An Evolutionarily Informed Education Science

GEARY, DAVID C.

doi:10.1080/00461520802392133

Cited by 325Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorPsychology of Development and EducationEvolution and Science Education

An Evolutionarily Informed Education Science

GEARY, DAVID C.·2008·Educational Psychologist

DOI 10.1080/00461520802392133

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Schools are a central interface between evolution and culture. They are the contexts in which children learn the evolutionarily novel abilities and knowledge needed to function as adults in modern societies. Evolutionary educational psychology is the study of how an evolved bias in children's learning and motivational systems influences their ability and motivation to learn evolutionarily novel academic abilities and information in school. I provide an overview of evolved domains of mind, corresponding learning and motivational biases, and the evolved systems that allow humans to learn about and cope with variation and change within lifetimes. The latter enable the creation of cultural and academic innovations and support the learning of evolutionarily novel information in school. These mechanisms and the premises and principles of evolutionary educational psychology are described. Their utility is illustrated by discussion of the relation between evolved motivational dispositions and children's academic motivation and by the relation between evolved social-cognitive systems and mechanisms that support children's learning to read.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/00461520802392133

Cites

171 of 171 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Acquiring biologically secondary knowledge is thought to require conscious mental effort.
“acquiring biologically secondary knowledge is thought to require conscious mental effort”
From The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization (2023) · cites this paper as Geary, 2008
Humans can acquire biologically secondary knowledge, which encompasses all knowledge that must be explicitly learned.
“humans can acquire biologically secondary knowledge, which encompasses all knowledge that must be explicitly learned”
From The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization (2023) · cites this paper as Geary, 2008
Working memory limitations may be critical only when acquiring novel information based on culturally important knowledge that we have not specifically evolved to acquire.
“Working memory limitations may be critical only when acquiring novel information based on culturally important knowledge that we have not specifically evolved to acquire.”
From An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012) · cites this paper as Geary 2008
Working memory limitations may have reduced significance when acquiring novel information that the human brain specifically has evolved to process, known as biologically primary information.
“Working memory limitations may have reduced significance when acquiring novel information that the human brain specifically has evolved to process, known as biologically primary information.”
From An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012) · cites this paper as Geary 2008
Geary's evolutionary educational psychology may provide a theoretical foundation for designing cognitive load-based instructional design.
“Geary's evolutionary educational psychology with its distinction between biologically primary knowledge that we have evolved to acquire, and biologically secondary knowledge that has become culturally important but for many people frequently difficult to acquire, may provide us with a theoretical foundation for designing cognitive load-based instructional design.”
From An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks (2012) · cites this paper as Geary 2008

Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835 · see citing works
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases: Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics of thinking under uncertainty.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 · Cited by 28,810 · see citing works
Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1826 · Cited by 24,409 · see citing works
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 19,180 · see citing works
A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.2.256 · Cited by 9,745 · see citing works
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738 · see citing works
Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning
Bandura, A. (1993) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3 · Cited by 7,655 · see citing works
Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1015 · Cited by 7,383 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351 · see citing works
Human Problem Solving.
Axten, N., Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2063712 · Cited by 6,883 · see citing works
Human Problem Solving
Newell, A. (1972) · Cited by 6,222 · see citing works
Developmental Plasticity and Evolution
West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195122343.001.0001 · Cited by 6,115 · see citing works
Rational choice and the structure of the environment.
Simon, H. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0042769 · Cited by 5,919 · see citing works
On The Language Instinct
Pinker, S. A. (1994) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e412952005-009 · Cited by 5,879 · see citing works
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Livezey, R. L., & Darwin, C. R. (1953) · The American Midland Naturalist · doi:10.2307/2485224 · Cited by 5,430 · see citing works
Episodic memory: from mind to brain
Tulving, E. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 · Cited by 4,950 · see citing works
Mental Models
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) · Cited by 4,777 · see citing works
Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance.
Nicholls, J. G. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.328 · Cited by 4,161 · see citing works
Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x · Cited by 3,784 · see citing works
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2412 · Cited by 3,670 · see citing works
Acquisition of cognitive skill
Anderson, J. R. (1982) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.4.369 · Cited by 3,663 · see citing works
Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Levinson, M. H. (2006) · ETC.: A Review of General Semantics · doi:10.66774/etc_6303_351 · Cited by 3,581 · see citing works
Achievement goals in the classroom: Students' learning strategies and motivation processes.
Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.260 · Cited by 3,564 · see citing works
Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart
Gigerenzer, G., & Todd, P. M. (1999) · Cited by 3,562 · see citing works
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001 · Cited by 3,428 · see citing works
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411 · Cited by 3,308 · see citing works
The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills
Wagner, R. K., & Torgesen, J. K. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.192 · Cited by 3,303 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…and sources of individual differences in ease of learning to read provides support for the prediction that many core reading competencies are dependent on language systems (e.g., Bradley & Bryant, 1983; Hindson et al., 2005; Mann, 1984; Stevens, Slavin, & Farnish, 1991; Wagner & Torgesen, 1987).”
Categorizing sounds and learning to read—a causal connection
Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. (1983) · Nature · doi:10.1038/301419a0 · Cited by 3,035 · see citing works
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K., & West, R. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 2,987 · see citing works
Not By Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution
Richerson, P. J., & Boyd, R. (2004) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226712130.001.0001 · Cited by 2,793 · see citing works
The organization of learning
Gallistel, C. R. (1990) · Cited by 2,571 · see citing works
Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment.
Cattell, R. B. (1963) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046743 · Cited by 2,556 · see citing works
Validity and reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method
CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M., & LARSON, R. (1987) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004 · Cited by 2,544 · see citing works
New cognitive neurosciences
Gazzaniga, M. S., & Bizzi, E. (2000) · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention
Engle, R. W. (2002) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00160 · Cited by 2,507 · see citing works
The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology
Haidt, J. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137651 · Cited by 2,396 · see citing works
The Cognitive neurosciences
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-5931 · Cited by 2,337 · see citing works
Growing points in ethology
Hutt, S. J. (1977) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(77)90136-1 · Cited by 2,326 · see citing works
Self-discipline outdoes IQ in predicting academic performance of adolescents.
Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01641.x · Cited by 2,253 · see citing works
The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196323 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works
The phonological loop as a language learning device.
Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.1.158 · Cited by 2,199 · see citing works
Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain
Gross, H. S. (2004) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000130139.70393.da · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.
Harris, J. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
Looking for Spinoza : Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain
Damásio, A. R. (2003) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California) · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
A life-span theory of control.
Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.284 · Cited by 1,844 · see citing works
Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
Ash, M. J., & Torres, J. L. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced1386 · Cited by 1,842 · see citing works
Age and gender differences in children's self- and task perceptions during elementary school.
Eccles, J., Wigfield, A., Harold, R., & Blumenfeld, P. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02946.x · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology
Fluharty, S. J., & Grill, H. J. (2003) · Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology · doi:10.1108/s0363-0951200318 · Cited by 1,701 · see citing works
Attention and memory: an integrated framework
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2415 · Cited by 1,652 · see citing works
Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems-level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition
Damasio, A. R. (1989) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(89)90005-x · Cited by 1,538 · see citing works
Primate cognition
Tomasello, M., & Call, J. (1997) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195106237.001.0001 · Cited by 1,491 · see citing works
Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex
Poldrack, R. A., Wagner, A. D., Prull, M. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0441 · Cited by 1,448 · see citing works
Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life
Gottfredson, L. S. (1997) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90014-3 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
Experience and brain development
Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C. S. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130197 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Development of reading-related phonological processing abilities: New evidence of bidirectional causality from a latent variable longitudinal study.
Wagner, R. K., Torgesen, J. K., & Rashotte, C. A. (1994) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.73 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
The essential child: origins of essentialism in everyday thought
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-1239 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
Unpredictable Evolution in a 30-Year Study of Darwin's Finches
Grant, P. R., & Grant, B. R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1070315 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
The Social Function of Intellect
Humphrey, N. K. (1976) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 1,351 · see citing works
The anatomy of language: contributions from functional neuroimaging
Price, C. J. (2000) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19730335.x · Cited by 1,334 · see citing works
How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives.
Mandler, J. M. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.587 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
The Learning Gap: Why Our Schools are Failing and What We Can Learn from Japanese and Chinese Education.
White, M. I., Stevenson, H. W., & Stigler, J. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074400 · Cited by 1,277 · see citing works
The Essential Child: Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Thought
Gelman, S. A. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154061.001.0001 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Students’ preconceptions in introductory mechanics
Clement, J. (1982) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.12989 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Dyslexia: Cultural Diversity and Biological Unity
Paulesu, E., Démonet, J.-F., Fazio, F., McCrory, E., Chanoine, V., Brunswick, N., Cappa, S. F., Cossu, G., Habib, M., Frith, C. D., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1057179 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Brain Activation Modulated by Sentence Comprehension
Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., Keller, T. A., Eddy, W. F., & Thulborn, K. R. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5284.114 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Age and Gender Differences in Children's Self- and Task Perceptions during Elementary School
Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., Harold, R. D., et al. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131221 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Mental time travel and the evolution of the human mind.
