A Componential and Functional Framework for Metacognition: Implications for Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management*

Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry

Flavell, J. H. (1979) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.34.10.906 · Cited by 11,282 · see citing works

The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance

Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363 · Cited by 9,564 · see citing works

Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance.

Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33 · Cited by 8,332 · see citing works

Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview

Zimmerman, B. J. (2002) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2 · Cited by 7,305 · see citing works

Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)

Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & Mckeachie, W. J. (1993) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164493053003024 · Cited by 3,646 · see citing works

Metacognitive Aspects of Problem Solving

Flavell, J. H. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781032646527-16 · Cited by 2,809 · see citing works

Metamemory: A Theoretical Framework and New Findings

Nelson, T. O. (1990) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60053-5 · Cited by 2,583 · see citing works

Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance

Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works

Expert performance: its structure and acquisition.

Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.725 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works

Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective

Bandura, A. (1999) · Asian Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-839x.00024 · Cited by 2,050 · see citing works

Metacognition and learning: conceptual and methodological considerations

Veenman, M. V. J., Van Hout-Wolters, B. H. A. M., & Afflerbach, P. (2006) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-006-6893-0 · Cited by 2,023 · see citing works

The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function

Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works

Metacognition, Executive Control, Self-Regulation, and Other More Mysterious Mechanisms

Brown, A. L. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003758167-5 · Cited by 1,569 · see citing works

Knowing when, where, and how to remember ; A problem of metacognition

Brown, A. L. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works

Learning, Remembering, and Understanding

Reynolds, S. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315211985-5 · Cited by 1,428 · see citing works

General Mental Ability in the World of Work: Occupational Attainment and Job Performance.

Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.162 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works

Interactions of metacognition with motivation and affect in self-regulated learning: the MASRL model.

Efklides, A. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538645 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works

Children's Metacognition About Reading: issues in Definition, Measurement, and Instruction

Jacobs, J. E., & Paris, S. (1987) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2203 · Cited by 988 · see citing works

Focusing the Conceptual Lens on Metacognition, Self-regulation, and Self-regulated Learning

Dinsmore, D. L., Alexander, P. A., & Loughlin, S. M. (2008) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9083-6 · Cited by 815 · see citing works

Why Investigate Metacognition?

Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4561.003.0003 · Cited by 790 · see citing works

Relationships of goal orientation, metacognitive activity, and practice strategies with learning outcomes and transfer.

Ford, J. K., Smith, E. M., Weissbein, D. A., Gully, S. M., & Eduardo Salas, A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.218 · Cited by 784 · see citing works

The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence as a New Approach to Intercultural Training for the Global Manager

Earley, P. C., & Peterson, R. S. (2004) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2004.12436826 · Cited by 724 · see citing works

Active learning: Effects of core training design elements on self-regulatory processes, learning, and adaptability.

Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.296 · Cited by 710 · see citing works

Self-regulation involves more than metacognition: A social cognitive perspective

Zimmerman, B. J. (1995) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3004_8 · Cited by 588 · see citing works

What Influences Learning? A Content Analysis of Review Literature

Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1990) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1990.10885988 · Cited by 548 · see citing works

A Role–resource Approach–avoidance Model of Job Crafting: A Multimethod Integration and Extension of Job Crafting Theory

Bruning, P. F., & Campion, M. A. (2017) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2015.0604 · Cited by 536 · see citing works

Influence of metacognitive knowledge and aptitude on problem solving.

Swanson, H. L. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.2.306 · Cited by 508 · see citing works

Self-Regulation in Error Management Training: Emotion Control and Metacognition as Mediators of Performance Effects.

Keith, N., & Fresé, M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.677 · Cited by 479 · see citing works

Theory-of-Mind Development: Retrospect and Prospect

Flavell, J. H. (2004) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2004.0018 · Cited by 469 · see citing works

Relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills: Age and task differences

Veenman, M. V. J., & Spaans, M. A. (2005) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2004.12.001 · Cited by 463 · see citing works

From Experience to Experiential Learning: Cultural Intelligence as a Learning Capability for Global Leader Development.

