Traces of memory: reacquisition of fear following forgetting is NMDAr-independent
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows that while initial learning is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDArs), relearning can be NMDAr-independent. In the present study we examined whether this switch also occurs following forgetting. The developing animal exhibits much more rapid rates of forgetting than adults, so infant rats were used. It was found that infant rats required NMDArs to learn fear (Experiment 1), and that this memory was forgotten after 14 d (Experiment 2). Despite forgetting, relearning fear did not require NMDAr activation (Experiment 3), even if it occurred in adulthood (Experiment 5). Importantly, animals only showed NMDAr-independent reacquisition if they had received paired (white noise-shock) training during conditioning and not if they received unpaired presentations of the white noise and shock (Experiment 4). In addition, this transition following forgetting was not stimulus specific as learning about a novel stimulus (i.e., light, Experiment 6) was also NMDAr-independent. However, reacquisition to a novel stimulus was NMDAr-dependent if the original fear memory was retained at the time of retraining (Experiment 7). Taken together, these results demonstrate how fear memories acquired early in life can have a long-lasting impact on later learning, even when they have been apparently forgotten (i.e., they are not expressed in the animal's overt behavior). Further, they support the idea that while memories may be forgotten, they are not gone.
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The change from NMDA dependence to NMDA independence remains true even if very young rats that have forgotten the initial fear conditioning task are retrained on it in adulthood.
“Li and Richardson (144) demonstrated that this change from NMDA dependence to NMDA independence remains true even if very young rats that have forgotten the initial fear conditioning task are retrained on it in adulthood.”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [144]
The early learning changed the neurobiology of later learning even though the learned behavior was forgotten.
“The early learning changed the neurobiology of later learning even though the learned behavior was forgotten.”
From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [144]
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- Authors
- Li, S., & Richardson, R.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2013-03-15
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 174-182
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- OpenAlex
- W2055335013
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of New South Wales
- Australian Research Council (DP120104925, DP0985554 and DP120104925, DP0985554)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- fear memory, forgetting, reacquisition, NMDA receptor, infant rats, stimulus specificity, memory reconsolidation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Male, Retention, Psychology, Time Factors, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Dizocilpine Maleate, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic, Rats
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