Suddendorf, T., & Corballis, M. C. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
The evolution of cultural evolution
Henrich, J., & Mcelreath, R. (2003) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.10110 · Cited by 1,024 · see citing works
Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences.
Geary, D. C. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10370-000 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive Development: Foundational Theories Of Core Domains
Wellman, H. M., & Gelman, S. A. (1992) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.002005 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
The Deadly Ethnic Riot
Horowitz, D. L. (2001) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520342057 · Cited by 937 · see citing works
Is Face Processing Species-Specific During the First Year of Life?
Pascalis, O., de Haan, M. D. H., & Nelson, C. A. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1070223 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition: Cognitive abilities and information processing.
Ackerman, P. L. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.117.3.288 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection.
Darwin, C. R., & Wallace, A. R. (1858) · Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London Zoology · doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Attention: the mechanisms of consciousness.
Posner, M. I. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.16.7398 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People.
Howell, N. E., Hill, K. R., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137817 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Developmental Theories for the 1990s: Development and Individual Differences
Scarr, S. W. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03591.x · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Core mechanisms in ‘theory of mind’
Leslie, A. M., Friedman, O., & German, T. P. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.001 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
The development of self-representations.
Harter, S. (1998) · Cited by 745 · see citing works
The Cultural Animal
Baumeister, R. F. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167030.001.0001 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Folk biology and the anthropology of science: Cognitive universals and cultural particulars
Scott Atran, B. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98001277 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Happiness in Everyday Life: The Uses of Experience Sampling
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Hunter, J. (2003) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1024409732742 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Development of neural mechanisms for reading.
Turkeltaub, P. E., Gareau, L., Flowers, D. L., Zeffiro, T. A., & Eden, G. F. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1065 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
History of motivational research in education.
Weiner, B. L. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.616 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise
New, J. J., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0703913104 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Emile : or On Education
Rousseau, J. (2021) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Developmental Theories for the 1990s: Development and Individual Differences
Scarr, S. W. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130897 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Contexts of Achievement: A Study of American, Chinese, and Japanese Children
Stevenson, H. W., Lee, S.-Y., Chen, C., Stigler, J. W., Hsu, C., Kitamura, S., & Hatano, G. (1990) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166090 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
First principles organize attention to and learning about relevant data: Number and the animate-inanimate distinction as examples
Gelman, R. (1990) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(90)90027-t · Cited by 559 · see citing works
The Human revolution: behavioural and biological perspectives on the origins of modern humans
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3874 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence.
Geary, D. C. (2005) · doi:10.1037/10871-000 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Organization of Learning
Leaton, R. N. (1991) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1991.3.4.382 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Connectivity and complexity: the relationship between neuroanatomy and brain dynamics
Sporns, O., Tononi, G., & Edelman, G. M. (2000) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/s0893-6080(00)00053-8 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Folk Physics for Apes: The Chimpanzee’s Theory of How the World Works
(2003) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000106127.32329.d1 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
The origins of human nature: Evolutionary developmental psychology.
Bjorklund, D. F., & Pellegrini, A. D. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10425-000 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Effects of experience on fetal voice recognition
Kisilevsky, B. S., Hains, S. M. J., Lee, K., Xie, X., Huang, H., Ye, H. H., Zhang, K., & Wang, Z. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.02435 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Core knowledge.
Spelke, E. S. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.11.1233 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
First Principles Organize Attention to and Learning About Relevant Data: Number and the Animate‐Inanimate Distinction as Examples
Gelman, R. (1990) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1401_5 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Reflections of evolution and culture in children's cognition: Implications for mathematical development and instruction.
Geary, D. C. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.50.1.24 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citation
Ache life history: The ecology and demography of a foraging people
Low, B. S. (1997) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(97)00035-4 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Show Me the Features! Understanding Recognition From the Use of Visual Information
Schyns, P. G., Bonnar, L., & Gosselin, F. (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00472 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Instructional Design Consequences of an Analogy between Evolution by Natural Selection and Human Cognitive Architecture
Sweller, J. (2004) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1023/b:truc.0000021808.72598.4d · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Measuring word recognition in reading: eye movements and event-related potentials
Sereno, S. C. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.010 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Talent and its development: An emergenic and epigenetic model.
Simonton, D. K. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.435 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Acquisition of the algorithms of social life: a domain-based approach
Bugental, D. B. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.187 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Logic and human reasoning: An assessment of the deduction paradigm.
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.978 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them
Clifton, R. A., Long, J. C., & Hirsch, E. D. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l éducation · doi:10.2307/1585985 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLIGENCE AND ACCESS TO THE COGNITIVE UNCONSCIOUS.