Ng, K.-Y., Dyne, L. V., & Ang, S. (2009) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2009.47785470 · Cited by 445 · see citing works

MOTIVATION TO LEARN AND COURSE OUTCOMES: THE IMPACT OF DELIVERY MODE, LEARNING GOAL ORIENTATION, AND PERCEIVED BARRIERS AND ENABLERS

Klein, H. J., Noe, R. A., & Wang, C. (2006) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00050.x · Cited by 443 · see citing works

The case of K.C.: contributions of a memory-impaired person to memory theory

Rosenbaum, R. S., Köhler, S., Schacter, D. L., Moscovitch, M., Westmacott, R., Black, S. E., Gao, F., & Tulving, E. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.007 · Cited by 433 · see citing works

The relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills from a developmental perspective

Veenman, M. V. J., Wilhelm, P., & Beishuizen, J. J. (2004) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2003.10.004 · Cited by 430 · see citing works

100 Years of Training and Development Research: What We Know and Where We Should Go

Bell, B. S., Tannenbaum, S., Ford, J., Noe, R., & Kraiger, K. (2017) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000142 · Cited by 423 · see citing works

LEARNING WITHIN A LEARNER CONTROL TRAINING ENVIRONMENT: THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GOAL ORIENTATION AND METACOGNITIVE INSTRUCTION ON LEARNING OUTCOMES

Schmidt, A. M., & Ford, J. K. (2003) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00156.x · Cited by 366 · see citing works

An Evolutionarily Informed Education Science

GEARY, D. C. (2008) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520802392133 · Cited by 324 · see citing works

Metacognitive awareness of learning strategies in undergraduates

McCabe, J. (2011) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0035-2 · Cited by 308 · see citing works

Learning from errors in a driving simulation: effects on driving skill and self-confidence

Ivancic, K., & Hesketh, B. (2000) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130050201427 · Cited by 267 · see citing works

Introduction: A History of Executive Functioning as a Theoretical and Clinical Construct

Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J. A., Princiotta, D. K., & Otero, T. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_1 · Cited by 263 · see citing works

Exogenous, endogenous, and dialectical constructivism

Moshman, D. (1982) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(82)90019-3 · Cited by 245 · see citing works

Metacognition and Self-Regulation in James, Piaget, and Vygotsky

Fox, E., & Riconscente, M. M. (2008) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9079-2 · Cited by 244 · see citing works

Metacognition in computation: A selected research review

Cox, M. T. (2005) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2005.10.009 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

A Theoretical Framework and Approach for Fostering Metacognitive Development

White, B. Y., & Frederiksen, J. R. (2005) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep4004_3 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Cognitive Load Theory: Historical Development and Relation to Other Theories

Moreno, R., & Park, B. (2010) · Cognitive Load Theory · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511844744.003 · Cited by 204 · see citing works

Building adaptive expertise: Implications for training design strategies.

Smith, E. M., Ford, J. K., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1997) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10260-004 · Cited by 185 · see citing works

Smart Problem Solving: How Metacognition Helps

(1998) · Metacognition in Educational Theory and Practice · doi:10.4324/9781410602350-10 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Role of ability and prior knowledge in complex training performance.

Ree, M., Carretta, T., & Teachout, M. S. (1995) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.6.721 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

Severely deficient autobiographical memory (SDAM) in healthy adults: A new mnemonic syndrome

Palombo, D. J., Alain, C., Söderlund, H., Khuu, W., & Levine, B. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.012 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

The Science of Workplace Instruction: Learning and Development Applied to Work

Kraiger, K., & Ford, J. K. (2020) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-060109 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

2. Developing adaptability: A theory for the design of integrated-embedded training systems

Kozlowski, S. W. J., Toney, R. J., Mullins, M. E., Weissbein, D. A., Brown, K. G., & Bell, B. S. (2004) · Advances in human performance and cognitive engineering research · doi:10.1016/s1479-3601(01)01004-9 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Is there a G factor for metacognition? Correlations in retrospective metacognitive sensitivity across tasks.

Mazancieux, A., Fleming, S. M., Souchay, C., & Moulin, C. J. A. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000746 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING PRE‐PRACTICE CONDITIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON LEARNING

Cannon‐Bowers, J. A., Rhodenizer, L. G., Eduardo Salas, A., & Bowers, C. A. (1998) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00727.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works

EFFECTS OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND EXTRAVERSION ON NEW LABOR MARKET ENTRANTS' JOB SEARCH: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF METACOGNITIVE ACTIVITIES AND POSITIVE EMOTIONS

Turban, D. B., Stevens, C. K., & Lee, F. K. (2009) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2009.01148.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Scientific Reasoning Across Different Domains

Glaser, R. A., Schauble, L., Raghavan, K., & Zeitz, C. M. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77228-3_16 · Cited by 102 · see citing works

Technical students' metacognitive skills: relating general vs. specific metacognitive skills to study success

Veenman, M. V. J., & Verheij, J. (2003) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(02)00094-8 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Metacognitive Development in Adulthood and Old Age

Hertzog, C. K., & Dixon, R. A. (1994) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4561.003.0013 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Can Comprehension Be Taught? A Quantitative Synthesis of "Metacognitive" Studies

Haller, E. P., Child, D. A., & Walberg, H. J. (1988) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.2307/1175040 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

A strategic mindset: An orientation toward strategic behavior during goal pursuit

Chen, P., Powers, J. T., Katragadda, K. R., Cohen, G. L., & Dweck, C. S. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2002529117 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Flexibility in using self-regulatory strategies to manage self-control conflicts: The role of metacognitive knowledge, strategy repertoire, and feedback monitoring

Bürgler, S., Hoyle, R. H., & Hennecke, M. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/0890207021992907 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Members Matter in Team Training: Multilevel and Longitudinal Relationships Between Goal Orientation, Self‐Regulation, and Team Outcomes

Dierdorff, E., & Ellington, J. K. (2012) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2012.01255.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works

The Developmental Origin of Metacognition

Brinck, I., & Liljenfors, R. (2012) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1749 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

The effects of an active development of the mental model in the training process: experimental results in a word processing system

Fresé, M., Albrecht, K., Altmann, A., Lang, J., Papstein, P. V., Peyerl, R., Prümper, J., Schulte-Göcking, H., Wankmüller, I., & Wendel, R. (1988) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449298808901879 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Meaning in Context: Metacognitive Experiences

Schwarz, N. (2010) · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Fostering Metacognitive Development

Baker, L. (1994) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60053-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Metacognition, Learning, and Instruction

McCormick, C. B., Dimmitt, C., & Sullivan, F. R. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop207004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

How strong is my safety net? Perceived unemployment insurance generosity and implications for job search, mental health, and reemployment.

Wanberg, C. R., van Hooft, E. A. J., Dossinger, K., Vianen, A. E. M. V., & Klehe, U. (2019) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000435 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

An Active Learning Approach to Diversity Training

Roberson, Q. M., Moore, O. A., & Bell, B. S. (2022) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2020.0231 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system

Eykhoff, P. (1994) · Modeling Identification and Control A Norwegian Research Bulletin · doi:10.4173/mic.1994.3.2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

From domain-specific to domain-general? The developmental path of metacognition for strategy selection

Geurten, M., Meulemans, T., & Lemaire, P. (2018) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.08.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Why do IQ scores predict job performance?

Byington, E. K., & Felps, W. (2010) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2010.08.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Age differences in strategic reminder setting and the compensatory role of metacognition.

Scarampi, C., & Gilbert, S. J. (2021) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000590 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Crafting job demands and employee creativity: A diary study

Sun, S., Wang, N., Zhu, J., & Song, Z. (2020) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Unlocking Expatriates’ Job Creativity: The Role of Cultural Learning, and Metacognitive and Motivational Cultural Intelligence

Xiao-jun, X., & Chen, X.-P. (2017) · Management and Organization Review · doi:10.1017/mor.2017.50 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Coping style development: The role of learning goal orientation and metacognitive awareness

Delahaij, R., & van Dam, K. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.012 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Self-Set learning goals and service performance in a gig economy: A Moderated-Mediation role of improvisation and mindful metacognition

Açıkgöz, A., & Latham, G. P. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.074 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Metacognition fosters cultural learning: Evidence from individual differences and situational prompts.

Morris, M. W., Savani, K., & Fincher, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000149 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

The Role of Self-Determined Motivation in Job Search: A Dynamic Approach

Veiga, S. P. D. M., & Gabriel, A. S. (2014) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2014.11843abstract · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Metacognitive Paradox of AI-Assisted Creativity: A Theoretical Extension

Westover, J. H. (2026) · Innovation: The Journal of Knowledge Work, Creativity, and Organizational Advancement · doi:10.70175/innovationjournal.2026.1.1.1

A review of the existing human resource management framework

Amoa, S. A. (2001)

Theoretical and methodological issues in human resources management

Ferris, G. R., & Rowland, K. M. (1990) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Cognitive economics and cognitive management: a new concept of human resource management

Игоревна, К. Е. (2014) · Administrative Consulting

Instrumental Approach in Human Capital Management: A Conceptual Framework

Mikuła, B. (2020) · Management Studies · doi:10.17265/2328-2185/2020.04.001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Metacognition: A Theoretical Framework

Papaleontiou–Louca, E. (2013)