The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Involvement of spindles in memory consolidation is slow wave sleep-specific
Open accessAbstract
Both sleep spindles and slow oscillations have been implicated in sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Whereas spindles occur during both light and deep sleep, slow oscillations are restricted to deep sleep, raising the possibility of greater consolidation-related spindle involvement during deep sleep. We assessed declarative memory retention over an interval containing a nap and determined spindle density for light and deep sleep separately. In deep sleep, spindle density was considerably higher and showed a strong and robust positive correlation with retention. This relation was absent for light sleep, suggesting that the potentiating effects of spindles are tied to their co-occurrence with slow oscillations.
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“Furthermore, indicators of sleep spindle expression consistently correlated with the amount of overnight retention of declarative memories (86,213,214,235,446,562,822,1016,1024,1037,1044,1057).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [235]
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Citations
Cites
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“…this association was more pronounced during deep sleep than during light sleep, the pertaining correlation coefficients were contrasted directly (Meng et al. 1992), revealing a significantly stronger link between memory retention and spindle density during SWS than during stage 2 sleep (Z ¼…”
BackgroundBoosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory
Marshall, L., Helgadóttir, H., Mölle, M., & Born, J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05278 · Cited by 1,792
Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems
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“Sleep architecture parameters were not associated with memory retention either, which is in line with some studies (e.g., Clemens et al. 2006), but not others (e.g., Takashima et al. 2006).”
ResultThe Hippocampo-Neocortical Dialogue
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“As such, the temporal coupling of hippocampal ripples, sleep spindles, and slow oscillations might reflect a hippocampo-cortical di- alogue underlying system-level memory consolidation during sleep (Buzsáki 1996; Born et al. 2006).”
BackgroundCommunication between neocortex and hippocampus during sleep in rodents
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“They are generated by the interplay of cells of the thalamic reticular nucleus and thalamocortical relay neurons (Steriade 2006), although their duration is also affected by neocortical feedback (Bonjean et al. 2011).”
BackgroundLearning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density
Gais, S., Mölle, M., Helms, K., & Born, J. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-15-06830.2002 · Cited by 859 · cited 8×
“Our observed spindle densities are roughly similar to values obtained with other detection algorithms in both EEG (Gais et al. 2002; Mölle et al. 2011) and intracortical (Peter-Derex et al. 2012) studies, suggesting that our finding is not an artifact stemming from the spindle algorithm used.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGrouping of spindle activity during slow oscillations in human non-rapid eye movement sleep
Mölle, M., Marshall, L., Gais, S., & Born, J. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-24-10941.2002 · Cited by 617 · cited 1×
“Importantly, slow oscillations have a naturally occurring grouping influence on spindles (Mölle et al. 2002; Clemens et al. 2007), and such focusing of spindle rhythms into the active slow oscillation up-state increases after a learning episode (Mölle et al. 2009).”
BackgroundTakashima, A., Petersson, K. M., Rutters, F., Tendolkar, I., Jensen, O., Zwarts, M. J., McNaughton, B. L., & Fernández, G. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0507774103 · Cited by 557 · cited 1×
“It should be mentioned that we do not claim that sleep spindles during light sleep are completely unrelated to memory processing, as various studies have demonstrated otherwise (e.g., Gais et al. 2002; Schabus et al. 2008; Tamaki et al. 2008).”
ResultBorn, J., Rasch, B., & Gais, S. (2006) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858406292647 · Cited by 557 · cited 3×
“As such, the temporal coupling of hippocampal ripples, sleep spindles, and slow oscillations might reflect a hippocampo-cortical di- alogue underlying system-level memory consolidation during sleep (Buzsáki 1996; Born et al. 2006).”
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Sleep-physiological correlates of brachycephaly in dogs
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“Most spindle–cognition associations in humans, rats, and mice (Eschenko et al. 2006; Cox et al. 2012; Latchou-mane et al. 2017) and all so far observed in the dog (Iotchev et al. 2017, 2020a) concern spindle density and post-sleep recall.”
BackgroundRole of Napping for Learning Across the Lifespan
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“40 (5) Cardiac Arrest Textual prompt: In the episode where one character falls over on the sidewalk, another goes inside, and an ambulance arrives All rights reserved.”
BackgroundNovák, V., Maulisová, A., Ježdík, P., Beňová, B., Bělohlávková, A., Libý, P., Tichý, M., & Kršek, P. (2019) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16362 · Cited by 8
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“…during slow-wave sleep consolidate memories (e.g., Peigneux et al., 2004; Rasch et al., 2007; Rudoy et al., 2009), with specific components of slow-wave sleep, like sleep spindles or sharp-wave ripples, being critically involved (Axmacher et al., 2008; Cox et al., 2012; Schabus et al., 2004).”
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“In particular, the cortical spindles nested in the neocortical SW (M€olle, Marshall, Gais, & Born, 2002) are thought to help with the precise coordination of transferring memories between the hippocampus and the neocortex during memory consolidation (Cox et al., 2012).”
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“…spindles and memory consolidation have been inconsistent on this point: a relationship has been found for spindles in NREM-2 13,56 as well as NREM-3 57,58 , but most studies seem to collapse across NREM-2 and NREM-3 16,22,48,59,60 , hence leaving it unclear whether the associations between spindle…”
Parker, J. L., Appleton, S., Adams, R., Melaku, Y. A., D'Rozario, A. L., Wittert, G., Martin, S., CATCHESIDE, P. G., Lechat, B., Teare, A. J., et al. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.03.007 · Cited by 7
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“Findings suggests spindles facilitate synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation [24,30,32-36], specifically declarative memory [37], the integration of new information into existing knowledge [38], as well as directed remembering and forgetting [39].”
BackgroundNo evidence for a preferential role of sleep in episodic memory abstraction
Talamini, L. M., van Moorselaar, D., Bakker, R., Bulath, M., Szegedi, S., Sinichi, M., & De Boer, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.871188 · Cited by 4
Self-citationOpen questions in sleep and memory research
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A Role for Neuronal Oscillations of Sleep in Memory and Cognition
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Sleep-spindles as a marker of attention and intelligence in dogs
Iotchev, I. B., Szabó, D., Turcsán, B., Bognár, Z., & Enikö Kubinyi, B. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120916 · Cited by 3
“…Ujma, 2022) associations between sleep spindles and cognition regard their possible role in sleep-dependent learning (Clemens et al., 2006, 2005; Cox et al., 2012; Eschenko et al., 2006; Fogel et al., 2007; Gais et al., 2002; Gruber et al., 2015; Iotchev et al., 2020a, 2017; Kuula et al., 2019;…”
Memory Reactivation in Humans (Imaging Studies)
Farthouat, J., & Peigneux, P. (2014) · Springer series in computational neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1969-7_11 · Cited by 3
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Canto, C. B., Bauer, S., Hoogland, T. M., Hoedemaker, H., Geelen, C., Loyola, S., Miaja, P., & Zeeuw, C. I. D. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.30.564769 · Cited by 3
“…that throughout species, twitches correlate with spindles and cerebellar spindles with cortical spindles suggests a functional role for twitches and cerebellar spindles in cerebellar to cortical communication, and possibly plasticity as well as cerebellum-dependent memory 27,56,66,69,93,97–100 .”
BackgroundMemory consolidation during sleep: a facilitator of new learning?
Guttesen, A. Á. V., Harrington, M. O., Fleming, M. K., Gaskell, M. G., & Cairney, S. A. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109320 · Cited by 3
“…that NREM sleep oscillations and their close temporal coupling drive the overnight consolidation of recently acquired memories (Baena et al., 2020; Cox et al., 2012; Helfrich et al., 2018; Latchoumane et al., 2017; Leminen et al., 2017; Maingret et al., 2016; Mikutta et al., 2019; Mölle et al.,…”
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“Spindles are further differentiated into fast and slow subtypes, with the density of fast spindles exhibiting a strong positive correlation with the effectiveness of sleep in promoting memory consolidation 22,23 .”
The influence of prior knowledge on memory consolidation
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“It is notable that no associations between SWS activity and memory were found in the control group, given other research showing SWS-related benefits for both neutral and emotional episodic memory in non-stressed participants (Plihal & Born, 1997; Payne, Stickgold, et al., 2008; Cox et al., 2012; Payne, Chambers, et a…”
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Iotchev, I. B. (2020) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2020.142 · Cited by 1
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“A number of studies have been conducted to provide additional reliability to this finding that sleep spindle waves facilitate memory consolidation [43-44] and are considered to be a mechanistic vehicle for memory consolidation [45-47] .”
BackgroundPagel, J. F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99738-6.00011-3
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“Findings suggest spindles facilitate synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation 41,47,49–52 , specifically declarative memory 53 , the integration of new information into existing knowledge 54 , and directed remembering and forgetting 55 .”
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“A small number of studies reported spindle density is more sensitive to the presence of IN (Benbir Şenel et al. 2021; Shao et al. 2022), supporting existing evidence that reduced spindle density is a reliable marker of disrupted sleep (Fernandez and Lüthi 2020; Chen et al. 2023; Cox et al. 2012).”
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“This agrees with the fact that the influence of spindles on memory consolidation is specific to SWS 20 and that memory consolidation is correlated with the power of slow waves, but not of spindles, also showing a positive correlation for time in SWS and a negative correlation for time in N2 59 .”
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“Sleep spindles are 9–15 Hz NREM oscillations crucial for memory consolidation 7,23–25 , particularly through their interaction with SOs and delta waves 7,8,10,12 .”
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Walsh, N. A., Perrault, A. A., Cross, N. E., Maltezos, A., Phillips, E.-M., Barbaux, L., Weiner, O. M., Dyment, C., Pomares, F. B., Gouin, J., et al. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag192 · Cited by 1
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“The likelihood for true effects to show up in small samples is an important issue, since sample sizes of N < 20 are extremely common in the literature on sleep spindles (Gais et al., 2002; Clemens et al., 2005, 2006; Cox et al., 2012; Iotchev et al., 2017, 2020).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Cox, R., Hofman, W. F., & Talamini, L. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- ORCID
- Cox, Roy
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2012-06-14
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 264-267
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- OpenAlex
- W2125579095
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (452-08-013)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- sleep spindles, slow oscillations, memory consolidation, sleep-dependent memory consolidation, slow-wave sleep, light sleep, spindle density
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retention, Psychology, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Stages, Time Factors, Linear Models, Polysomnography, Young Adult, Brain Waves
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