Rozin, P. N. (1976) · Cited by 386 · see citing works
What We Know Now About Bias and Intergroup Conflict, the Problem of the Century
Fiske, S. T. (2002) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00183 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Evolution of Human Parental Behavior and the Human Family
Geary, D. C., & Flinn, M. V. (2001) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2001.9681209 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Self-citation
Warmth as a Developmental Construct: An Evolutionary Analysis
MacDonald, K. B. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01659.x · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Warmth as a developmental construct: an evolutionary analysis
MacDonald, K. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131231 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Reflections of evolution and culture in children's cognition: Implications for mathematical development and instruction.
Geary, D. C. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.1.24 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citation
Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950
Murray, C. A. (2003) · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms races
Flinn, M. V., Geary, D. C., & Ward, C. V. (2005) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.005 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citation
Learning and representation in speech and language
Kuhl, P. K. (1994) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(94)90128-7 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
The Moral Animal
Wright, R. (1994) · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Effective Reading Comprehension Instruction: Examining Child x Instruction Interactions.
Connor, C. M., Morrison, F. J., & Petrella, J. N. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.4.682 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
The Evolution of Truly Social Cognition: The Core Configurations Model
Caporael, L. R. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0104_1 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Geary, D. C., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00118 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology
Richardson, R. C. (2007) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7464.001.0001 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The Origin of Mind: Evolution of Brain, Cognition, and General Intelligence
Ross, D. A., & Martín, A. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1652 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Defenders of the truth: the battle for science in the sociobiology debate and beyond
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-1871 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Reading and reading disturbance
Price, C. J., & Mechelli, A. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.003 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
General Intelligence as a Domain-Specific Adaptation.
Satoshi Kanazawa, A. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.2.512 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Molecular and Morphological Supertrees for Eutherian (Placental) Mammals
Liu, F.-G. R., Miyamoto, M. M., Freire, N. P., Ong, P. Q., Tennant, M. R., Young, T. S., & Gugel, K. F. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1056346 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Human Infancy: An Evolutionary Perspective
Freedman, D. G. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Folk Taxonomies and Biological Classification
Berlin, B., Breedlove, D. E., & Raven, P. H. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.154.3746.273 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Making Sense of Place: Children's Understanding of Large-Scale Environments
Matthews, M. H. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The origins and ends of giftedness.
Winner, E. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.159 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Brain and cognitive evolution: Forms of modularity and functions of mind.
Geary, D. C., & Huffman, K. J. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.667 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citation
Abstract
Chen, Z., & Siegler, R. S. (2000) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00072 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Behavior systems, associationism, and Pavlovian conditioning
Timberlake, W. (1994) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03210945 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The evolution of inhibition mechanisms and their role in human cognition and behavior
Bjorklund, D. F., & Harnishfeger, K. K. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012208930-5/50006-4 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The origins and ends of giftedness.
Winner, E. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.159 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Evolution and development of boys' social behavior
Geary, D. C. (2003) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2003.08.001 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citation
Understanding the nature of the general factor of intelligence: The role of individual differences in neural plasticity as an explanatory mechanism.
Garlick, D. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.116 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Educating the evolved mind : conceptual foundations for an evolutionary educational psychology
Carlson, J. S., & Levin, J. R. (2007) · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Physical Similarity and Young Children's Understanding of Scale Models
DeLoache, J. S., Kolstad, V., & Anderson, K. N. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01518.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Spatial Knowledge and Geometric Representation in a Child Blind from Birth
Landau, B., Gleitman, H., & Spelke, E. S. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7268438 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
On Explaining Language
Lenneberg, E. H. (1969) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.164.3880.635 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Enabling constraints for cognitive development and learning: Domain specificity and epigenesis.
Gelman, R., & Williams, E. M. (1998) · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The Replacement of General-Purpose Learning Models with Adaptively Specialized Learning Modules
Gallistel, C. R. (2000) · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The effects of cooperative learning and direct instruction in reading comprehension strategies on main idea identification.
Stevens, R. J., Slavin, R. E., & Farnish, A. M. (1991) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.83.1.8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Evolutionary psychology as maladapted psychology
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-7075 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Principles of evolutionary educational psychology
Geary, D. C. (2002) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s1041-6080(02)00046-8 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Prehistory of the Mind:The Cognitive Origins of Art and Science
Mithen, S. (1996) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California) · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Selection for delayed maturity: Does it take 20 years to learn to hunt and gather?
Jones, N. B., & Marlowe, F. W. (2002) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1008-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Contexts of achievement.
