A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police
Open accessAbstract
Police work is one of the most stressful occupations. Previous research has indicated that work stress and trauma exposure may place individuals at heightened risk for the development of depression symptomatology. This prospective longitudinal study was designed to examine predictors of depression symptoms in police service. Participants comprised 119 healthy police recruits from an ongoing prospective study. They completed baseline measures of depression symptoms, childhood trauma exposure, neuroticism, and self-worth during academy training. Follow-up measures of depression symptoms, PTSD symptoms, critical incident exposure, negative life events, and routine work environment stress were assessed after 12 months of police service. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to examine predictors of current levels of depression symptoms, controlling for baseline depression symptoms and current PTSD symptoms. Greater childhood trauma exposure, lower self-worth during training, and greater perceived work stress in the first year of police service predicted greater depression symptoms at 12 months. Depression symptoms at 1 year of police service were partly independent from PTSD symptoms at 12 months. Greater childhood trauma exposure and lower self-worth during training may be important variables to screen as risk factors for duty-related depression. Strategies to reduce routine work environment stress have the potential to decrease duty-related depression in law enforcement.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ELS/CT is associated with increased risk for mental disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia, and with their unfavorable outcomes.
“Especially an increased risk for mental disorders (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia) and their unfavorable outcomes after ELS/CT experience has been repeatedly reported in several retrospective (5, 22–25) but also prospective studies (26–29).”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that childhood trauma predicted higher depression symptoms at 12 months in police officers. It also cites a broad association with psychiatric disorders and suggests worse outcomes based on a reported link with suicide attempts among depressed patients. The study does not establish increased risk of PTSD or schizophrenia, or unfavorable outcomes across those disorders. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPolice officers have elevated rates of burnout, depression, suicide, and anxiety.
“Exposure to acute and chronic stress is reflected in elevated officer rates of burnout [2, 3], depression [4], suicide [5–7], and anxiety [8].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535 · see citing works
Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: review of the evidence
Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x · Cited by 2,827 · see citing works
Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey.
Sarason, I. G., Johnson, J. H., & Siegel, J. M. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.46.5.932 · Cited by 2,788 · see citing works
Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916 · Cited by 2,100 · see citing works
Assumptive Worlds and the Stress of Traumatic Events: Applications of the Schema Construct
Janoff‐Bulman, R. (1989) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey
KESSLER, R. C., DAVIS, C. G., & KENDLER, K. S. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005588 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men
MELCHIOR, M., CASPI, A., MILNE, B. J., DANESE, A., POULTON, R., & MOFFITT, T. E. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000414 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression
Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410615787-9 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report
Bremner, J. D., Bolus, R., & Mayer, E. A. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000243824.84651.6c · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kassel, J. D. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.310 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Childhood sexual abuse, stressful life events and risk for major depression in women
KENDLER, K. S., KUHN, J. W., & PRESCOTT, C. A. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170400265x · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Collins, P. A. (2003) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqg061 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression
Stein, D. J. (1999) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900000869 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kassel, J. D. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.310 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Heim, C., Mletzko, T., Purselle, D., Musselman, D. L., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.002 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2276 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police
Liberman, A., Best, S. R., Metzler, T. J., Fagan, J. A., Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (2002) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510210429446 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationWork Stress in Aging Police Officers
Gershon, R., Lin, S. X., & Li, X. (2002) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-200202000-00011 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Cabrera, Ó., Hoge, C. W., Bliese, P. D., Castro, C. A., & Messer, S. C. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.03.019 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Major Depressive Episodes and Work Stress: Results From a National Population Survey
Blackmore, E. R., Stansfeld, S. A., Weller, I. M. R., Munce, S., Zagorski, B., & Stewart, D. E. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.104406 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Maladaptive self-appraisals before trauma exposure predict posttraumatic stress disorder.
