CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 26Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and IdentificationConsumer Perception and Purchasing BehaviorDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Disasters, hope and globalization: exploring self-identification with global consumer culture in Japan

Open access
Okazaki, Shintaro, Taylor, Charles R., Vargas, Patrick, Henseler, Jörg·2019·International Marketing Review
DOI 10.1108/imr-04-2018-0158
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose: An unconscious concern regarding one’s inevitable death, known as mortality salience, may affect consumers’ brand choices in the aftermath of disastrous events, such as earthquakes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of self-identification with global consumer culture (IDGCC) in global brand purchase intention in response to disasters that heighten mortality salience. The roles of materialism, consumer ethnocentrism, cosmopolitanism and hope in this this process are also explored. Design/methodology/approach: An online experiment was conducted with a large sample of Japanese consumers. Japan was selected because it had recently suffered from a series of devastating earthquakes. Participants’ mortality salience was primed with an earthquake scenario. All measures were adapted from prior research. The authors used structural equation modeling to test the hypotheses and validate the model. Findings: The results reveal that IDGCC is a direct predictor of global brand purchase intention when mortality salience is high. It appears that identifying with global consumer culture and buying global brands enhances self-esteem and reduces anxiety for those with high IDGCC. As predicted, materialism and cosmopolitanism positively influence IDGCC, whereas consumer ethnocentrism does not impede IDGCC. Hope directly and positively affects global brand purchase intention. Research limitations/implications: Some consumers who experience traumatic events may resist mortality salience and experience a heightened sense of global citizenship. Meanwhile, those with lower IDGCC may revert to in-group favoritism, whereas those with higher IDGCC tend to purchase global brands. Using a scenario to simulate the mental state evoked by a disaster limits generalizability. Practical implications: The findings illuminate how firms should modify their international marketing strategies in the face of traumatic global events when targeting consumers with high vs low IDGCC in terms of framing messages about global brands. Additionally, using global brands that emphasize an optimistic outlook may help global marketers capture attention from consumers high in IDGCC. Originality/value: This study is one of the first to address traumatic events and hope, relating these concepts to IDGCC and global brand purchase intention in an international marketing context.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1108/imr-04-2018-0158

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In the meta-analytic sample, only two studies meet the requirement of 357 participants per condition.

    “In our sample, only two studies (Bruine de Bruin and Ulqinaku 2021; Okazaki et al. 2019) meet that requirement.”

    From Terror Management Theory in the Consumer Domain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Mortality Salience Driven Consumer Responses (2025) · cites this paper as Okazaki et al. 2019

    The available Abstract describes an online experiment with a large sample of Japanese consumers but gives no participant count by condition. Searches for “357” and participants per condition found no passage establishing that Okazaki et al. met the citing paper’s threshold; the claim about how many studies met it also concerns the citing paper’s own sample. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 98

