Delayed and incomplete reprogramming of chromosome methylation patterns in bovine cloned embryos
Bourc’his, D., Bourhis, D. L., Patin, D., Niveleau, A., Comizzoli, P., Renard, J., & Viégas-Pèquignot, E. (2001) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00480-8 · Cited by 393
Cytosine methylation and mammalian developmentPreprint
Walsh, C. P., & Bestor, T. H. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.1.26 · Cited by 391
Lsh, a member of the SNF2 family, is required for genome-wide methylationPreprint
Dennis, K., Fan, T., Geiman, T. M., Yan, Q., & Muegge, K. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.929101 · Cited by 381
Transgene silencing of the al‐1 gene in vegetative cells of Neurospora is mediated by a cytoplasmic effector and does not depend on DNA‐DNA interactions or DNA methylation.
Cogoni, C., Irelan, J. T., Schumacher, M., Schmidhauser, T. J., Selker, E. U., & Macino, G. (1996) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00678.x · Cited by 380
The somatic replication of DNA methylation
Wigler, M. H. (1981) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90498-0 · Cited by 373
Methylation of the Hprt gene on the inactive X occurs after chromosome inactivation
Lock, L. F., Takagi, N., & Martin, G. R. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90353-9 · Cited by 373
DNA hypomethylation can activate Xist expression and silence X-linked genes.Preprint
Panning, B., & Jaenisch, R. (1996) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.10.16.1991 · Cited by 371
RNA: Guiding Gene Silencing
Matzke, M. A., Matzke, A. J. M., & Kooter, J. M. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063051 · Cited by 370
DNA methylation directs a time-dependent repression of transcription initiation
Kass, S. U., Landsberger, N., & Wolffe, A. P. (1997) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(97)70086-1 · Cited by 370
The Drosophila Fab-7 Chromosomal Element Conveys Epigenetic Inheritance during Mitosis and Meiosis
Cavalli, G., & Paro, R. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81181-2 · Cited by 367
DNA methylation and imprinting: why bother?
Jaenisch, R. (1997) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01180-3 · Cited by 364
DNA methylation represses transcription in vivo
Siegfried, Z., Eden, S., Mendelsohn, M., Feng, X., Tsuberi, B.-Z., & Cedar, H. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/9727 · Cited by 354
Mechanisms of transcriptional memory
Francis, N. J., & Kingston, R. E. (2001) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/35073039 · Cited by 354
A 5′ 2-Kilobase-Pair Region of the Imprinted Mouse H19 Gene Exhibits Exclusive Paternal Methylation throughout Development
Tremblay, K. D., Duran, K. L., & Bartolomei, M. S. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.8.4322 · Cited by 351
DNA methylation is a reversible biological signal
Ramchandani, S., Bhattacharya, S. K., Cervoni, N., & Moshe Szyf, A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6107 · Cited by 342
Imprinted X inactivation maintained by a mouse Polycomb group gene
Wang, J., Mager, J., Chen, Y., Schneider, E., Cross, J. C., Nagy, A., & Magnuson, T. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng574 · Cited by 338
Mouse cloning with nucleus donor cells of different age and type
Wakayama, T., & Yanagimachi, R. (2001) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/1098-2795(20010401)58:4 · Cited by 323
Dependence of transcriptional repression on CpG methylation density
Hsieh, C.-L. (1994) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.14.8.5487-5494.1994 · Cited by 321
Cell stress and translational inhibitors transiently increase the abundance of mammalian SINE transcripts
Liu, W.-M., Chu, W.-M., Choudary, P. V., & Schmid, C. W. (1995) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/23.10.1758 · Cited by 313
Creation of genomic methylation patterns
Bestor, T. H., & Tycko, B. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0496-363 · Cited by 310
Glucocorticoid‐induced DNA demethylation and gene memory during development
Thomassin, H., Flavin, M., Espinás, M. L., & Grange, T. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.8.1974 · Cited by 309
CpG-Island Methylation in Aging and Cancer
Issa, J. J. (2000) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59696-4_7 · Cited by 308
Dependence of Transcriptional Repression on CpG Methylation Density
Hsieh, C. (1994) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.14.8.5487 · Cited by 300
Loss of methylation activates Xist in somatic but not in embryonic cells.Preprint
Beard, C., Li, E., & Jaenisch, R. (1995) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.9.19.2325 · Cited by 300
Methylation of Genomes and Genes at the Invertebrate-Vertebrate Boundary
Tweedie, S., Charlton, J., Clark, V. H., & Bird, A. P. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.3.1469 · Cited by 300
Self-citation
An embryonic-like methylation pattern of classical satellite DNA is observed in ICF syndrome
Jeanpierre, M., TURLEAU, C., Aurias, A., Prieur, M., Deist, F. L., Fischer, A., & Viégas-Pèquignot, E. (1993) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/2.6.731 · Cited by 291
The imprinted antisense RNA at the Igf2r locus overlaps but does not imprint Mas1
Lyle, R., Watanabe, D., Vruchte, D. T., Lerchner, W., Smrzka, O. W., Wutz, A., Schageman, J. J., Hahner, L., Davies, C., & Barlow, D. P. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/75546 · Cited by 288
De novo methylation, expression, and infectivity of retroviral genomes introduced into embryonal carcinoma cells.
