Limits to Quantum Gravity Effects on Energy Dependence of the Speed of Light from Observations of TeV Flares in Active Galaxies
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We have used data from a TeV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray flare associated with the active galaxy Markarian 421 to place bounds on the possible energy dependence of the speed of light in the context of an effective quantum gravitational energy scale. Recent theoretical work suggests that such an energy scale could be less than the Planck mass and perhaps as low as ${10}^{16}$ GeV. The limits derived here indicate this energy scale to be in excess of $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ GeV for at least one approach to quantum gravity in the context of D-brane string theory. To the best of our knowledge, this constitutes the first convincing limit on such phenomena in this energy regime.
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Combining the Markarian 421 flare observations, assuming the flare was emitted from the same event at the source, yields the limit |f(3)| < 128.
“If we assume that the flare was emitted from the same event at the source, the time of arrival delay between 1TeV and 2TeV photons must be less than 280 s. Combining all these factors yields the limit |f(3)| < 128.”
From Modern Tests of Lorentz Invariance (2005) · cites this paper as [53]
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- [3][3] Gambini, Rodolfo and Pullin, George, preprint gr-qc/9809038 - · arXiv
- [13][13] Biller, S. D., PhD thesis, University of California, 1992 Figure 1: TeV γ -ray flare from Markarian 421 observed on 15 May 1996 by the Whipple γ -ray observatory. The rate of excess γ -ray selected events is binned in intervals of 280 seconds. (taken from reference [11]) <!-- image --> Figure 2: Total number of γ -ray selected events occurring in each 280 second interval near the peak of the 15 May 1996 flare from Markarian 421. The top plot consists of events with γ -ray energies less than 1 TeV, whereas the bottom plot is for energies greater than 2 TeV. <!-- image -->
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Kahniashvili, T., Ruth Durrer, A., & Maravin, Y. (2008) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.78.123009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Synchrotron radiation in Lorentz-violating electrodynamics: The Myers-Pospelov model
Montemayor, R., & Urrutia, L. F. (2005) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.72.045018 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A new approach to study energy-dependent arrival delays on photons from astrophysical sources
Manel Martínez, A., & Errando, M. (2009) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.01.005 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stecker, F. W. (2003) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2003.08.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Probing the Planck scale with neutrino oscillations
Brustein, R., Eichler, D., & Foffa, S. (2002) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.65.105006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Lorentz Invariance Violation Tests in Astroparticle Physics
Martínez-Huerta, H., Lang, R. G., & de Souza, V. (2020) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym12081232 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Testing fundamental physics with astrophysical transients
Wei, J.-J., & Wu, X.-F. (2021) · Frontiers of Physics · doi:10.1007/s11467-021-1049-x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A non-perturbative study of 4d U(1) non-commutative gauge theory - the fate of one-loop instability
Wolfgang Bietenholz, A., Nishimura, J., Susaki, Y., & Volkholz, J. (2006) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Giovanni Amelino-camelia, A., Doplicher, L., Nam, S., & Seo, Y. (2003) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.67.085008 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cosmic physics: the high energy frontier
Stecker, F. W. (2003) · Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics · doi:10.1088/0954-3899/29/10/201 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
TeV gamma-ray astronomy: A summary
Holder, J. (2012) · Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.02.014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Introduction to Quantum-Gravity Phenomenology
Giovanni Amelino-camelia, A. (2004) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
4 Testing Lorentz Invariance with GRB021206Preprint
Boggs, S. E., Wunderer, C., Hurley, K., & Coburn, W. (2004) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Space-time quantum solves three experimental paradoxes
Giovanni Amelino-camelia, A. (2001) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Biller, S. D., Breslin, A. C., Buckley, J., Catanese, M., Carson, M., Carter-Lewis, D. A., Cawley, M. F., Fegan, D. J., Finley, J. P., Gaidos, J. A., Hillas, A. M., Krennrich, F., Lamb, R. C., Lessard, R., Masterson, C., McEnery, J. E., McKernan, B., Moriarty, P., Quinn, J., Rose, H. J., Samuelson, F., Sembroski, G., Skelton, P., & Weekes, T. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (IE)
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 1999-09-13
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2108-2111
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2097552733
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 14.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Keywords
- quantum gravity, energy-dependent speed of light, TeV gamma-ray flares, Markarian 421, active galactic nuclei, high-energy gamma rays
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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