  1. 1999, Brand positioning through advertising in Asia, North America, and Europe: the role of global consumer culture, Journal of Marketing, 63, 75, 10.1177/002224299906300106 · DOI
  2. 2006, Consumer attitudes toward marketplace globalization: structure, antecedents and consequences, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23, 227, 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2006.01.010 · DOI
  3. Appadurai, A. (1990), “Disjuncture and difference in the global economy”, in Featherstone, M. (Ed.), Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, Sage Publications, London, pp. 295-310.
  4. 2006, Predicting proximal health responses to reminders of death: the influence of coping style and health optimism, Psychology and Health, 21, 593, 10.1080/14768320500537662 · DOI · Paper page
  5. 2002, To belong or not to belong, that is the question: terror management and identification with gender and ethnicity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 26, 10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.26 · DOI · Paper page
  6. 2005, Consumer culture theory (CCT): twenty years of research, Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 868
  7. 2005, Postassimilationist ethnic consumer research: qualifications and extensions, Journal of Consumer Research, 32, 160, 10.1086/426625 · DOI · Paper page
  8. 2000, Effects of brand local and nonlocal origin on consumer attitudes in developing countries, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9, 83, 10.1207/S15327663JCP0902_3 · DOI
  9. Browne, M.W. and Cudeck, R. (1993), “Alternative ways of assessing model fit”, in Bollen, K. and Long, J. (Eds), Testing Structural Equation Models, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 136-162.
  10. 2007, Acculturation to the global consumer culture: scale development and research paradigm, Journal of Business Research, 60, 249, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.11.006 · DOI
  11. 2009, Cosmopolitanism, consumer ethnocentrism, and materialism: an eight-country study of antecedents and outcomes, Journal of International Marketing, 17, 116, 10.1509/jimk.17.1.116 · DOI
  12. 2015, You are what you speak? Globalization, multilingualism, consumer dispositions and consumption, Journal of Business Research, 68, 542, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.09.008 · DOI
  13. 2015, The intersection of global consumer culture and national identity and the effect on Japanese consumer behavior, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 27, 364, 10.1080/08961530.2015.1014281 · DOI
  14. 2016, Identity, culture, dispositions and behavior: a cross-national examination of globalization and culture change, Journal of Business Research, 69, 1090, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.08.025 · DOI
  15. 2008, A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters, Global Environmental Change, 18, 598, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013 · DOI
  16. de Mello, G. and MacInnis, D.J. (2005), “Why and how consumers hope: motivated reasoning and the marketplace”, in Ratneshwar, S. and Mick, D.G. (Eds), Inside Consumption: Consumer Motives, Goals, and Desires, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 44-66.
  17. 2017, From international travelling consumer to place ambassador, International Marketing Review, 34, 425, 10.1108/IMR-08-2015-0180 · DOI
  18. 2000, Terror management and the vicissitudes of sports fan affiliation: the effects of mortality salience on optimism and fan identification, European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 813, 10.1002/1099-0992(200011/12)30:6<813::AID-EJSP17>3.0.CO;2-M · DOI
  19. 2008, Spanning the globe: win over the anti-globals, Marketing Management, 17, 40
  20. 2003, On the use of ‘borrowed’ scales in cross-national research: a cautionary note, International Marketing Review, 20, 621, 10.1108/02651330310505222 · DOI
  21. Edwards, J.R. (2009), “Seven deadly myths of testing moderation in organizational research”, in Lance, C.E. and Vandenberg, R.J. (Eds), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends: Doctrine, Verity and Fable in the Organizational and Social Sciences, Routledge, London, pp. 143-164.
  22. 1981, Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39, 10.1177/002224378101800104 · DOI · Paper page
  23. 2017, A store brand’s country-of-origin or store image: what matters to consumers?, International Marketing Review, 34, 272, 10.1108/IMR-03-2015-0083 · DOI
  24. 1996, Cross-cultural differences in materialism, Journal of Economic Psychology, 17, 55, 10.1016/0167-4870(95)00035-6 · DOI
  25. 2001, I am not an animal: mortality salience, disgust, and the denial of human creatureliness, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 130, 427, 10.1037/0096-3445.130.3.427 · DOI · Paper page
  26. 1994, Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 627, 10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.627 · DOI · Paper page
  27. 2017, Covariance-based structural equation modeling in the Journal of Advertising: review and recommendations, Journal of Advertising, 46, 163, 10.1080/00913367.2017.1281777 · DOI
  28. 2002, Terror management in Japan, Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 187, 10.1111/1467-839X.00103 · DOI · Paper page
  29. 2015, A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115, 10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 · DOI · Paper page
  30. 1991, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind
  31. 2004, How global brands compete, Harvard Business Review, 82, 68
  32. 2000, Globalization’s cultural consequences, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 570, 140, 10.1177/000271620057000111 · DOI
  33. 1998, Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification, Psychological Methods, 3, 424, 10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424 · DOI · Paper page
  34. 1999, Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1, 10.1080/10705519909540118 · DOI · Paper page
  35. 2004, The effects of personal and collective mortality salience on individualism: comparing Australians and Japanese with higher and lower self-esteem, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 384, 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.007 · DOI · Paper page