Bryant, R. A., & Guthrie, R. M. (2007) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.75.5.812 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Alexithymia and Depression: A Prospective Study of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Honkalampi, K. M., Hintikka, J. J., Laukkanen, E., & Viinamäki, J. L. H. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.3.229 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Work stress, socioeconomic status and neuroendocrine activation over the working day
Kunz-Ebrecht, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Steptoe, A. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00347-2 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Shapiro, D. L., & Levendosky, A. A. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00085-x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Maladaptive Appraisals as a Risk Factor for Posttraumatic Stress
Bryant, R. A., & Guthrie, R. M. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01608.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Violanti, J. M., Burchfiel, C. M., Miller, D. B., Andrew, M. E., Dorn, J. M., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Beighley, C. M., Pierino, K., Joseph, P. N., Vena, J. E., et al. (2005) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.054 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Armitage, R., Trivedi, M. H., Hoffmann, R. F., & Rush, A. J. (1997) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1997)5:2 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Rydmark, I., Wahlberg, K., Ghatan, P. H., Modell, S., Nygren, Å., Ingvar, M., Åsberg, M., & Heilig, M. A. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.029 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Franck, E., & Raedt, R. D. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Research on posttraumatic stress disorder: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and assessment
Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., & Bernardy, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10064 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and vulnerability to mood and anxiety disorders.
Young, E. A., Abelson, J. L., Curtis, G. C., & Nesse, R. M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 143 · see citing works
A longitudinal study of personality and major depression in a population-based sample of male twins
Fanous, A., Neale, M., Aggen, S., & Kendler, K. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707000244 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Impact of childhood abuse and neglect on substance abuse and psychological distress in adulthood
Min, M. O., Farkas, K. J., Minnes, S., & Singer, L. T. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20250 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms after lung cancer surgery: Their relation to coping style and social support
Walker, M. S., Zona, D. M., & Fisher, E. B. (2006) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.997 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Hyman, S. M., Paliwal, P., & Sinha, R. (2007) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.2.233 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A Survey of Quality of Life and Depression for Police Officers in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Chen, H., Chou, F. H., Chen, M., Su, S., Wang, S.-Y., Feng, W., Chen, P., Lai, J.-Y., Chao, S.-S., Yang, S.-L., et al. (2006) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-005-4829-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Childhood trauma and suicide attempts in patients with unipolar depression
Sarchiapone, M., Carli, V., Cuomo, C., & Roy, A. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20243 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
McCarty, C. A., Stoep, A. V., & McCauley, E. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701274926 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Pathways to anaclitic and introjective depression
Reis, S. L., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2002) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608302321151934 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
CELLULAR MECHANISMS IN THE VULNERABILITY TO DEPRESSION AND RESPONSE TO ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Shelton, R. C. (2000) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70193-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Vergne, D. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2006) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-006-0050-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- First MB Spitzer RL Gibbon M Williams JBW 1996 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis 1 Disorders - Non-Patient Edition (SCID-I/NP, Version 2.0) New York, NY Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute
- Liberman AM Best SR Meltzer TJ Fagan JA Weiss DS Marmar CR 2002 Routine occupational distress in police Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 25 421 441