Goodnow, J. J. (1998) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10294-004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Culture and the evolution of social learning
Flinn, M. V. (1997) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(96)00046-3 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
How writing came about
Schmandt‐Besserat, D. (1997) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California) · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Adolescent Stress: Causes and Consequences
Barber, B. K., Colten, M. E., & Gore, S. L. (1992) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353086 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Anger, worry, and hurt in early adolescence: An enlarging world of negative emotions.
Larson, R. W., & Asmussen, L. (2017) · doi:10.4324/9781315083025-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Assessment and Early Instruction of Preschool Children at Risk for Reading Disability.
Hindson, B. A., Byrne, B., Fielding‐Barnsley, R., Newman, C., Hine, D. W., & Shankweiler, D. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.4.687 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Evolutionary Psychology, The Handbook of
Buss, D. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1860 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Physical Similarity and Young Children's Understanding of Scale Models
DeLoache, J. S., Kolstad, V., & Anderson, K. N. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130708 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Reading skill and language skill*1
Mann, V. A. (1984) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(84)90014-5 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Why youth is not wasted on the young: immaturity in human development
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-4073 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Predicting reading performance from neuroimaging profiles: The cerebral basis of phonological effects in printed word identification.
Pugh, K. R., Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Shankweiler, D., Katz, L., Fletcher, J. M., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Constable, R. T., Bronen, R. A., et al. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.2.299 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Why do Hadza children forage?
Jones, N. G. B., Hawkes, K., & O’Connell, J. F. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10242-029 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
An Evolutionary Perspective on Learning Disability in Mathematics
Geary, D. C. (2007) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701360924 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citation
Paleoclimatic Variation and Brain Expansion during Human Evolution
ASH, J. W., & Gallup, G. G. (2007) · Human Nature · doi:10.1007/s12110-007-9015-z · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them
Turgeon, W. C. (1997) · Thinking The Journal of Philosophy for Children · doi:10.5840/thinking199713310 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mechanism and Explanation in the Development of Biological Thought: The Case of Disease
Keil, F. C., Levin, D. T., Richman, B. A., & Gutheil, G. (1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3042.003.0010 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond.
Rall, J. E. (2001) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200108000-00013 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Early Development of Neurophysiological Processes Involved in Normal Reading and Reading Disability: A Magnetic Source Imaging Study.
Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Sarkari, S., Billingsley, R. L., Francis, D. J., Castillo, E. M., Pataraia, E., Denton, C. A., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2005) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.6.787 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Waiting for the weekend: Friday and Saturday night as the emotional climax of the week
Larson, R. W., & Richards, M. H. (1998) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219988204 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Written Sentence Comprehension
Caplan, D. N. (2004) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0803_3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Social Brain Hypothesis
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5
Untitled work
Kaplan (2000) · doi:10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Cognitive Load Theory
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_446 · Cited by 5,538 · see citing works
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later
Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09465-5 · Cited by 2,337 · see citing works
“Biologically primary knowledge is modular with little relation between the cognitive processes associated with one skill and another (Geary 2008, 2012).”
Background
Implications of Cognitive Load Theory for Multimedia Learning
PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Sweller, J. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139547369.004 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Working Memory Underpins Cognitive Development, Learning, and Education
Cowan, N. (2013) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9246-y · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Understanding Cognitive Load in Digital and Online Learning: a New Perspective on Extraneous Cognitive Load
Skulmowski, A., & Xu, K. M. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09624-7 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
From Cognitive Load Theory to Collaborative Cognitive Load Theory
Kirschner, P. A., Sweller, J., Kirschner, F., & Jimmy Zambrano, R. (2018) · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning · doi:10.1007/s11412-018-9277-y · Cited by 663 · see citing works
An Evolutionary Upgrade of Cognitive Load Theory: Using the Human Motor System and Collaboration to Support the Learning of Complex Cognitive Tasks
Paas, F., & Sweller, J. (2012) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9179-2 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Cognitive-Load Theory: Methods to Manage Working Memory Load in the Learning of Complex Tasks
Paas, F., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420922183 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Theory: Recent Theoretical Advances
Sweller, J. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511844744.004 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Effects of the Physical Environment on Cognitive Load and Learning: Towards a New Model of Cognitive Load
Choi, H.-H., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-014-9262-6 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
The impact of augmented reality on cognitive load and performance: A systematic review
Buchner, J., Buntins, K., & Kerres, M. (2021) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12617 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Addressing Challenges to Public Understanding of Science: Epistemic Cognition, Motivated Reasoning, and Conceptual Change
Sinatra, G. M., Kienhues, D., & Hofer, B. K. (2014) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.916216 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Cognitive load theory, modality of presentation and the transient information effect
Leahy, W., & Sweller, J. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1787 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Domain-Specific Knowledge and Why Teaching Generic Skills Does Not Work
Tricot, A., & Sweller, J. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9243-1 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Extending Cognitive Load Theory to Incorporate Working Memory Resource Depletion: Evidence from the Spacing Effect
Chen, O., Castro-Alonso, J. C., Paas, F., & Sweller, J. (2018) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9426-2 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Magnitude knowledge: the common core of numerical development
Siegler, R. S. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12395 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The Development of Cognitive Load Theory: Replication Crises and Incorporation of Other Theories Can Lead to Theory Expansion
Sweller, J. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09817-2 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Cognitive load theory and individual differences
Sweller, J. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102423 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
A Cognitive Load Theory Approach to Defining and Measuring Task Complexity Through Element Interactivity
Chen, O., Paas, F., & Sweller, J. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09782-w · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Information may be categorised as either biologically primary or secondary (Geary, 2005, 2008, 2012; Geary & Berch, 2016).”
