Expert performance: its structure and acquisition.

Ericsson, K. Anders; Charness, Neil

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.725

Cited by 2,072Sport Psychology and PerformanceCognitive Abilities and TestingNeuroscience and Music Perception

Expert performance: its structure and acquisition.

Ericsson, K. Anders, Charness, Neil·1994·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.725

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Abstract

Counter to the common belief that expert performance reflects innate abilities and capacities, recent research in different domains of expertise has shown that expert performance is predominantly mediated by acquired complex skills and physiological adaptations. For elite performers, supervised practice starts at very young ages and is maintained at high daily levels for more than a decade. The effects of extended deliberate practice are more far-reaching than is commonly believed. Performers can acquire skills that circumvent basic limits on working memory capacity and sequential processing. Deliberate practice can also lead to anatomical changes resulting from adaptations to intense physical activity. The study of expert performance has important implications for our understanding of the structure and limits of human adaptation and optimal learning.

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Ericsson and Charness (1994) stated that self-directed study has most of the characteristics of deliberate practice, but it is probably not as effective as individualized study guided by a skilled teacher.
“However, Ericsson and Charness (1994) had stated clearly that “self-directed study has most of the characteristics of deliberate practice, but it is probably not as effective as individualized study guided by a skilled teacher” (p. 739).”
From Deliberate Practice and Proposed Limits on the Effects of Practice on the Acquisition of Expert Performance: Why the Original Definition Matters and Recommendations for Future Research (2019) · cites this paper as Ericsson and Charness, 1994

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Authors: Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N.
Affiliations: Florida State University (US)
ORCID: Ericsson, K. Anders
Charness, Neil
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1994-08
Volume: 49
Issue: 8
Pages: 725-747
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.725
OpenAlex: W2063026846
Cited by: 2,072
References: 94
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 108 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 94
FWCI: 41.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
Keywords: expert performance, deliberate practice, skill acquisition, physiological adaptation, working memory capacity, serial processing, elite performers, early training, optimal learning

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Expert performance: its structure and acquisition.

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