Stewart, C. L., Stuhlmann, H., Jähner, D., & Jaenisch, R. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.13.4098 · Cited by 282
DNA methylation, a key regulator of plant development and other processes
Finnegan, E. J., Peacock, W. J., & Dennis, E. S. (2000) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00061-7 · Cited by 279
X Inactivation in the Mouse Embryo Deficient for Dnmt1: Distinct Effect of Hypomethylation on Imprinted and Random X Inactivation
Sado, T., Fenner, M. H., Tan, S., Tam, P., Shioda, T., & Li, E. (2000) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9823 · Cited by 271
In Vivo Activity of Murine De Novo Methyltransferases, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b
Hsieh, C. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.12.8211 · Cited by 261
Maternal-specific footprints at putative CTCF sites in the H19 imprinting control region give evidence for insulator function
Szabó, P. E., Tang, S.-H. E., Rentsendorj, A., Pfeifer, G. P., & Mann, J. R. (2000) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00489-9 · Cited by 252
Polymerase chain reaction-aided genomic sequencing of an X chromosome-linked CpG island: methylation patterns suggest clonal inheritance, CpG site autonomy, and an explanation of activity state stability.
Pfeifer, G. P., Steigerwald, S. D., Hansen, R. S., Gartler, S. M., & Riggs, A. D. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.21.8252 · Cited by 250
X-Inactivation and Histone H4 Acetylation in Embryonic Stem Cells
Keohane, A. M., O’Neill, L. P., Belyaev, N. D., Lavender, J. S., & Turner, B. M. (1996) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1996.0333 · Cited by 248
A component of the transcriptional represser MeCP1 shares a motif with DNA methyltransferase and HRX proteins
Cross, S. H., Meehan, R. R., Nan, X., & Bird, A. P. (1997) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0797-256 · Cited by 245
Self-citation
Initiation of DNA replication at CpG islands in mammalian chromosomes
Delgado, S., Gómez, M., Bird, A., & Antequera, F. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.8.2426 · Cited by 242
Self-citation
Epigenetic Inheritance of Active Chromatin After Removal of the Main Transactivator
Cavalli, G., & Paro, R. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.955 · Cited by 239
Enzymatic properties of recombinant Dnmt3a DNA methyltransferase from mouse: the enzyme modifies DNA in a non-processive manner and also methylates non-CpA sites
Gowher, H., & Jeltsch, A. (2001) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4710 · Cited by 236
De novo methylation of the MyoD1 CpG island during the establishment of immortal cell lines.
Jones, P. A., Wolkowicz, M. J., Rideout, W. M., Gonzales, F. A., Marziasz, C. M., Coetzee, G. A., & Tapscott, S. J. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.16.6117 · Cited by 233
Evolution of imprinting mechanisms: the battle of the sexes begins in the zygote
Reik, W., & Walter, J. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/85804 · Cited by 232
CpG islands as genomic footprints of promoters that are associated with replication origins
Antequera, F., & Bird, A. P. (1999) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80418-7 · Cited by 230
Self-citation
DNA of Drosophila melanogaster contains 5‐methylcytosine
Gowher, H., Leismann, O., & Jeltsch, A. (2000) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/19.24.6918 · Cited by 217
κ chain monoallelic demethylation and the establishment of allelic exclusionPreprint
Mostoslavsky, R., Singh, N., Kirillov, A., Pelanda, R., Cedar, H., Chess, A. J., & Bergman, Y. (1998) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.12.12.1801 · Cited by 204
Non‐methylated CpG‐rich islands at the human alpha‐globin locus: implications for evolution of the alpha‐globin pseudogene.