Background
Working Memory, Long-term Memory, and Instructional Design
Sweller, J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.12.002 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Theory: A Broader View on the Role of Memory in Learning and Education
PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Ayres, P. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-014-9263-5 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Teachers’ and Students’ Belief Systems About the Self-Regulation of Learning
Lawson, M. J., Vosniadou, S., Deur, P. V., Wyra, M., & Jeffries, D. (2018) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-018-9453-7 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Advancing Research and Measurement on Fathering and Children’s Development
Volling, B. L., Cabrera, N., Feinberg, M. E., Jones, D. E., McDaniel, B. T., Liu, S., Almeida, D. M., Lee, J., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., Feng, X., et al. (2019) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12404 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
From Theory to Practice: The Application of Cognitive Load Theory to the Practice of Medicine
Szulewski, A., Howes, D., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Sweller, J. (2021) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003524 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The worked example effect, the generation effect, and element interactivity.
Chen, O., Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000018 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Effects of observing the instructor draw diagrams on learning from multimedia messages.
Fiorella, L., & Mayer, R. E. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000065 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
A Narrative Review of School-Based Physical Activity for Enhancing Cognition and Learning: The Importance of Relevancy and Integration
Mavilidi, M. F., Ruiter, M., Schmidt, M., Okely, A. D., Loyens, S. M. M., Chandler, P., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02079 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load
Krieglstein, F., Beege, M., Rey, G. D., Sanchez-Stockhammer, C., & Schneider, S. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09738-0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
The Role of Evolutionary Psychology in Our Understanding of Human Cognition: Consequences for Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Procedures
Sweller, J. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09647-0 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Nudging in education: from theory towards guidelines for successful implementation
Weijers, R., de Koning, B. B., & Paas, F. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-020-00495-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Can collaborative learning improve the effectiveness of worked examples in learning mathematics?
Retnowati, E., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2016) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000167 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Getting the point: Tracing worked examples enhances learning
Hu, F., Ginns, P., & Bobis, J. (2014) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2014.10.002 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Problem-solving or Explicit Instruction: Which Should Go First When Element Interactivity Is High?
Ashman, G., Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09500-5 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Evolution and Children’s Cognitive and Academic Development
Geary, D. C., & Berch, D. B. (2016) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29986-0_9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Giving Learning a Helping Hand: Finger Tracing of Temperature Graphs on an iPad
Agostinho, S., Tindall-Ford, S., Ginns, P., Howard, S. J., Leahy, W., & Paas, F. (2015) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9315-5 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Implications of Cognitive Load Theory for Multimedia Learning
PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Sweller, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Instructional benefits of spoken words: A review of cognitive load factors
Kalyuga, S. (2012) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2011.12.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Facilitating Flexible Problem Solving: A Cognitive Load Perspective
Kalyuga, S., Renkl, A., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2010) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9132-9 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
In Academe, What Is Learned, and How Is It Learned?