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Agorastos, A., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., & Baker, D. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00118 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Haugen, P. T., McCrillis, A. M., Smid, G. E., & Nijdam, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.001 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Police Stress, Mental Health, and Resiliency during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Stogner, J. M., Miller, B. L., & McLean, K. D. (2020) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09548-y · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Perceived Stress Scale in Policewomen
Wang, Z., Chen, J., Ritsher, J. B., Zhang, H., Jia, X., Qiu, J., & Xiao, Z. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028610 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit
Garbarino, S., Cuomo, G., Chiorri, C., & Magnavita, N. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002791 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression
Wild, J., Smith, K. V., Thompson, E. S., Béar, F., Lommen, M. J. J., & Ehlers, A. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000532 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Christopher, M. S., Hunsinger, M., Goerling, L. R. J., Bowen, S., Rogers, B. S., Gross, C. R., Dapolonia, E., & Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.059 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Christopher, M. S., Goerling, R. J., Rogers, B. S., Hunsinger, M., Baron, G., Bergman, A. L., & Zava, D. T. (2016) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-015-9161-x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The psychological costs of war: Military combat and mental health
Cesur, R., Sabia, J. J., & Tekin, E. (2012) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.09.001 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Agorastos, A., Pittman, J. O. E., Angkaw, A. C., Nievergelt, C. M., Hansen, C. J., Aversa, L. H., Parisi, S. A., Barkauskas, D. A., & Baker, D. G. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.014 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Police suicide: prevalence, risk, and protective factors
Chae, M. H., & Boyle, D. J. (2013) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511311302498 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Role of Resilience in Mindfulness Training for First Responders
Kaplan, J. B., Bergman, A. L., Christopher, M., Bowen, S., & Hunsinger, M. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0713-2 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Brown, A. D., Henn‐Haase, C., Metzler, T. J., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031314 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationYuan, C., Wang, Z., Inslicht, S. S., McCaslin, S. E., Metzler, T. J., Henn‐Haase, C., Apfel, B. A., Tong, H., Neylan, T. C., Fang, Y., et al. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.034 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationThe multilevel determinants of workers’ mental health: results from the SALVEO study
Marchand, A., Durand, P., Haines, V. Y., & Harvey, S. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0932-y · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Steenkamp, M. M., Brown, A. D., Qian, M., Inslicht, S. S., Henn‐Haase, C., Otte, C., Yehuda, R., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.020 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationA longitudinal assessment of the road to mental readiness training among municipal police
Carleton, R. N., Korol, S., Mason, J. E., Hozempa, K., Andérson, G. S., Jones, N. A., Dobson, K. S., Szeto, A. C. H., & Bailey, S. M. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1475504 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Police Complex Spiral Trauma and its applications in the police field
Papazoglou, K. (2013) · Traumatology · doi:10.1177/1534765612466151 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Associations Between Police Stress and Alcohol Use: Implications for Practice
Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2012) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2012.719340 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Trauma, psychiatric disorders, and treatment history among pregnant African American women
Powers, A., Woods-Jaeger, B., Stevens, J. S., Bradley, B., Patel, M. B., Joyner, A., Smith, A. K., Jamieson, D. J., Kaslow, N., & Michopoulos, V. (2020) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000507 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Depression is another common reaction to trauma and can develop even in the absence of PTSD following exposure to traumatic events, with higher rates found in African Americans than Caucasians (Alim et al., 2006; Bernet & Stein, 1999; Wang et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGalovski, T. E., Peterson, Z. D., Beagley, M. C., Strasshofer, D. R., Held, P., & Fletcher, T. D. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22105 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Geronazzo‐Alman, L., Eisenberg, R. E., Shen, S., Duarte, C. S., Musa, G. J., Wicks, J., Fan, B., Doan, T., Guffanti, G., Bresnahan, M. A., et al. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.12.003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Changes in Facets of Mindfulness Predict Stress and Anger Outcomes for Police Officers
Bergman, A. L., Christopher, M. S., & Bowen, S. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0522-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Police officer perceptions of occupational stress: the state of the art.
