Second-order conditioning in Drosophila
Open accessAbstract
Associative conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster has been well documented for several decades. However, most studies report only simple associations of conditioned stimuli (CS, e.g., odor) with unconditioned stimuli (US, e.g., electric shock) to measure learning or establish memory. Here we describe a straightforward second-order conditioning (SOC) protocol that further demonstrates the flexibility of fly behavior. In SOC, a previously conditioned stimulus (CS1) is used as reinforcement for a second conditioned stimulus (CS2) in associative learning. This higher-order context presents an opportunity for reassessing the roles of known learning and memory genes and neuronal networks in a new behavioral paradigm.
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Honey bees and fruit flies can do second-order conditioning on olfactory stimuli.
“and they can do second-order conditioning on olfactory stimuli (Hussaini et al. 2007; Tabone and de Belle 2011).”
From Unlimited Associative Learning and the origins of consciousness: a primer and some predictions (2020) · cites this paper as Tabone and de Belle 2011
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- Authors
- Tabone, C. J., & de Belle, J. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2011-03-25
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 250-253
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC3072777
- OpenAlex
- W2102183435
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0237395)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- second-order conditioning, Drosophila melanogaster, associative learning, olfactory conditioning, electric shock, neuronal networks, behavioral flexibility
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Drosophila, Electric Stimulation, Extinction, Psychological, Odorants, Reinforcement, Psychology, Smell, Maze Learning
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