Sweller, J. (2015) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415569570 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Research Avenues Supporting Embodied Cognition in Learning and Instruction
Castro-Alonso, J. C., Ayres, P., Zhang, S., de Koning, B. B., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09847-4 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Worked example effects in individual and group work settings
Retnowati, E., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2010) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443411003659960 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Educational Professionals' Knowledge and Acceptance of Evolution
Nadelson, L. S., & Sinatra, G. M. (2009) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470490900700401 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
High Element Interactivity Information During Problem Solving may Lead to Failure to Obtain the Testing Effect
Leahy, W., Hanham, J., & Sweller, J. (2015) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9296-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Studying User Satisfaction with the MOOC Platform Interfaces Using the Example of Coursera and Open Education Platforms
Korableva, O., Durand, T., Kalimullina, O., & Stepanova, I. (2019) · International Conference on Big Data and Education (ICBDE) · doi:10.1145/3322134.3322139 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of prior knowledge on learning from different compositions of representations in a mobile learning environment
Liu, T., Lin, Y.-C., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.019 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Cognitive Architecture of Digital Externalization
Skulmowski, A. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09818-1 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…primary knowledge, humans can acquire biologically secondary knowledge, which encompasses all knowledge that must be explicitly learned, such as different languages, school subjects, and other knowledge that is neither innate nor acquired in an evolutionary automated fashion (Geary, 2008).”
Background
Cognitive load theory: researching and planning teaching to maximise learning
Leppink, J., van Gog, T., PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Sweller, J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118838983.ch18 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Collaborative learning effects when students have complete or incomplete knowledge
Retnowati, E., Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2018) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3444 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The Effect of Worked Examples When Learning to Write Essays in English Literature
Kyun, S., Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2013) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2012.727884 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Well-Being as a Cognitive Load Reducing Agent: A Review of the Literature
Hawthorne, B. S., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Hattie, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00121 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Does Touching Real Objects Affect Learning?
Novak, M., & Schwan, S. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09551-z · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Learning By Tracing Worked Examples
Ginns, P., Hu, F., Byrne, E. N., & Bobis, J. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3171 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Using cognitive load theory to structure computer‐based learning including MOOCs
Chen, O., Woolcott, G., & Sweller, J. (2017) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12188 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Making versus observing manipulations of geometric properties of triangles to learn geometry using dynamic geometry software
Bokosmaty, S., Mavilidi, M. F., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Special Issue on Cognitive Load Theory: Editorial
Ginns, P., & Leppink, J. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09474-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Cognitive efficiency: A conceptual and methodological comparison
Hoffman, B. (2012) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2011.09.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mathematics Education Across Cultures: Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education
Suazo-Flores, E., Ward, J., Richardson, S. E., Grant, M. R., Cox, D., Kastberg, S. E., & Chapman, O. (2020) · doi:10.51272/pmena.42.2020 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Variability Effect: When Instructional Variability Is Advantageous
Likourezos, V., Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09462-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Instructional Design
Sweller, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_2438 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sequencing Tracing with Imagination
Wang, B., Ginns, P., & Mockler, N. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09625-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Improving Computer-Assisted Language Learning Through the Lens of Cognitive Load
Bahari, A., Wu, S., & Ayres, P. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09764-y · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Investigating gender and spatial measurements in instructional animation research
Wong, M., Castro-Alonso, J. C., Ayres, P., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.017 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Connecting With the Big Picture
Brophy, J. (2009) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520902832400 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Learning by Doing or Doing Without Learning? The Potentials and Challenges of Activity-Based Learning
Skulmowski, A. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09869-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Hands-on” plus “inquiry”? Effects of withholding answers coupled with physical manipulations on students' learning of energy-related science concepts
Zhang, L. (2018) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Tracing Enhances Recall and Transfer of Knowledge of the Water Cycle
Tang, M. C. S., Ginns, P., & Jacobson, M. J. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09466-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Effect of Animation-Guided Mindfulness Meditation on the Promotion of Creativity, Flow and Affect
Chen, H., Liu, C., Zhou, F., Chiang, C.-H., Chen, Y., Wu, K., Huang, D., Liu, C.-Y., & Chiou, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894337 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effectiveness of embodied learning on learning performance: A meta-analysis based on the cognitive load theory perspective
Lyu, C., & Deng, S. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102564 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Enhancing transfer by learning generalized domain knowledge structures
Kalyuga, S. (2013) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-013-0176-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
What Is a Psychological Misconception? Moving Toward an Empirical Answer
Bensley, D. A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2015) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628315603059 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Affective Neuronal Selection: The Nature of the Primordial Emotion Systems
Toronchuk, J. A., & Ellis, G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00589 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gender Effects When Learning Manipulative Tasks from Instructional Animations and Static Presentations.