Webster, J. H. (2013) · Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-03-2013-0021 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Trombka, M., Demarzo, M., Campos, D., Antonio, S. B., Cicuto, K., Walcher, A. L., García-Campayo, J., Schuman-Olivier, Z., & Rocha, N. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624876 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
van der Velden, P. G., van Loon, P., Benight, C. C., & Eckhardt, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.017 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Garbarino, S., Chiorri, C., & Magnavita, N. (2013) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-013-0861-1 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Prevalence and Predictors of Suicidal Ideation Among U.S. Law Enforcement Officers
Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Facemire, V. C. (2013) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-013-9116-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Police stress and depressive symptoms: role of coping and hardiness
Allison, P., Mnatsakanova, A., McCanlies, E. C., Fekedulegn, D. B., Hartley, T. A., Andrew, M. E., & Violanti, J. M. (2019) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0055 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Tracy, M., Morgenstern, H., Zivin, K., Aiello, A. E., & Galea, S. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0884-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gender and Age Differences in Trauma and PTSD Among Dutch Treatment-Seeking Police Officers
van der Meer, C. A. I., Bakker, A., Smit, A. S., van Buschbach, S., den Dekker, M., Westerveld, G. J., Hutter, R. C., Gersons, B. P. R., & Olff, M. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000562 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Xia, J., He, Q., Li, Y., Xie, D., Zhu, S., Chen, J., Shen, Y., Zhang, N., Wei, Y., Chen, C., et al. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.053 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Early Life Stress and Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Pervanidou, P., Makris, G., Chrousos, G. P., & Agorastos, A. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030169 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kyron, M. J., Rees, C. S., Lawrence, D., Carleton, R. N., & McEvoy, P. M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.021 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Police job strain during routine activities and a major event
Garbarino, S., Magnavita, N., Elovainio, M. J., Heponiemi, T., Ciprani, F., Cuomo, G., & Bergamaschi, A. (2011) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqr058 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lees, T., Elliott, J. L., Gunning, S. J., Newton, P. J., Rai, T., & Lal, S. (2019) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2018-0088 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Creating a Culture of Police Officer Wellness
Cohen, I. M., McCormick, A. V., & Rich, B. (2019) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paz001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Police Officers
Hoeve, M., de Bruin, E. I., van Rooij, F. B., & Bögels, S. M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01631-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Maia, D. B., Nóbrega, A., Marques-Portella, C., Mendlowicz, M. V., Volchan, E., Coutinho, E. S., & Figueira, I. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1267 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Trombka, M., Demarzo, M., Bacas, D. C., Antonio, S. B., Cicuto, K., Salvo, V., Claudino, F. C. A., Ribeiro, L., Christopher, M., Garcia-Campayo, J., et al. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1726-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Exposure to acute and chronic stress is reflected in elevated officer rates of burnout [2, 3], depression [4], suicide [5–7], and anxiety [8].”
BackgroundLilly, M. M., & Pierce, H. (2012) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0026850 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disability in Law Enforcement Officers
Price, M. (2017) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2278 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Depression symptoms and risk of sick leave: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Amiri, S., & Behnezhad, S. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01703-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Marshall, R. E., Milligan-Saville, J. S., Mitchell, P. B., Bryant, R. A., & Harvey, S. B. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.047 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A Qualitative Investigation of the Experience of Mindfulness Training among Police Officers
Eddy, A., Bergman, A. L., Kaplan, J., Goerling, R. J., & Christopher, M. S. (2019) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-019-09340-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dekel, R., Shaked, O. Z., Ben‐Porat, A., & Itzhaky, H. (2019) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801219832916 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Training police trainees about ways to manage trauma and loss
Manzella, C., & Papazoglou, K. O. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2014.903609 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Roth, S. L., Andrews, K., Protopopescu, A., Lloyd, C., O’Connor, C., Losier, B. J., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105394 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cerdá, M., DiGangi, J., Galea, S., & Koenen, K. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.21947 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kaplan, J. B., Christopher, M. S., & Bowen, S. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-017-9246-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Burnout in Spanish Security Forces during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Galán, J. G., Lázaro-Pérez, C., López, J. Á. M., & Martínez, M. D. M. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238790 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Trauma and Coping Strategies in Police Officers: A Quantitative-Qualitative Pilot Study
Civilotti, C., Fini, G. D., & Maran, D. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18030982 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Márquez, M. A., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., & Sansó, N. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13209 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The policing culture: an exploration into the mental health of former British police officers
Porter, C. N., & Lee, R. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04365-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Effects of Mental Strength Training for Police Officers: a Three-Wave Quasi-experimental Study
van der Meulen, E., Bosmans, M. W. G., Lens, K. M. E., Lahlah, E., & van der Velden, P. G. (2017) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-017-9247-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Demographic and cognitive risk factors for police mental disorder symptoms
Korol, S., Vig, K. D., Sapach, M. J. N. T., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Carleton, R. N. (2019) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x19894619 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Njiro, B. J., Ndumwa, H. P., Msenga, C. J., Kawala, T., Matola, E., Mhonda, J., Corbin, H., Ubuguyu, O., & Likindikoki, S. L. (2021) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100448 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Arble, E. P., Lumley, M. A., Pole, N., Blessman, J. E., & Arnetz, B. B. (2016) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-016-9191-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Christopher, M., Bowen, S. W., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4165-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sleep and mental health in recruit paramedics: a 6-month longitudinal study
Nguyen, E., Meadley, B., Harris, R., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Williams, B., Smith, K., Bowles, K.-A., Dobbie, M. L., Drummond, S. P. A., & Wolkow, A. P. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad050 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Benefits of a Kripalu Yoga Program for Police Academy Trainees: A Pilot Study
Jeter, P. E., Cronin, S., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2013) · International Journal of Yoga Therapy · doi:10.17761/ijyt.23.1.3x94511x3u47n0q5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Men’s Work-Related Stress and Mental Health: Illustrating the Workings of Masculine Role Norms
Boettcher, N., Mitchell, J., Lashewicz, B., Jones, E., Wang, J., Gundu, S., Marchand, A., Michalak, E. E., & Lam, R. W. M. (2019) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988319838416 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Garbarino, S., Magnavita, N., Chiorri, C., Brisinda, D., Cuomo, G., Venuti, A., & Fenici, R. (2012) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-012-9104-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chopko, B. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Adams, R. E. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516651089 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Baka, Ł. (2018) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2018.1443962 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of the Vicarious Trauma Organizational Readiness Guide ( VT ‐ ORG )
Hallinan, S., Shiyko, M. P., Volpe, R. J., & Molnar, B. E. (2019) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12395 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Meffert, S. M., Henn‐Haase, C., Metzler, T. J., Qian, M., Best, S. R., Hirschfeld, A., McCaslin, S. E., Inslicht, S. S., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100663 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationChopko, B. A., Facemire, V. C., Palmieri, P. A., & Schwartz, R. C. (2016) · Criminal Justice Studies · doi:10.1080/1478601x.2016.1216412 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wickramasinghe, N. D., Wijesinghe, P. R., Dharmaratne, S. D., & Agampodi, S. B. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3474-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Computational causal discovery for post-traumatic stress in police officers
Saxe, G., Ma, S., Morales, L. J., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Aliferis, C., & Marmar, C. R. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00910-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonalidad y resiliencia en un cuerpo especial de la Policía Nacional de España
Sánchez‐Teruel, D., & Bello, M. A. R. (2014) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.rpto.2014.06.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nelson, K., & Smith, A. P. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14010001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Predictors of Obesity and Physical Health Complaints Among 911 Telecommunicators
Lilly, M. M., London, M. J., & Mercer, M. C. (2015) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2015.09.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Haim‐Nachum, S., & Levy‐Gigi, E. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.015 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation and Mental Health: The Moderating Effect of Coping Strategies in the Police Force
Barona, E. J. G., Guerrero‐Molina, M., Chambel, M. J., Manso, J. M. M., Bueso‐Izquierdo, N., & Barbosa‐Torres, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158149 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neuroticismo y trastorno por estrés postraumático: un estudio meta-analítico
Soler-Ferrería, F. B., Sánchez‐Meca, J., López-Navarro, J. M., & Navarro‐Mateu, F. (2014) · Revista Española de Salud Pública · doi:10.4321/s1135-57272014000100003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Turkington, G. D., Tinlin, R., & Clair‐Thompson, H. S. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12948 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms and carotid artery intima-media thickness in police officers
Violanti, J. M., Charles, L. E., Gu, J. K., Burchfiel, C. M., Andrew, M. E., Joseph, P. N., & Dorn, J. M. (2012) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-012-0829-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bracken Scally, M. (2014) · International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience · doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000108 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
London, M. J., Mercer, M. C., & Lilly, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517716942 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Psychological Costs of War: Military Combat and Mental HealthPreprint
Cesur, R., Sabia, J. J., & Tekin, E. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1800257 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Khatib, L. A., Glaser-Reich, J., Mosbey, D., Oliva, V. N. L. D. S., Riegner, G., Dean, J. G., Harth, N. M., & Zeidan, F. Z. (2022) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-022-09554-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Egészségmagatartás és mentális egészség – nemi különbségek a munkahelyi stressz megélésében
Borbély, Z. (2019) · Belügyi Szemle · doi:10.38146/bsz.2019.7-8.3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Behnke, A., Rojas, R., Karabatsiakis, A., & Kolassa, I. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104248 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gonzalez, A., Rasul, R., Molina, L., Schneider, S., Bevilacqua, K., Bromet, E. J., Luft, B. J., Taioli, E., & Schwartz, R. M. (2019) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2019-105957 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mojallal, M., Simons, R. M., Quevillon, R. P., & Hatwan, M. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23371 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quality of Life in Riot Police: Links to Anger, Emotion Regulation, Depression, and Anxiety
Kale, A., & Gedik, Z. (2018) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9667-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Castelpietra, G., Balestrieri, M., & Bovenzi, M. (2019) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2019.1611864 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Organisational justice: is the police service ready for it?
Beckley, A. (2014) · Journal of Policing Intelligence and Counter Terrorism · doi:10.1080/18335330.2014.940820 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reckoning with racialized police violence: The role of I-O psychology
Dhanani, L. Y., Wiese, C. W., Brooks, L., & Beckles, K. (2022) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1017/iop.2022.62 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Association between psychosomatic symptoms and work stress among Taiwan police officers
Chueh, K., Yen, C., Lu, L., & Yang, M. (2011) · The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2010.12.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Holmes, R. M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199343805.001.0001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tooth wear and sleep quality: A study of police officers and non-police officers
Serra‐Negra, J. M., Aquino, M. S., Silva, M. E. S., de Abreu, M. H. N. G., & da Silveira, R. R. (2016) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1080/08869634.2016.1263275 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A scientometric review of the association between childhood trauma and sleep
Karatzoglou, V., Carollo, A., Karagiannopoulou, E., Esposito, G., Séaghdha, X. T. Ó., & Dimitriou, D. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104488 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Robinson, S., MacCulloch, R., & Arentsen, V. (2014) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1350/pojo.2014.87.4.678 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emergency personnel neuroticism, health and lifestyle: A UK Biobank study
Mutambudzi, M. S., Flowers, P., & Demou, E. (2019) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqz169 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Associations of Depressive Symptoms and Brachial Artery Reactivity among Police Officers
Violanti, J. M., Charles, L. E., Gu, J. K., Burchfiel, C. M., Andrew, M. E., Joseph, P. N., & Dorn, J. M. (2013) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.27 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Holmes, R. M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199343805.003.0006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
McDonald, A. R., Prost, S. G., Plassmeyer, M., & Oehme, K. (2021) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paab047 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mental health in young adult emergency services personnel: A rapid review of the evidence
Taylor, A. M., Cocks, J., Ashe, M. C., Hooff, M. V., & Lawn, S. (2023) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103605 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, Z., Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., McCaslin, S. E., Tong, H., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Zhen
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 175
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-216
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3974967
- OpenAlex
- W2070588677
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 – MH056350-06, R01MH056350)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, police officers, occupational stress, childhood trauma exposure, self-worth, neuroticism, post-traumatic stress disorder, negative life events, risk factors, police cadets
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality, Predictive Value of Tests, Stress, Psychological, Linear Models, Police, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