  36. 2002, Us versus them, or us versus everyone? Delineating consumer aversion to foreign goods, Journal of International Business Studies, 33, 345, 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491020 · DOI
  37. 2013, Influence of ontological terror and animal priming on the relationship seeking reaction of the opposite sex first meeting, Bulletin of the Toyo University Graduate School, 50, 55
  38. 1998, Conditions for factor (in)determinacy in factor analysis, Psychometrika, 63, 359, 10.1007/BF02294860 · DOI
  39. Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1959), “Latent structure analysis”, in Koch, S. (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science, Vol. III, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, pp. 476-543.
  40. 2003, The Collett-Lester fear of death scale: a correction, Death Studies, 27, 81, 10.1080/07481180302873 · DOI
  41. 1983, Molecular dynamics of native protein. I. Computer simulation of trajectories, Journal of Molecular Biology, 168, 595, 10.1016/S0022-2836(83)80304-0 · DOI
  42. 2007, Internationalising Japan: Nihonjinron and the intercultural in Japanese language-in-education policy, Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 2, 32, 10.2167/md043.0 · DOI
  43. 2005, The concept of hope and its relevance to product evaluation and choice, Journal of Marketing, 69, 1, 10.1509/jmkg.69.1.1.55513 · DOI
  44. 2004, Motivational and cultural variations in mortality salience effects: contemplations on terror management theory and consumer behavior, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 213, 10.1207/s15327663jcp1403_3 · DOI · Paper page
  45. 1991, Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, 98, 224, 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224 · DOI · Paper page
  46. 2014, Mplus (Version 7.3)
  47. Nenkov, G., MacInnis, D. and Morrin, M. (2010), “Differentiating the psychological impact of threats to hope and hopefulness”, in Campbell, M.C., Inman, J. and Pieters, R. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 37, Association for Consumer Research, Duluth, MN, pp. 271-275.
  48. 1994, Psychometric Theory
  49. 2015, Responses when the earth trembles: the impact of community awareness campaigns on protective behavior, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 34, 4, 10.1509/jppm.13.045 · DOI
  50. 2008, Global brand purchase likelihood: a critical synthesis and an integrated conceptual framework, Journal of International Marketing, 16, 1, 10.1509/jimk.16.4.1 · DOI
  51. 1985, A meta-analysis of effect sizes in consumer behavior experiments, Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 97, 10.1086/209039 · DOI
  52. 2004, What are we so afraid of? A terror management theory perspective on the politics of fear, Social Research: An International Quarterly, 71, 827, 10.1353/sor.2004.0012 · DOI
  53. 2004, The material values scale: measurement properties and development of a short form, Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 209, 10.1086/383436 · DOI
  54. 2012, Why consumers do (not) like global brands: the role of globalization attitude, GCO and global brand origin, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29, 25, 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2011.11.001 · DOI
  55. 2009, Consumer cosmopolitanism: review and replication of the CYMYC scale, Journal of Business Research, 62, 407, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.041 · DOI
  56. 2012, Cosmopolitan consumers as a target group for segmentation, Journal of International Business Studies, 43, 285, 10.1057/jibs.2011.51 · DOI
  57. 2008, The safety of objects: materialism, existential insecurity, and brand connection, Journal of Consumer Research, 36, 1
  58. 1987, Advertising and Promotion Management
  59. 2018, Export promotion programmes and the export performance of Ghanaian firms, International Marketing Review, 35, 661, 10.1108/IMR-10-2015-0219 · DOI
  60. 1987, Consumer ethnocentrism: construction and validation of the CETSCALE, Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 280, 10.1177/002224378702400304 · DOI
  61. 2009, On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha, Psychometrika, 74, 107, 10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0 · DOI · Paper page
  62. 2000, The past and possible futures of hope, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 11, 10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.11 · DOI
  63. 2010, A global investigation into the constellation of consumer attitudes toward global and local products, Journal of Marketing, 74, 18, 10.1509/jmkg.74.6.18 · DOI
  64. 2003, How perceived brand globalness creates brand value, Journal of International Business Studies, 34, 53, 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400002 · DOI
  65. 2008, Branded products as a passport to global citizenship: perspectives from developed and developing countries, Journal of International Marketing, 16, 57, 10.1509/jimk.16.4.57 · DOI
  66. Swann, W.B. (1983), “Self-verification: bringing social reality into harmony with the self”, in Suls, J. and Greenwald, A.G. (Eds), Psychological Perspectives on the Self, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 33-66.
  67. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J.C. (1985), “The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour”, in Worchel, S. and Austin, W.G. (Eds), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2nd ed., Nelson Hall, Chicago, IL, pp. 7-24.
  68. 1989, The self and social behavior in differing cultural con-texts, Psychological Review, 96, 506, 10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506 · DOI · Paper page
  69. Ursano, R.J., Fullerton, C.S. and Norwood, A.E. (2003), “Terrorism and disasters: prevention, intervention, and recovery”, in Ursano, R.J., Fullerton, C.S. and Norwood, A.E. (Eds), Terrorism and Disaster: Individual and Community Mental Health Intervention, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 333-340.
  70. 2012, The aftermath of destruction: Images of destroyed buildings increase support for war, dogmatism, and death thought accessibility, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1069, 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.004 · DOI
  71. 2006, Mortality salience effects on modesty and relative self-effacement, Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 9, 176, 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00194.x · DOI
  72. 2011, Reconstruction of the subjective temporal distance of past interpersonal experiences after mortality salience, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 687, 10.1177/0146167211400422 · DOI
  73. 1988, Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063, 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · DOI · Paper page
  74. 2000, Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward domestic and foreign products, European Journal of Marketing, 34, 1149
  75. 1978, A general method of estimating the reliability of a composite, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 933, 10.1177/001316447803800412 · DOI
  76. 2012, Responsiveness to global and local consumer culture positioning: a personality and collective identity perspective, Journal of International Marketing, 20, 58, 10.1509/jim.10.0154 · DOI
  77. 2011, Helpful hopefulness: the effect of future positive emotions on consumption, Journal of Consumer Research, 38, 505, 10.1086/659873 · DOI
  78. 2005, Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan: A Sociological Enquiry
  79. 2008, Susceptibility to global consumer culture: a three-dimensional scale, Psychology & Marketing, 25, 336, 10.1002/mar.20212 · DOI
  80. 2009, Blowing in the (social) wind: implications of extrinsic esteem contingencies for terror management and health, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1191, 10.1037/a0015182 · DOI · Paper page
  81. 2016, Global brand ownership: the mediating roles of consumer attitudes and brand identification, Journal of Business Research, 69, 3629, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.023 · DOI
  82. 2013, Globalization, culture, religion, and values: comparing consumption patterns of Lebanese Muslims and Christians, Journal of Business Research, 66, 958, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.12.018 · DOI
  83. 2011, The tension between strategy and execution: challenges for international advertising research, Journal of Advertising Research, 51, 27
  84. 2010, Toward understanding the fame game: the effect of mortality salience on the appeal of fame, Self and Identity, 9, 1, 10.1080/15298860802391546 · DOI
  85. 2003, The effect of mortality salience and collaborative experience on aggression of third-party victims, Tohoku Psychological Folia, 62, 109
  86. 2015, Purpose-driven life: life goals as a predictor of quality of life and psychological health, Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1163, 10.1007/s10902-014-9552-1 · DOI
  87. 2007, The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97, 551, 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x · DOI
  88. 1999, Cultural globalization and the identity of place: the reconstruction of Amsterdam, Ecumene, 6, 146, 10.1177/096746089900600202 · DOI
  89. 2008, Evolution in the usage of localized appeals in Japanese and American print advertising, International Journal of Advertising, 27, 771, 10.2501/S0265048708080323 · DOI
  90. 2010, Global consumer culture positioning: testing perceptions of soft-sell and hard-sell advertising appeals between U.S. and Japanese consumers, Journal of International Marketing, 18, 20, 10.1509/jimk.18.2.20 · DOI
  91. 1992, A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: scale development and validation, Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 303, 10.1086/209304 · DOI
  92. 2001, Development of the Japanese version of positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS) scales, Japanese Journal of Personality, 9, 138, 10.2132/jjpjspp.9.2_138 · DOI
  93. 2013, The ‘green’ side of materialism in emerging BRIC and developed markets: the moderating role of global cultural identity, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 30, 69, 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.08.003 · DOI
  94. 2015, Do global brands use similar executional styles across cultures? A comparison of US and Japanese television advertising, Journal of Advertising, 44, 276, 10.1080/00913367.2014.996306 · DOI
  95. Vansteenkiste, M., Soenens, B. and Duriez, B. (2008), “Presenting a positive alternative to strivings for material success and the thin ideal: understanding the effects of extrinsic relative to intrinsic goal pursuits”, in Lopez, S.J. (Ed.), Positive Psychology: Exploring the Best in People, Vol. 4, Greenwood Publishing Company, Westport, CT, pp. 57-86.
  96. 1996, Can TV save the planet?, American Demographics, 18, 42
  97. 1995, Globalisation
  98. 2014, Global vs. local brands: how home country bias and price differences impact brand evaluations, International Marketing Review, 31, 102, 10.1108/IMR-01-2012-0001 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Okazaki, S., Taylor, C. R., Vargas, P., & Henseler, J.
Affiliations
  • King's College London (GB)
  • Villanova University (US)
  • University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
  • University of Twente (NL)
ORCID
Venue
International Marketing Review
Publisher
Emerald
Published
2019-09-09
Volume
36
Issue
5
Pages
726-747
ISSN
0265-1335 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1108/imr-04-2018-0158
OpenAlex
W2910850358
Cited by
26
References
104
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
FWCI
3.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Marketing Review (publishedVersion)
  • University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Behavior in Brand Consumption and Identification
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords
mortality salience, disasters, earthquakes, hope, materialism, consumer ethnocentrism, cosmopolitanism, self-esteem, anxiety, global citizenship, in-group favoritism, international marketing strategy, Japanese consumers

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review