Wong, M., Castro-Alonso, J. C., Ayres, P., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2015) · Universidad de Chile · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Using Primary Knowledge in Unpopular Statistics Exercises
Lespiau, F., & Tricot, A. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09699-w · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Evolutionary Biology of Education: How Our Hunter-Gatherer Educative Instincts Could Form the Basis for Education Today
Gray, P. (2011) · Evolution: Education and Outreach · doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0306-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework
Bulajić, A., Despotović, M., & Lachmann, T. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000255 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Watch Your Step Children! Learning Two-Digit Numbers Through Mirror-Based Observation of Self-Initiated Body Movements
Ruiter, M., Loyens, S. M. M., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2015) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9324-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Evaluating Localized MOOCs: The Role of Culture on Interface Design and User Experience
Liu, S., Liang, T., Shao, S., & Kong, J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2986036 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Investigating Visual Perception in Teaching and Learning with Advanced Eye-Tracking Methodologies: Rewards and Challenges of an Innovative Research Paradigm
Nückles, M. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09567-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Adaptability and Learning
Martin, A. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_267 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Adolescent Bullying in Schools: An Evolutionary Perspective
Volk, A. A., Farrell, A. H., Franklin, P., Mularczyk, K. P., & Provenzano, D. A. (2016) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29986-0_7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Pointing and tracing enhance computer-based learning
Ginns, P., & King, V. (2021) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-021-09997-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The effect of narrative-based E-learning systems on novice users' cognitive load while learning software applications
Darejeh, A., Marcus, N., & Sweller, J. (2021) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-021-10024-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Using mimicking gestures to improve observational learning from instructional videos
Mierowsky, R., Marcus, N., & Ayres, P. (2019) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2019.1650896 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Learning from Instructor‐managed and Self‐managed Split‐attention Materials
Gordon, C. S., Tindall‐Ford, S., Agostinho, S., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2015) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3159 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Transition from Natural to Rational Number Knowledge
Hoof, J. V., Vamvakoussi, X., Dooren, W. V., & Verschaffel, L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805086-6.00005-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tracing enhances problem‐solving transfer, but without effects on intrinsic or extraneous cognitive load
Ginns, P., Hu, F., & Bobis, J. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3732 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Personalized Learning by Interest Effect on Interest, Cognitive Load, Retention, and Transfer: A Meta-Analysis
Lin, L., Lin, X., Zhang, X., & Ginns, P. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09933-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Children’s Natural Ways of Educating Themselves Still Work: Even for the Three Rs
Gray, P. (2016) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29986-0_3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Modality Principle in Multimedia Learning
Castro-Alonso, J. C., & Sweller, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108894333.026 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Can mimicking gestures facilitate learning from instructional animations and static graphics?
Lajevardi, N., Narang, N. S., Marcus, N., & Ayres, P. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.03.010 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cognitive Effect of Tracing Gesture in the Learning from Mathematics Worked Examples
Yeo, L.-M., & Tzeng, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-019-09987-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Comorbid Learning Difficulties in Reading and Mathematics: The Role of Intelligence and In-Class Attentive Behavior
Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., Nugent, L. D., Ünal, Z. E., & Scofield, J. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572099 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citation
Using a general problem-solving strategy to promote transfer.
Youssef-Shalala, A., Ayres, P., Schubert, C., & Sweller, J. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000021 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cognitive Load Theory: Instruction-based Research with Applications for Designing Tests
Elliott, S. N., Kurz, A., Beddow, P. A., & Frey, J. R. (2009) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Altering element interactivity and variability in example‐practice sequences to enhance learning to write Chinese characters
Lu, J., Kalyuga, S., & Sweller, J. (2020) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3668 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Using Primary Knowledge: an Efficient Way To Motivate Students and Promote the Learning of Formal Reasoning
Lespiau, F., & Tricot, A. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09482-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Twenty-First Century Learning and the Case for More Knowledge About Knowledge
McPhail, G. J. (2020) · New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1007/s40841-020-00172-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Embodied Learning in Early Mathematics Education: Translating Research into Principles to Inform Teaching
Way, J., & Ginns, P. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14070696 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tracing worked examples: effects on learning in geometry
Du, X., & Zhang, Q. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1536256 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Embodied Cognition, Science Education, and Visuospatial Processing
Castro-Alonso, J. C., PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Ginns, P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20969-8_7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Authors: GEARY, D. C.
Affiliations: University of Missouri (US)
Corresponding author: GEARY, DAVID C.
ORCID: GEARY, DAVID C.
Venue: Educational Psychologist
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2008-10-23
Volume: 43
Issue: 4
Pages: 179-195
ISSN: 0046-1520 (ISSN-L)
1532-6985
DOI: 10.1080/00461520802392133
OpenAlex: W2098051169
Cited by: 324
References: 169
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 13.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Educational Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychology of Development and Education
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Evolution and Science Education
Keywords: motivational biases, academic motivation, children's learning, reading acquisition, cultural evolution, evolution and culture

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

An Evolutionarily Informed Education Science

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks