Police officer perceptions of occupational stress: the state of the art.

Webster, Jennifer H.

doi:10.1108/pijpsm-03-2013-0021

Cited by 69Stress and Burnout ResearchPolicing Practices and PerceptionsOccupational Health and Performance

Police officer perceptions of occupational stress: the state of the art.

Webster, Jennifer H.·2013·Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management

DOI 10.1108/pijpsm-03-2013-0021

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Purpose: The current study takes stock of the research on perceived stress among police officers by quantitatively synthesizing the available empirical literature on the subject. Design/methodology/approach: In all, 103 studies from both published and unpublished sources are meta‐analyzed, producing 338 individual effect size estimates. Findings: Analysis of predictor domains reveals that most make equally modest contributions to the complex process of stress and coping. Research limitations/implications: Inconsistency in selection and measurement across studies precludes meaningful comparison and analysis of individual correlates of perceived stress, emphasizing the need for more standardization in the research. Particular attention to theoretically driven selection of variables, reliability of measurement instruments, and a higher degree of rigor in methodological quality, generally, will allow for more confidence in the body of empirical work. Originality/value: This study is the first attempt to systematically synthesize over 40 years of empirical research in the area of perceived stress among police officers. The systematic documentation of gaps and inconsistencies in the literature provide direction for future research in this popular field of study.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1108/pijpsm-03-2013-0021

Cites

85 of 85 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Policing is a stressful occupation and this stress negatively impacts police officers' mental and physical health, performance, and interactions with citizens.
“Research has demonstrated that policing is a stressful occupation and that this stress has a negative impact on police officers’ mental and physical health, performance, and interactions with citizens.”
From Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (2020) · cites this paper as Webster, 2013

Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities
Wilson, J. Q. (1968) · doi:10.4159/9780674045200 · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
Understanding Police Culture
Crank, J. P. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315721255 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Varieties of Police Behavior
Murphy, P. V., & Wilson, J. Q. (1970) · Harvard Law Review · doi:10.2307/1339697 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Stress in police officers: a study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force
Collins, P. A. (2003) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqg061 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Mental, Physical, and Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Perceived Work Stress in Police Officers
Gershon, R., Barocas, B., Canton, A. N., Li, X., & Vlahov, D. (2008) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854808330015 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: The operational and organizational police stress questionnaires
McCreary, D. R., & Thompson, M. M. (2006) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.494 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police
Liberman, A., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Fagan, J. A., Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (2002) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510210429446 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Police stress: history, contributing factors, symptoms, and interventions
Waters, J. A., & Ussery, W. J. (2007) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510710753199 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Occupational stress: Coping of police and their spouses
Beehr, T. A., Johnson, L. B., & Nieva, R. (1995) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030160104 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Stress in policing.
Toch, H. (2002) · doi:10.1037/10417-000 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Routine Work Environment Stress and PTSD Symptoms in Police Officers
Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., McCaslin, S. E., Inslicht, S. S., Henn‐Haase, C., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181b975f8 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Multilevel Influences on Police Stress
Morash, M., Haarr, R. N., & Kwak, D. (2006) · Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1043986205285055 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Understanding Police Stress Research
Abdollahi, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice · doi:10.1300/j158v02n02_01 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police
Wang, Z., Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., McCaslin, S. E., Tong, H., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.010 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Police Officer Job Satisfaction in Relation to Mood, Well-Being, and Alcohol Consumption
Kohan, A., & O'Connor, B. (2002) · The Journal of psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980209604158 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Work‐family stress, conflict, coping, and burnout in police officers
Burke, R. J. (1993) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/smi.2460090308 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Gender, race, and strategies of coping with occupational stress in policing
Haarr, R. N., & Morash, M. (1999) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418829900094151 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Integrating Job Stress and Social Exchange Theories to Predict Employee Strain in Reformed Public Sector Contexts
Noblet, A. J., & Rodwell, J. (2008) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mun019 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Self-perceived occupational stress and distress in a Scottish police force
Biggam, F. H., Power, K., Macdonald, R. R., Carcary, W. B., & Moodie, E. M. (1997) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379708256829 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
An Examination of the Workplace Experiences of Police Patrol Officers: The Role of Race, Sex, and Sexual Orientation
Hassell, K. D., & Brandl, S. G. (2009) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611109348473 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Effects of Hardiness, Police Stress, and Life Stress on Police Officers' Illness and Absenteeism
Tang, T. L., & Hammontree, M. (1992) · Public Personnel Management · doi:10.1177/009102609202100406 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
How healthy are the police? A survey of life‐style factors
RICHMOND, R. L., Wodak, A., Kehoe, L. A., & Heather, N. (1998) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9311172910.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Police stress: State-Trait Anxiety in relation to occupational and personal stressors
Storch, J. E., & Panzarella, R. (1996) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(95)00058-5 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
On being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of police recruits
Williams, V., Ciarrochi, J., & Deane, F. P. (2010) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050060903573197 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Social Stressors and Strain Among Police Officers
Adams, G. A., & Buck, J. (2010) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854810374282 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Work Stress and Health in a Sample of U.S. Police
Kirkcaldy, B. D., Cooper, C. L., & Ruffalo, P. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.700 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The Police Stress Survey: Reliability and Relation to Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment
Martelli, T. A., Waters, L. K., & Martelli, J. (1989) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.267 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
What is so bad about a little name-calling? Negative consequences of gender harassment for overperformance demands and distress.
Parker, S. K., & Griffin, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.195 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Demographic and workplace characteristics which add to the prediction of stress and job satisfaction within the police workplace
Davey, J. D., Obst, P. L., & Sheehan, M. C. (2001) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02802731 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Police Stress Hypothesis
Malloy, T. E., & Mays, G. L. (1984) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854884011002004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Stress and burnout in policing: does military experience matter?
Ivie, D., & Garland, B. E. (2011) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511111106605 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Stress and burnout in Israeli police officers during a Palestinian uprising (Intifada).
Malach‐Pines, A., & Keinan, G. (2007) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.160 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
An Examination of Officer Stress: Should Police Departments Implement Mandatory Counseling?
Carlan, P. E., & Nored, L. S. (2008) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-008-9015-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Police stress: the role of the psychological contract and perceptions of fairness
Noblet, A. J., Rodwell, J., & Allisey, A. (2009) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510911000731 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Decision‐making styles, stress and gender among investigators
Salo, I., & Allwood, C. M. (2011) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511111106632 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies Predict Anger among Police Officers and Buffer the Effects of Job Stress
Mearns, J., & MAUCH, T. G. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199802000-00008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Team change climate: A group-level analysis of the relationships among change information and change participation, role stressors, and well-being
Rafferty, A. E., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2009) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320903007869 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
An evaluation of traumatic and organizational experiences on the psychological health of New Zealand police recruits
Huddleston, L., Stephens, C. V., & Paton, D. (2007) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2007-00610 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Police stress, state-trait anxiety, and stressors among U.S. Marshals
Newman, D. W., & Rucker-Reed, M. L. (2004) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.08.003 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Job stress in the law enforcement sector: comparing the linear, non‐linear and interaction effects of working conditions
Noblet, A. J., Rodwell, J., & Allisey, A. (2008) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1227 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Comparing the Workplace Experiences of Male and Female Police Officers: Examining Workplace Problems, Stress, Jobc Satisfaction and Consideration of Career Change
Hassell, K. D., Archbold, C. A., & Stichman, A. J. (2011) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1350/ijps.2011.13.1.217 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Police Occupational Demands, Psychological Distress and the Coping Function of Alcohol
Violanti, J. M., Marshall, J. R., & Howe, B. A. (1983) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-198306000-00010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Assessment of subjective stress in the municipal police force of the city of Rome
Pancheri, P., Martini, A., Tarsitani, L., Rosati, M. V., Biondi, M., & Tomei, F. (2002) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.936 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Occupational stress and psychological functioning in law enforcement officers
Pasillas, R. M., Follette, V. M., & Perumean‐Chaney, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02849501 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Are causes of police stress global?
Buker, H., & Wiecko, F. M. (2007) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510710753270 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Police stress and personality factors: A conceptual model
Lawrence, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(84)90072-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Stress and cardiovascular disease risk in female law enforcement officers
Yoo, H., & Franke, W. D. (2010) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0548-9 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
On the Reliability of Meta-Analytic Reviews
Yeaton, W. H., & Wortman, P. M. (1993) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x9301700303 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Independent and Combined Influence of Physical Activity and Perceived Stress on the Metabolic Syndrome in Male Law Enforcement Officers
Yoo, H. L., Eisenmann, J. C., & Franke, W. D. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31817f9e43 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Previous Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms as Predictors of Subjective and Biological Response to Stress
Regehr, C., LeBlanc, V. R., Jelley, R. B., Barath, I., & Daciuk, J. F. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705201008 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Suicide and the police role: a psychosocial model
Violanti, J. M. (1997) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639519710368107 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Body recovery teams at disasters: Trauma or challenge?
Thompson, J. A., & Solomon, M. J. (1991) · Anxiety Research · doi:10.1080/08917779108248777 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Influencing the “People Who Count”
Gendreau, P., & Smith, P. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807307025 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS)
Hasselt, V. B. V., Sheehan, D. C., Malcolm, A. S., Sellers, A. H., Baker, M. T., & Couwels, J. (2007) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445507308571 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Understanding Stress in Female and Male Law Enforcement Officers
Norvell, N. K., Hills, H. A., & Murrin, M. R. (1993) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00488.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Psychosomatic Complaints Scale of Stress: Measure Development and Psychometric Properties
Greller, M. M., & Parsons, C. K. (1988) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164488484022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stress in small town and rural law enforcement: Testing the assumptions
Oliver, W. M., & Meier, C. “. (2004) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/bf02885703 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The police stress inventory: Does it measure stress?
Lord, V. B., Gray, D. O., & Pond, S. B. (1991) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(91)90048-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Police stress: A conceptual overview
Webb, S. D., & Smith, D. L. (1980) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/0047-2352(80)90005-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Family-friendly policies in the police: Implications for work-family conflict.
Youngcourt, S. S., & Huffman, A. H. (2005) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Exercise, job satisfaction and well-being among superintendent police officers.
Kirkcaldy, B. D., Cooper, C. L., Shephard, R. J., & Brown, J. S. (1994) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Profiling those impacted by organizational stressors at the macro, intermediate and micro levels of several police agencies
Laufersweiler-Dwyer, D. L., & Dwyer, R. G. (2000) · The Justice Professional · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2000.9959562 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Managing the stress of change: Occupational stress among senior police officers in Berlin
Kirkcaldy, B. D., & Cooper, C. L. (1992) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/smi.2460080404 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
"DUCK COPS," "GAME WARDENS," AND "WILDLIFE ENFORCEMENT:" STRESS AMONG CONSERVATION OFFICERS*
Oliver, W. M. (2006) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Job Stress and Satisfaction: International Police Officers
Kirkcaldy, B. D. (1993) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.386 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Characterizing the resilient officer: Individual attributes at point of entry to policing.
Burke, K. J., Shakespeare‐Finch, J., Paton, D., & Ryan, M. (2006) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765606296531 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Perceived Stress in Police Officers and Belief in Locus of Control
Lester, D. (1982) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1982.9709918 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Attitudinal Differences Between Police Constables and Their Supervisors
Perrott, S. B., & Taylor, D. M. (1995) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854895022003009 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Primary and Secondary Appraisals in Measuring Resilience to Stress
Velichkovsky, B. M. (2009) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2009.0027 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The interrelationship among stress, anxiety, and depression in law enforcement personnel
Olson, A. C., & Surrette, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02802573 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Can cardiorespiratory fitness moderate the negative effects of stress on coronary artery disease risk factors?
Young, D. R. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90106-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Power motivation, illness, coping strategies and psychological stress in police trainees
Langan‐Fox, J., Deery, T., & Vliet, S. V. (1997) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379708256834 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Subjective Stress and Self-Esteem of Police Officers
Lester, D. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.63.3.1334 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Daily Organisational Hassles and Uplifts as Determinants of Psychological and Physical Health in a Sample of New Zealand Police
Stephens, C. V., & Pugmire, L. A. (2008) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1350/ijps.2008.10.2.73 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Female police officers : the relationship between social support, interactional style, and occupational stress and strain
Bannerman, E. D. (1996) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stress and Police in Kansas
Brock, D. E., Klaus, S., Harbour, L., & Nash, T. (2002) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x0207500104 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Positive impact of prior military combat exposure on Terrorism Prevention work: Inoculation to stress
Vaisman‐Tzachor, R. (1997) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1007/bf02766071 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maladaptive Defense Style and Traumatic Stress Reactions in a Specialized Unit of the South African Police Service
Kassen, M., & DiLalla, D. L. (2008) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice · doi:10.1080/15228930802282014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The relationship between levels of stress and physical fitness, as experienced by law enforcement officers
Macdonald, N. J. (2007) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Measuring Stress in Police Officers
Lester, D., Carey, D. T., Tracey, J. J., Trengrove, J., & Sullivan, J. (1988) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.986 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Type a Personality, Stress, and Job Satisfaction in Police Officers
Lester, D., & Solis, A. (1980) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1980.51.3.890 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stress, tobacco smoking and other addictive behaviours in the police force
Bonnet-Suard, A., Fernandez, L., Marpeaux, V., Graziani, P., Pédinielli, J.-L., & Rouan, G. (2005) · HAL · Cited by 3 · see citing works
An exploration of stress in police officers, a study of the predictive value of pre-employment psychological measures in the development of stress reactions in a sample of Ontario police officers
Cimbura, J. A. (1999) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stress and coping among police officers in rural Oklahoma
Page, K. S. (2008) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
From cross-tabulations to multipurpose exposure information systems: A new job-exposure matrix
(1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0274(199804)33:4

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire
Queirós, C., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00587 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Stress management interventions for police officers and recruits: a meta-analysis
Patterson, G. T., Chung, I. W., & Swan, P. G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-014-9214-7 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Job Demands, Job Resources, and Well-being in Police Officers—a Resource-Oriented Approach
Wolter, C., Maria, A. S., Wörfel, F., Gusy, B., Lesener, T., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9265-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Associations Between Police Work Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: Examining the Moderating Effects of Coping
Violanti, J. M., Claudia, C., Mnatsakanova, A., Fekedulegn, D. B., Hartley, T. A., Gu, J. K., & Andrew, M. E. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9276-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Police stress and depressive symptoms: role of coping and hardiness
Allison, P., Mnatsakanova, A., McCanlies, E. C., Fekedulegn, D. B., Hartley, T. A., Andrew, M. E., & Violanti, J. M. (2019) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0055 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Law Enforcement Officer Stress and Coping Strategies
Bonner, H. S., & Brimhall, A. (2021) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111211037584 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Perceived stress among police officers: an integrative model of stress and coping
Webster, J. H. (2014) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-06-2014-0064 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Negative Affective Responses to Stress among Urban Police Officers: A General Strain Theory Approach
Bishopp, S. A., Piquero, N. L., WORRALL, J. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1436568 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fatigue and burnout in police officers: the mediating role of emotions
Aleksandra Basinska, B., Wiciak, I., & Maria Dåderman, A. (2014) · Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2013-0105 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mental Resilience of Crime Scene Investigators: How Police Officers Perceive and Cope With the Impact of Demanding Work Situations
Sollie, H., Kop, N., & Euwema, M. (2017) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854817716959 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among Urban and Rural Police Officers
Husain, W. (2019) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-019-09358-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
In or out of the group? Police subculture and occupational stress
Rose, T., & Unnithan, P. (2015) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2014-0111 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Police officers’ perceptions of the challenges involved in Internet Child Exploitation investigation
Powell, M. B., Cassematis, P., Benson, M. S., SMALLBONE, S. W., & Wortley, R. (2014) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-08-2013-0080 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effectiveness of suicide prevention programs for emergency and protective services employees: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Witt, K., Milner, A. J., Allisey, A., Davenport, L. J., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2017) · American Journal of Industrial Medicine · doi:10.1002/ajim.22676 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Perceived Stress and Coping Among Law Enforcement Officers: an Empirical Analysis of Patrol Versus Non-patrol Officers in Illinois, USA
Ermasova, N., Cross, A. D., & Ermasova, E. (2020) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-019-09356-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Police Stress and Race: Using General Strain Theory to Examine Racial Differences in Police Misconduct
Bishopp, S. A., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., WORRALL, J. L., & Rosenthal, J. (2020) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128720937641 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The policing culture: an exploration into the mental health of former British police officers
Porter, C. N., & Lee, R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04365-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Social support and work engagement in police work
Wolter, C., Maria, A. S., Gusy, B., Lesener, T., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2019) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2018-0154 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Negative Affective Responses to Stress among Urban Police Officers: A General Strain Theory Approach
Bishopp, S. A., Piquero, N. L., WORRALL, J. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1438069 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Understanding Workplace Stress Among Federal Law Enforcement Officers
Sayed, S. A. E., Sanford, S. M., & Kerley, K. R. (2019) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-019-09474-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Descriptive Study of Police Officer Access to Mental Health Services
Padilla, K. E. L. (2023) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-023-09582-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Moderating Role of Work Support in Stressor–Burnout Relationship: An Empirical Investigation Among Police Personnel in India
Kumar, V., & Kamalanabhan, T. J. (2017) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-017-0383-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gender difference in occupational stress: A study of the South Korean National Police Agency
Kim, J. L., Wells, W., Vardalis, J. J., Johnson, S. K., & Lim, H.-J. (2015) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.09.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
‘Constant pressures from all angles’: Understanding the mental health of UK police officers
Porter, C. N., & Gavin, P. (2024) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x241280217 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Impact of Social Support and Occupational Stress on Burnout in the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Baek, H., Han, S., & Seepersad, R. (2021) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111211036007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Turnover intention among Indian police: Do organizational and community stressors matter?
Anand, V., Verma, L., Santhanam, N., & Grover, A. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101969 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Trait Mindfulness Moderates the Association Between Stressor Exposure and Perceived Stress in Law Enforcement Officers
Chen, S., & Grupe, D. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01707-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Police stress: the role of occupational culture and officer characteristics
Paoline, E. A., & Gau, J. M. (2022) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-07-2022-0102 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Stress Measurements and Psychometry in Police Research
Rabbing, L., Bjørkelo, B., Fostervold, K. I., Strømme, H., & Lau, B. (2022) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-022-09498-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Anxiety and styles of coping with occupational stress resulting from work with ‘dangerous’ prisoners in prison service officers
Tsirigotis, K., Gruszczyński, W., & Pęczkowski, S. (2015) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2015.31 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Use of employee assistance programs to manage stress in policing: the effects of perceived adequacy of assistance and opportunity for promotion
Ceka, E., & Ermasova, N. (2020) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-02-2020-0023 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
International health and wellness of online child sexual exploitation police personnel: individual, management, and organizational realms of responsibility
Simonovska, T., Sinclair, R. L., & Duval, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155733 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Costs of Working Too Hard
Alessandri, G., Longis, E. D., Perinelli, E., Balducci, C., & Боргогни, Л. (2020) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000240 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kecerdasan Emosi dan Komitmen Afektif: Peranan Keterikatan Kerja sebagai Pengantara
Baker, R., & Ibrahim, H. I. (2017) · Jurnal Pengurusan · doi:10.17576/pengurusan-2017-49-09 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Strategies for Coping with Occupational Trauma: A Scoping Review of the Police Officer Context
Modula, M. J., Thobakgale, E. M., Nyoni, C. N., & Jansen, R. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21070921 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Relationships between effort-reward imbalance and work engagement in police officers: taking a salutogenic perspective
Wolter, C., Maria, A. S., Georg, S., Lesener, T., Gusy, B., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2019) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-019-01112-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Social avoidance in policing
Violanti, J. M., Claudia, C., Gu, J. K., Fekedulegn, D. B., Mnatsakanova, A., & Andrew, M. E. (2018) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-02-2017-0017 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring the Direct and Indirect Linkages Between Supervisory Disrespect and Officer Cooperation and Disrespect in Policing
Williams, C.-L., Wu, Y., Sun, I. Y., & Craen, M. V. (2021) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10986111211037878 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of a Comprehensive Police Suicide Prevention Program
Mishara, B. L., & Fortin, L.-F. (2021) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000774 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Are organisational responses by police forces appropriate to adequately safeguard police officer wellness? A review of the scientific evidence
Beckley, A., Wang, J., & Birch, P. (2023) · Safer Communities · doi:10.1108/sc-05-2023-0015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gender discrimination and family stressors: Perceptions and experiences of women police officers
Schafer, J. A., Dunlap, B., Mancini, M. A., & Linhorst, D. M. (2024) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paae027 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
TEKANAN KERJA DALAM ORGANISASI KEPOLISAN: TINJAUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF KECERDASAN EMOSI
Baker, R., & Ibrahim, H. I. (2014) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
How cops see themselves
Tewksbury, R., & Copenhaver, A. (2016) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/1461355716669368 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Suspect Demeanor and Arrest: a Triggered Displacement of Aggression Explanation
Johnson, R. R. (2016) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-016-9352-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Keep your eyes open: dispositional vigilance moderates the relationship between operational police stress and stress symptoms
Kubiak, J., Krick, A., & Egloff, B. (2017) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2017.1329930 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stress and the interpretation of ambiguous faces in police officers
Bélanger, K., & Blanchette, I. (2022) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2021.2014330 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Social Ecology of Police Resilience
Ghazinour, M., & Rostami, A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190095888.003.0011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluating Predictors and Outcomes of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization for Women Officers
Schuck, A. M., & Rabe-Hemp, C. E. (2023) · Women & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/08974454.2023.2234357 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Hot, dumpster fire, mess”: Police personnel perceptions of the current state of mental health in law enforcement
Padilla, K. E. L., & Fine, A. (2024) · International Journal of Police Science & Management · doi:10.1177/14613557241244959 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Emotional coping by chance: Experiences of emotional coping strategies among on-scene commanders in the Norwegian police services
Filstad, C., & Rød, A. (2024) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paae001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tipología del agente de la Guardia Civil que se suicida
Garoz, A. G. D. C., Fernández, A. M. M., Vera, B. J. F., & Álvarez, J. L. G. (2023) · Behavior & Law Journal · doi:10.47442/blj.2023.107 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Royal Netherlands Marechaussee Personnel’s Self-Perceived Occupational Demand Profiles: A Latent Profile Analysis Shows the “Good” Versus the “Bad”
Stegerhoek, P. M., van der Zande, J. J., Bolling, C. S., IJzerman, H., Verhagen, E. A. L. M., & Kuijer, P. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad077 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Workplace Spirituality to Reduce Burnout in Members of The Regional Police Mobile Brigade
Humaira, Y., & Aprilia, E. D. (2024) · SEURUNE Jurnal Psikologi UNSYIAH · doi:10.24815/s-jpu.v7i1.37178 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES AMONG NIGERIA POLICE FORCE IN KADUNA STATE
Ruwan, I. I. F., Shinkut, N. P., Ishaya, D. S., Godiya, A., & Iliya, V. (2020) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, SOCIAL SCIENCES, PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Threats and harassment of Swedish journalists, 10 years on: Coping processes and coping strategies
Nilsson, M. L., & Örnebring, H. (2026) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849261466370 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Subjective Well-Being: Assessing the Stress, Job, and Life Satisfaction of Police Leaders
White, D. R., & Schafer, J. A. (2026) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548261484630 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Coping isn't for the Faint of Heart: An Investigation into the Development of Coping Strategies for Incoming Police Recruits
Clifton, S. (2020) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding Law Enforcement Mental Health Communication and Police Officers’ Mental Health Support Preferences: A Grounded Theory Study
Craw, E. S. (2022) · Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) · doi:10.36837/chapman.000365 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“I Want You to Wear Something for Me”: On the In Situ Measurement of Police Stress and the Potential Rewards of Channeling One’s Inner Experimentalist
Hickman, M. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15868-6_25
POVEZANOST OKUPACIONOG STRESA I MENTALNOG ZDRAVLJA U POPULACIJI POLICAJACA: METAANALIZA
Veljković, B. (2017) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.2017.1.63-80
Attitudes and opinions toward stress-related support services among police in a southern state:a qualitative study
Barber, B. (2020)
Troubles mentaux courants et usage de la force dans la police : intérêts et enjeux
Telle, É., Pham, T. H., & Vicenzutto, A. (2024) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2023.12.006
Weltbild und wahrgenommene soziale Unterstützung bei Polizeibeamt:innen
Kocab, K., & Lorei, C. (2025) · Trauma und Gewalt · doi:10.21706/tg-19-1-28
Crisis Intervention and First Responders
Click, S., & Yeager, K. R. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197687833.003.0008
The weight of the badge: investigating voice and workplace stress of police officers
Khan, N., Paramasivan, K., & Dyaram, L. (2025) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-10-2024-0180
Holding the Blue Line
Small, V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9558-4_1
The dual Sides of the Police Badge: Understanding Well-being and Ill-being in a Police Organization
Araújo, A. C. A., Paschoal, T., & Ferreira, M. C. (2026) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-026-09800-x
Negotiating the “Bad Guy”: Defensive Simplification and Moral Ambiguity in Police Work
Henson, A. R., Umamaheswar, J., & Silver, J. R. (2026) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00224278261467302
Police Pandemic Stress: Investigating the Roles of Supervisory Status and Organizational Support among Police Officers in Mainland China and Taiwan
Lin, K., Wu, Y., Ivković, S. K., Sun, I. Y., Chang, K.-M., Hong, J.-W., Maskály, J., & Neyroud, P. (2026) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548261467877

Authors: Webster, J. H.
Affiliations: Northern Kentucky University (US)
Corresponding author: Webster, Jennifer H.
Venue: Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
Publisher: Emerald
Published: 2013-08-16
Volume: 36
Issue: 3
Pages: 636-652
ISSN: 1363-951X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1108/pijpsm-03-2013-0021
OpenAlex: W2043005822
Cited by: 69
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5
FWCI: 5.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.emerald.com/insight/site-policies (tdm)
Locations: Policing An International Journal (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
Keywords: occupational stress, police officers, perceived stress, stress coping, predictors of stress, measurement reliability, methodological quality, research gaps

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Police officer perceptions of occupational stress: the state of the art.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks