Layered architecture for quantum computing
Open accessAbstract
We develop a layered quantum computer architecture, which is a systematic framework for tackling the individual challenges of developing a quantum computer while constructing a cohesive device design. We discuss many of the prominent techniques for implementing circuit-model quantum computing and introduce several new methods, with an emphasis on employing surface code quantum error correction. In doing so, we propose a new quantum computer architecture based on optical control of quantum dots. The timescales of physical hardware operations and logical, error-corrected quantum gates differ by several orders of magnitude. By dividing functionality into layers, we can design and analyze subsystems independently, demonstrating the value of our layered architectural approach. Using this concrete hardware platform, we provide resource analysis for executing fault-tolerant quantum algorithms for integer factoring and quantum simulation, finding that the quantum dot architecture we study could solve such problems on the timescale of days.
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The construction improves on estimates by Jones et al., Fowler et al., and Gheorghiu et al. by over 100x when accounting for slight remaining differences in the cost model.
“We improve on their estimates by over 100x (see Table 2) when accounting for slight remaining differences in the cost model.”
From How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits (2021) · cites this paper as [46]
Production or preparation of T gates is hardware-dependent, whereas the number of Toffoli gates is machine-independent but depends only on the algorithm.
“Production or preparation of T gates is hardware-dependent, whereas the number of Toffoli gates (which consists of several T gates) is machine-independent but rather depends only on the algorithm, justifying the choice for the resource unit.”
From Time–space complexity of quantum search algorithms in symmetric cryptanalysis: applying to AES and SHA-2 (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
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Quantum Accelerators for High-Performance Computing Systems
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Byun, I., Kim, J., Min, D., Nagaoka, I., Fukumitsu, K., Ishikawa, I., Tanimoto, T., Tanaka, M., Inoue, K., & Kim, J. (2022) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Computer Architecture/Proceedings · doi:10.1145/3470496.3527417 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationFault-Tolerant Operations for Universal Blind Quantum Computation
Chien, C.-H., Meter, R. V., & Kuo, S. (2015) · ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2700248 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Optimization of lattice surgery is NP-hard
Herr, D., Nori, F., & Devitt, S. J. (2017) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-017-0035-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jones, N. C., Van Meter, R., Fowler, A. G., McMahon, P. L., Kim, J., Ladd, T. D., & Yamamoto, Y.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Duke University (US)
- National Institute of Informatics (JP)
- Venue
- Physical Review X
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2012-07-31
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 2160-3308 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2016318583
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 24.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical Review X (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Army Research Office
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum and electron transport phenomena
- Keywords
- quantum computing architecture, layered architecture, surface code, quantum error correction, quantum dot qubits, fault-tolerant quantum computing, resource analysis, integer factorization, quantum simulation
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