Bird, A. P., Taggart, M. H., Nicholls, R. D., & Higgs, D. R. (1987) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04851.x · Cited by 200
Self-citation
Cloning of a Mammalian Transcriptional Activator That Binds Unmethylated CpG Motifs and Shares a CXXC Domain with DNA Methyltransferase, Human Trithorax, and Methyl-CpG Binding Domain Protein 1
Voo, K. S., Carlone, D. L., Jacobsen, B. M., Flodin, A., & Skalnik, D. G. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.6.2108-2121.2000 · Cited by 199
Induction of thymidine kinase in enzyme-deficient chinese hamster cells
Harris, M. (1982) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90165-9 · Cited by 194
Independent mechanisms involved in suppression of the moloney leukemia virus genome during differentiation of murine teratocarcinoma cells
Niwa, O., Yokota, Y., Ishida, H., & Sugahara, T. (1983) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90294-5 · Cited by 193
Mammalian (cytosine-5) methyltransferases cause genomic DNA methylation and lethality in Drosophila
Lyko, F., Ramsahoye, B. H., Kashevsky, H., Tudor, M., Mastrangelo, M.-A. A., Orr‐Weaver, T. L., & Jaenisch, R. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/15551 · Cited by 192
Methylated and unmethylated DNA compartments in the sea urchin genome
Bird, A. P., Taggart, M. H., & Smith, B. A. (1979) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90329-5 · Cited by 191
Self-citation
DNA Demethylation In Vitro: Involvement of RNA
Weiss, A., Keshet, I., Razin, A., & Cedar, H. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80146-4 · Cited by 188
Methylation of foreign DNA sequences in eukaryotic cells.
Pollack, Y., Stein, R., Razin, A., & Cedar, H. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6463 · Cited by 188
Potential Alu Function: Regulation of the Activity of Double-Stranded RNA-Activated Kinase PKR
Chu, W., Ballard, R. E., Carpick, B. W., Williams, B. R. G., & Schmid, C. W. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.1.58 · Cited by 188
DNA demethylation
Wolffe, A. P., Jones, P. L., & Wade, P. A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.5894 · Cited by 185
Whole-genome methylation scan in ICF syndrome: hypomethylation of non-satellite DNA repeats D4Z4 and NBL2
Kondo, T. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.4.597 · Cited by 177
Unusual methylation pattern of the α2(I) collagen gene
McKeon, C., Ohkubo, H., Pastan, I. H., & Crombrugghe, B. D. (1982) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90104-0 · Cited by 176
Delayed de novo methylation in teratocarcinoma suggests additional tissue-specific mechanisms for controlling gene expression
Gautsch, J. W., & Wilson, M. C. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/301032a0 · Cited by 176
5-Methylcytosine DNA glycosylase activity is also present in the human MBD4 (G/T mismatch glycosylase) and in a related avian sequence
Zhu, B. M. (2000) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/28.21.4157 · Cited by 172
Asymmetric methylation in the hypermethylated CpG promoter region of the human L1 retrotransposon
Woodcock, D. M., Lawler, C. B., Linsenmeyer, M. E., Doherty, J. P., & Warren, W. D. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.12.7810 · Cited by 168
Alu transcripts: cytoplasmic localisation and regulation by DNA methylation
Liu, W.-M., Maraia, R. J., Rubin, C. M., & Schmid, C. W. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.6.1087 · Cited by 163
Typical Demethylation Events in Cloned Pig Embryos
Kang, Y., Koo, D., Park, J. S., Choi, Y., Kim, H.-N., Chang, W.-K., Lee, K.-K., & Han, Y. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m106516200 · Cited by 162
DNA methylation and chromatin structure: a view from below
Selker, E. U. (1990) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/0968-0004(90)90193-f · Cited by 161
Retrovirus vector silencing is de novo methylase independent and marked by a repressive histone code
Pannell, D., Osborne, C. S., Yao, S., Sukonnik, T., Pasceri, P., Karaiskakis, A., Okano, M., Li, E., Lipshitz, H. D., & Ellis, J. (2000) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5884 · Cited by 158
Gene Silencing
Selker, E. U. (1999) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80725-4 · Cited by 157
Nonmethylated Transposable Elements and Methylated Genes in a Chordate Genome
Simmen, M. W., Leitgeb, S., Charlton, J., Jones, S. J. M., Harris, B. R., Clark, V. H., & Bird, A. P. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.283.5405.1164 · Cited by 150
Self-citation
Escape from gene silencing in ICF syndrome: evidence for advanced replication time as a major determinant
Hansen, R. S. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.18.2575 · Cited by 146
5-Methylcytosine-DNA glycosylase activity is present in a cloned G/T mismatch DNA glycosylase associated with the chicken embryo DNA demethylation complex
Zhu, B., Zheng, Y., Heß, D., Angliker, H., Schwarz, S., Siegmann, M., Thiry, S., & Jost, J. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.100107597 · Cited by 145
Transformation with DNA from 5-azacytidine-reactivated X chromosomes.
Venolia, L., Gartler, S. M., Wassman, E. R., Yen, P. H., Mohandas, T. K., & Shapiro, L. J. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.7.2352 · Cited by 143
Abnormal methylation pattern in constitutive and facultative (X inactive chromosome) heterochromatin of ICF patients
Miniou, P., Jeanpierre, M., Blanquet, V., Sibella, V. R., Bonneau, D., Herbelin, C., Fischer, A., Niveleau, A., & Viégas-Pèquignot, E. (1994) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/3.12.2093 · Cited by 142
Absence of genome-wide changes in DNA methylation during development of the zebrafish
Macleod, D., Clark, V. H., & Bird, A. P. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/13767 · Cited by 139
Self-citation
Treatment of mice with 5-azacytidine efficiently activates silent retroviral genomes in different tissues.
Jaenisch, R., Schnieke, A., & Harbers, K. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.5.1451 · Cited by 139
Vestiges of a DNA methylation system in Drosophila melanogaster?
Tweedie, S., Ng, H., Barlow, A. L., Turner, B. M., Hendrich, B., & Bird, A. P. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/70490 · Cited by 137
Self-citation
Interchromosomal Transfer of Epigenetic States in Ascobolus: Transfer of DNA Methylation Is Mechanistically Related to Homologous Recombination
Colot, V., Maloisel, L., & Rossignol, J. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80161-0 · Cited by 133
Retinoic Acid Receptors Interact Physically and Functionally with the T:G Mismatch-specific Thymine-DNA Glycosylase
Um, S., Harbers, M., Benecke, A., Pierrat, B., Losson, R., & Chambon, P. (1998) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.273.33.20728 · Cited by 131
Epigenetic Variation Illustrated by DNA Methylation Patterns of the Fragile-X Gene FMR1
Stöger, R. J., Kajimura, T., Brown, W. T., & Laird, C. D. (1997) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/6.11.1791 · Cited by 129
The imprinting box of the mouse Igf2r gene
Birger, Y., Shemer, R., Perk, J., & Razin, A. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/16291 · Cited by 123
Dynamic Analysis of Proviral Induction and De Novo Methylation: Implications for a Histone Deacetylase-Independent, Methylation Density-Dependent Mechanism of Transcriptional Repression
Lorincz, M. C., Schübeler, D., Goeke, S., Walters, M. C., Groudine, M. T., & Martin, D. I. K. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.3.842-850.2000 · Cited by 121
The imprinting box of the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome domain
Shemer, R., Hershko, A. Y., Perk, J., Mostoslavsky, R., Tsuberi, B.-Z., Cedar, H., Buiting, K., & Razin, A. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/82571 · Cited by 115
Local DNA demethylation in vertebrates: how could it be performed and targeted?
Kress, C., Thomassin, H., & Grange, T. (2001) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02328-6 · Cited by 111
Evidence that Protein Binding Specifies Sites of DNA Demethylation
Hsieh, C. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.1.46 · Cited by 110
Recruitment of components of Polycomb Group chromatin complexes in Drosophila
Poux, S., McCabe, D., & Pirrotta, V. (2001) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.128.1.75 · Cited by 103
Drosophila proteins related to vertebrate DNA (5-cytosine) methyltransferases
Hung, M., Narayanan, K., Huang, B., Koo, H.-C., Kiger, J. A., & Shen, C. ‐. J. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.21.11940 · Cited by 100
Methylation Dynamics, Epigenetic Fidelity and X Chromosome Structure
Riggs, A. D., Xiong, Z., Wang, L., & LeBon, J. M. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470515501.ch13 · Cited by 99
Recognition of unusual DNA structures by human DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferase
Smith, S. S., Kan, J. L. C., Baker, D., Kaplan, B. E., & Dembek, P. (1991) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90609-a · Cited by 99
Dynamics of DNA methylation pattern
Hsieh, C. (2000) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00064-2 · Cited by 99
CpG methylation regulates the Igf2/H19 insulator
Holmgren, C., Kanduri, C., Dell, G. C., Ward, A., Mukhopadhya, R., Kanduri, M., Lobanenkov, V. V., & OHLSSON, R. I. (2001) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00314-1 · Cited by 92
5-Azacytidine-induced re-expression of alleles on the inactive X chromosome in a hybrid mouse cell line
Graves, J. A. M. (1982) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4827(82)90072-6 · Cited by 91
Tandem B1 Elements Located in a Mouse Methylation Center Provide a Target for de Novo DNA Methylation
Yates, P. A., Burman, R., Mummaneni, P., Krussel, S., & Turker, M. S. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.51.36357 · Cited by 91
Making noise about silence: repression of repeated genes in animals
Birchler, J. A., Bhadra, M. P., & Bhadra, U. (2000) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00065-4 · Cited by 83
The primary function of a redundant Sp1 binding site in the mouse aprt gene promoter is to block epigenetic gene inactivation
Mummaneni, P., Yates, P. A., Simpson, J. F., Rose, J., & Turker, M. S. (1998) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/26.22.5163 · Cited by 81
DNA Methylation in 5-Aza-2′-Deoxycytidine-Resistant Variants of C3H 10T1/2 C18 Cells
FLATAU, E., Gonzales, F. A., Michalowsky, L. A., & Jones, P. A. (1984) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.4.10.2098 · Cited by 80
The establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation patterns in mouse somatic cells
Turker, M. S. (1999) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1006/scbi.1999.0133 · Cited by 79
Short TpA-rich segments of the ζ-η region induce DNA methylation in Neurospora crassa 1 1Edited by K. Yamamoto
Miao, V., Freitag, M., & Selker, E. U. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3864 · Cited by 79
Overexpression of 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase in human embryonic kidney cells EcR293 demethylates the promoter of a hormone-regulated reporter gene
Zhu, B., Benjamin, D., Zheng, Y., Angliker, H., Thiry, S., Siegmann, M., & Jost, J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.091097298 · Cited by 78
A cis-acting element accounts for a conserved methylation pattern upstream of the mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene.
Mummaneni, P., Bishop, P. L., & Turker, M. S. (1993) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54187-9 · Cited by 77
Segmentation of human chromosomes induced by 5-ACR (5-azacytidine)
Viégas-Pèquignot, E., & Dutrillaux, B. (1976) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00295287 · Cited by 76
Does DNA methylation control transposition of selfish elements in the germline?
Bird, A. P. (1997) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01310-3 · Cited by 68
Self-citation
Reduced Rates of Gene Loss, Gene Silencing, and Gene Mutation in Dnmt1-Deficient Embryonic Stem Cells
Chan, M. F., van Amerongen, R., Nijjar, T., Cuppen, E. P. J. G., Jones, P. A., & Laird, P. W. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.22.7587-7600.2001 · Cited by 68
An Alternative Promoter in the Mouse Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II I-Aβ Gene: Implications for the Origin of CpG Islands
Macleod, D., Ali, R. R., & Bird, A. P. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.8.4433 · Cited by 66
Self-citation
Modulation of DNA Binding Protein Affinity Directly Affects Target Site Demethylation
Lin, I. G., Tomzynski, T. J., Ou, Q., & Hsieh, C. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.7.2343-2349.2000 · Cited by 64
Mosaic Methylation in Clonal Tissue
Silva, A. J., Ward, K. J., & White, R. L. (1993) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1993.1086 · Cited by 63
Methylation of slipped duplexes, snapbacks and cruciforms by human DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferase
Laayoun, A., & Smith, S. S. (1995) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/23.9.1584 · Cited by 57
A Vicious Cycle
Bender, J. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00441-x · Cited by 52
The RNA moiety of chick embryo 5-methylcytosine- DNA glycosylase targets DNA demethylation
Jost, J. P. (1997) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/25.22.4545 · Cited by 51
Genetic reprogramming following nuclear transplantation in Amphibia
Gurdon, J. B. (1999) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/scdb.1998.0284 · Cited by 47
Species‐specific organization of CpG island promoters at mammalian homologous genes
Cuadrado, M., Sacristán, M. P., & Antequera, F. (2001) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve131 · Cited by 46
Transcription of tissue-specific genes in human preimplantation embryos
Daniels, R., Lowell, S., Bolton, V. N., & Monk, M. (1997) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/12.10.2251 · Cited by 46
Factors Affecting de Novo Methylation of Foreign DNA in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Hertz, J., Schell, G., & Doerfler, W. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.34.24232 · Cited by 45
DNA methylation, retroviruses, and embryogenesis
Jaenisch, R., Harbers, K., Jähner, D., Stewart, C. L., & Stuhlmann, H. (1982) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.240200403 · Cited by 42
Analysis of putative RNase sensitivity and protease insensitivity of demethylation activity in extracts from rat myoblasts
Swisher, J. W. (1998) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/26.24.5573 · Cited by 40
Heritable Chromatin States Induced by the Polycomb and Trithorax Group Genes
Paro, R., Strutt, H. L., & Cavalli, G. (2007) · Novartis Foundation symposium · doi:10.1002/9780470515501.ch4 · Cited by 38
High-Pressure Ion Exchange Chromatography
Scott, C. D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.186.4160.226 · Cited by 35

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 208 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

10.1093/humrep/ · DOI
1981, Reactivation of an inactive human X-chromosome: Evidence for X-inactivation by DNA methylation., Science, 211, 393, 10.1126/science.6164095 · DOI
Prokhortchouk, 2001, The p120 catenin partner Kaiso is a DNA methylation-dependent transcriptional repressor., Genes & Dev., 15, 1613, 10.1101/gad.198501 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Epigenetic Regulations of GABAergic Neurotransmission: Relevance for Neurological Disorders and Epigenetic Therapy
Shrestha, S., & Offer, S. M. (2016) · Medical Epigenetics · doi:10.1159/000444713 · Cited by 8,951
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals
Jaenisch, R., & Bird, A. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1089 · Cited by 6,325
Self-citation
Conversion of 5-Methylcytosine to 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Mammalian DNA by MLL Partner TET1
Tahiliani, M., Koh, K. P., Shen, Y., Pastor, W. A., Bandukwala, H., Brudno, Y., Agarwal, S., Iyer, L. M., Liu, D. R., Aravind, L., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1170116 · Cited by 5,836
The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer
Jones, P. A., & Baylin, S. B. (2002) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg816 · Cited by 5,648
Establishing, maintaining and modifying DNA methylation patterns in plants and animals
Law, J. A., & Jacobsen, S. E. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2719 · Cited by 3,925

See all 7,124

Authors: Bird, A.
Affiliations: Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology (GB)
Corresponding author: Bird, Adrian
ORCID: Bird, Adrian
Venue: Genes & Development
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2002-01-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 6-21
ISSN: 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
1549-5477
DOI: 10.1101/gad.947102
OpenAlex: W2121417064
Cited by: 7,124
References: 208
Citations by year: 2026: 178 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 247 · 2023: 222 · 2022: 284 · 2021: 327 · 2020: 318 · 2019: 328 · 2018: 327 · 2017: 426 · 2016: 408 · 2015: 416 · 2014: 415 · 2013: 409 · 2012: 382
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Syndromes and Imprinting
Keywords: epigenetic memory, genomic imprinting, Polycomb group proteins, Trithorax group proteins, transcriptional repression, epigenetic reprogramming, mammalian development, gene silencing, histone modifications, somatic cell nuclear transfer, epigenetic inheritance
MeSH terms: Animals, Embryonic and Fetal Development, Humans, Transcription, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, DNA Methylation, Gene Silencing

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks