Secure Healthcare Data Aggregation and Transmission in IoT—A Survey
Open accessAbstract
Internet of medical things (IoMT) is getting researchers' attention due to its wide applicability in healthcare. Smart healthcare sensors and IoT enabled medical devices exchange data and collaborate with other smart devices without human interaction to securely transmit collected sensitive healthcare data towards the server nodes. Alongside data communications, security and privacy is also quite challenging to securely aggregate and transmit healthcare data towards Fog and cloud servers. We explored the existing surveys to identify a gap in literature that a survey of fog-assisted secure healthcare data collection schemes is yet contributed in literature. This paper presents a survey of different data collection and secure transmission schemes where Fog computing based architectures are considered. A taxonomy is presented to categorize the schemes. Fog assisted smart city, smart vehicle and smart grids are also considered that achieve secure, efficient and reliable data collection with low computational cost and compression ratio. We present a summary of these scheme along with analytical discussion. Finally, a number of open research challenges are identified. Moreover, the schemes are explored to identify the challenges that are addressed in each scheme.
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Managing several devices remotely without any loss in time or management is a challenging task in healthcare systems.
“Another challenging task is to manage several devices remotely and without any loss in time or management. Because in this type of framework, there is a need to integrate devices along with their data and information coming from different aspects [208].”
From Federated learning-based AI approaches in smart healthcare: Concepts, taxonomies, challenges and open issues (2023) · cites this paper as [208]
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A Review on Big Data Analysis and Internet of Things
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Self-citation
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IoT-Based Healthcare-Monitoring System towards Improving Quality of Life: A Review
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BackgroundIoT-Enabled Smart Energy Grid: Applications and Challenges
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Intelligent Healthcare: Integration of Emerging Technologies and Internet of Things for Humanity
Dang, V. A., Khanh, Q. V., Nguyen, V.-H., Nguyễn, V. T., & Nguyen, D. C. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23094200 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
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BackgroundDecentralized Wireless Federated Learning With Differential Privacy
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Autonomous Traffic System for Emergency Vehicles
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Self-citationIndustrial Revolution 5.0 and the Role of Cutting Edge Technologies
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FoG-Oriented Secure and Lightweight Data Aggregation in IoMT
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BackgroundSelf-citationAn Intelligent Healthcare System Using IoT in Wireless Sensor Network
Jabeen, T., Jabeen, I., Ashraf, H., Jhanjhi, N. Z., Yassine, A., & Hossain, M. S. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23115055 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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BackgroundSelf-citationSecurity of Things Intrusion Detection System for Smart Healthcare
Iwendi, C., Anajemba, J. H., Biamba, C. N., & Ngabo, D. (2021) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics10121375 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
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MethodA Transfer Learning Approach for Clinical Detection Support of Monkeypox Skin Lesions
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Internet of Things for sustaining a smart and secure healthcare system
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BackgroundAgent-Based Medical Health Monitoring System
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IoT and AI-Based Smart Solutions for the Agriculture Industry
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Self-citationLoRaWAN-based hybrid internet of wearable things system implementation for smart healthcare
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Self-citationIntrusion Detection Systems in Internet of Things and Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
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“[26] uses Self-Taught Learning (STL) that consists of two stages which is unsupervised feature learning and the classification on labeled data using NSL-KDD dataset.”
MethodSelf-citationTransformative impacts of the internet of medical things on modern healthcare
Ahmed, S. F., Sharmin, S., Kuldeep, S. A., Lameesa, A., Alam, M. S. B., Liu, G., & Gandomi, A. H. (2024) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103787 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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BackgroundHealth Care Digital Revolution During COVID-19
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Self-citationCellular Internet of Things: Use cases, technologies, and future work
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Smart Traffic Management System for Metropolitan Cities of Kingdom Using Cutting Edge Technologies
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“IoT refers to connecting smart things to the internet [10 – 12], enabling people and machines to interact in real-time.”
Self-citationSecure Critical Data Reclamation Scheme for Isolated Clusters in IoT-Enabled WSN
Ullah, A., Azeem, M., Ashraf, H., Jhanjhi, N. Z., Nkenyereye, L., & Humayun, M. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3098635 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationDistributed intelligence for IoT-based smart cities: a survey
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“The primary objective was to achieve secure, efficient, and reliable data collection, while minimizing computational costs and compression ratios [157].”
Insights into security and privacy issues in smart healthcare systems based on medical images
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Secure and Lightweight Data Aggregation Scheme for Anonymous Multi-Receivers in WBAN
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“In [18], Ullah et al. gave a summary of the survey of secure healthcare data aggregation and transmission and proposed a taxonomy to classify the existing schemes.”
BackgroundInternet of Things in the global healthcare sector: Significance, applications, and barriers
Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R. P., Rab, S., Haq, M. I. U., & Raina, A. (2022) · International Journal of Intelligent Networks · doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2022.10.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Smart Wireless Sensor Technology for Healthcare Monitoring System Using Cognitive Radio Networks
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“This kind of communication demands a high level of security measures to guard against attacks by intruders [1].”
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MethodThe Influence of Cybersecurity Attacks on E-Governance
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A Security-Enhanced and Ultralightweight Communication Protocol for Internet of Medical Things
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“Consequently, safeguarding patient privacy and security emerges as an indispensable criterion for assessing the viability and safety of telemedicine systems [22].”
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A Secure IoT-Cloud Based Healthcare System for Disease Classification Using Neural Network
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“Continuous monitoring of patients and secure parent data transmission is an important aspect of the healthcare system which improves the performance of the healthcare system [3].”
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“In recent years, the data centralization-based multi-center collaboration methods have shown remarkable success in healthcare data aggregation and transmission [14].”
Self-diagnosis platform via IOT-based privacy preserving medical data
Muneeswari, G., Varun, S. S., Hegde, R., Priya, S., Shermila, P. J., & Prasanth, A. (2022) · Measurement Sensors · doi:10.1016/j.measen.2022.100636 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe optimization of youth football training using deep learning and artificial intelligence
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Health condition prediction and covid risk detection using healthcare 4.0 techniques
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A secured IoT-based model for human health through sensor data
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Improving Healthcare Facilities in Remote Areas Using Cutting-Edge Technologies
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Self-citationInternet of Things (IoT) Impact on Inventory Management
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Self-citationExploration of Secured Data Transmission in Internet of Things: A Survey
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“This guarantees a timely and well-coordinated reaction to patients' changing health situations [37].”
BackgroundSecure Adaptive Context-Aware ABE for Smart Environments
Inshi, S., Chowdhury, R., Ould‐Slimane, H., & Talhi, C. (2023) · IoT · doi:10.3390/iot4020007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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A comprehensive survey on data aggregation techniques in UAV-enabled Internet of things
Raivi, A. M., & Moh, S. (2023) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2023.100599 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Home Based Monitoring for Smart Health‐Care Systems: A Survey
Shilvya, J. A., George, S. T., Subathra, M. S. P., Manimegalai, P., Mohammed, M. A., Jaber, M. M., Kazemzadeh, A., & Al-Andoli, M. N. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/1829876 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, doctors, health workers, physician caregivers, older relatives, and patients) to obtain the proper information and discover the right solutions, with the goal of minimizing medical errors, improving efficiency, and lowering costs at the proper moment in the health-care profession [4].”
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A secure and privacy preserved data aggregation scheme in IoMT
Mughal, M. A., Ullah, A., Yu, X., He, W., Jhanjhi, N. Z., & Ray, S. K. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27177 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of the primary attacks on IoMT Internet of Medical Things communications protocols
Santander, C. J. M., & Galmés, S. (2022) · IEEE World AI IoT Congress (AIIoT) · doi:10.1109/aiiot54504.2022.9817252 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dev, B. P. V., & Prasad, K. V. (2023) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-023-10411-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Though the IoT offers several benefits to the users associated with it, there are problems with security issues and cyber-attacks due to the continuous and uncontrolled exploration of such technologies [10].”
BackgroundMLHOps: Machine Learning Health Operations
Khattak, F. K., Subasri, V., Krishnan, A., Pou-Prom, C., Koçak, S. A., Dolatabadi, E., Pandya, D., Seyyed-Kalantari, L., & Rudzicz, F. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3521279 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In healthcare, data can be acquired through multiple sources [285], which increases the chance of the data being polluted by bias.”
Sub-Band Assignment and Power Control for IoT Cellular Networks via Deep Learning
Kim, H. W., Park, H. J., & Chae, S. H. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3143796 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“In addition, more recently, research on the Internet of medical things (IoMT), which utilizes IoT devices for medical purposes [3], [4], and technologies that provide long-distance IoT communication via artificial satellites are attracting attention [5].”
BackgroundRajasekaran, P., & Duraipandian, M. (2023) · Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.3233/jifs-234884 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“It offers intelligent healthcare services by gathering multiple sorts of information and sending it to cloud repositories [5].”
RetractedSafeer, E., Tahir, S., Nawaz, A., Humayun, M., Shaheen, M., & Khan, M. (2024) · Security and Privacy · doi:10.1002/spy2.454 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“5,14,18 22 The research clarifies that many sophisticated automated malware assaults have a catastrophic effect on the IoT ecosystem and IoMT, as shown in Figure 1.”
Self-citationRETRACTED ARTICLE: An hybrid security framework using internet of things for healthcare system
Kumar, S. S., & Koti, M. S. (2021) · Network Modeling Analysis in Health Informatics and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1007/s13721-021-00329-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Ullah et al. (2021) presented a brief survey on secure transmission and data collection schemes where author has considered the Fog computing architectures.”
BackgroundRetractedLiVoAuth: Liveness Detection in Voiceprint Authentication With Random Challenges and Detection Modes
Zhang, R., Yan, Z., Wang, X., & Deng, R. H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3213830 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“6) We assume that the communication channels among UA, RP, and UAP are secure with mutual authentication due to the employment of security protocols [22].”
BackgroundWiryen, Y. B., Woguia, A. V. N., Ngono, J. M., & Fono, L. A. (2023) · International Journal of Smart Security Technologies · doi:10.4018/ijsst.333852 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A Lightweight Aggregate Authentication Protocol for Internet of Drones
Bhattarai, I., Pu, C., & Choo, K. R. (2024) · IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/ccnc51664.2024.10454703 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Lately, several data aggregation techniques have been investigated to reduce data redundancy and improve communication efficiency in the IoT setting [10]–[12].”
BackgroundRole of IoT in Building Smart Healthcare Infrastructure
Rajora, R., Kumar, A., Malhotra, S., & Rajora, A. (2023) · Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON) · doi:10.1109/asiancon58793.2023.10270462 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Because of poor connectivity and weak network in rural areas ad hoc communication modes like Bluetooth, ZigBee, and WLAN are very popular[34]Different techniques, for example, encryption-decryption, cryptographic[23], steganographic[37][43], machine learning and algorithms are purposed for data security during data tr…”
BackgroundMardenov, Y., Adamova, A., Zhukabayeva, T. K., & Othman, M. (2023) · Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) · doi:10.18196/jrc.v4i6.20216 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“There are traditional methods for detecting a faulty sensor node, but their performance is low under various conditions, for example, when deploying a network in adverse conditions [32]-[34].”
MethodCellular Automata, S-Box and DNA Coding Based SPN for Image Encryption
Omran, O., & Alexan, W. (2023) · International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (ICHORA) · doi:10.1109/hora58378.2023.10156745 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Distributed Model for IoT Anomaly Detection Using Federated Learning
Tahir, S., & Zaheer, A. (2023) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-7625-3.ch003 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Satyanarayana, P., Rao, G. V. S. P., Dasam, S., Arun, M., Kalpana, D., & Krishnan, V. G. (2023) · International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC) · doi:10.1109/icmnwc60182.2023.10435907 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Ullah et al. [18] review the strategies for secure data aggregation, a critical aspect in IoT applications within MANETs.”
BackgroundProvably secure optimal homomorphic signcryption for satellite-based internet of things
Farrea, K. A., Baig, Z. A., Doss, R., & Liu, D. (2024) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110516 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Veena, R. S., Khambra, G., Sayal, R., Singh, N., Veerasamy, B. D., & Sar, S. K. (2024) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-024-03195-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Designing an Ethical and Secure Pain Estimation System Using AI Sandbox for Contactless Healthcare
Khan, U. A., & Alamäki, A. V. (2023) · International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) · doi:10.3991/ijoe.v19i15.43663 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Muniteja, M., Bee, M. K. M., & Suresh, V. (2022) · International Conference on Cyber Resilience (ICCR) · doi:10.1109/iccr56254.2022.9995881 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Our group has broad information and examination experience that has convert into excellent distributions [1], [4]–[8], [20], [22], [23], [25], [26], [29], [32], [36], [38], [39], [42] The proposed strategy manages clinical demonstrated information and improves at class lopsidedness and overtraining issues, the exhibit…”
BackgroundRetractedElsisi, M., Su, C., Lin, C.-H., & Ku, T. (2024) · IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference · doi:10.1109/icps60943.2024.10563334 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The IoT has the ability to address issues associated with the conversion of older energy networks to more contemporary smart grids since it offers distributed processing power and bidirectional communication [10, 11].”
BackgroundPimple, J. (2024) · Journal of Electrical Systems · doi:10.52783/jes.696 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The authors of [10] enhanced security in medical IoT data and electronic health records (EHRs) within S-Healthcare Services by integrating data access control and data usage auditing mechanisms.”
BackgroundMethodHira, F. A., Khalid, H. B., Rasid, S. Z. A., & Moshiul, A. M. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i5/13101 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Review on Secure Data Storage and Data Sharing Technics in Blockchain-based IoT Healthcare Systems
Nasab, S. S. F., Bahrepour, D., & Tabbakh, S. R. K. (2022) · International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering · doi:10.1109/iccke57176.2022.9959977 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“On the other hand, some features such as reliability, confidentiality, privacy, and integrity are significant subjects to secure transferring, storage, and sharing of healthcare data [10-12].”
BackgroundComputational Intelligence Ethical Issues in Health Care
Sama, N. U., Zen, K. B., Jhanjhi, N. Z., & Humayun, M. (2024) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-8853-2_21 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationMachine Learning and Internet-of-Things Solutions for Microgrid Resilient Operation
Su, C., Rouhani, S. H., Elsisi, M., Ali, Z., Nhat, H. L. Q., & Sadiq, M. (2024) · Power systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-6623-9_8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Elsisi, M., Su, C., Lin, C.-H., & Ku, T. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2025.3547704 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kumar, A., Verma, D. K., & Dwivedi, R. K. (2025) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2025.113209 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Machine Learning Architecture for Signature-based IoT Intrusion Detection in Smart Energy Grids
Yadav, N., Truong, L. M., Troja, E., & Aliasgari, M. (2022) · IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON) · doi:10.1109/melecon53508.2022.9843007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kumar, K. K., & Kanimozhi, K. V. (2022) · International Conference on Business Analytics for Technology and Security (ICBATS) · doi:10.1109/icbats54253.2022.9759044 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cyber Security for Connected wearable Devices
Alshammari, M., & Alshammari, M. (2022) · International Conference on Business Analytics for Technology and Security (ICBATS) · doi:10.1109/icbats54253.2022.9758932 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The processor analyzes the information and then sends commands to sensors or other actuators to collect further information or perform preset tasks [1].”
BackgroundSirajudheen, A. M., & David, D. J. (2023) · International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) · doi:10.1109/iccci56745.2023.10128207 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In this view, lightweight cryptography is required for a secure and trustworthy environment to transfer data to the internet [45].”
BackgroundEdge-Enabled Smart Traffic Management System: An IoT Implementation for Urban Mobility
Jabakumar, A. K. (2023) · Research Journal of Computer Systems and Engineering · doi:10.52710/rjcse.85 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Analytical Optimal Control of Delayed Worm Propagation Model in Heterogeneous IoT Systems
Murthy, B. S. N., Madhusudanan, V., Srinivas, M. N., Guerrini, L., Zeb, A., Dao, N., & Cho, S. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3559146 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Researchers have used epidemic models to analyze the behavior of malicious entities on the Internet, providing valuable information on the management of worm propagation within systems [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18].”
Jayawardane, O., Induwara, M., Gunathilaka, H. H. C., Fernando, M. M. P. M., Weerasinghe, W. M. S. K. B., & Wijewardhana, U. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3662482 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“To add to the discussion, the security of the aggregation process also warrants attention, given the sensitivity of health-care data and the potential vulnerabilities of aggregator nodes, such as cluster heads (CHs), to attacks and system failures in hardware, software, or networks [14], [15].”
Influential
- Authors
- Ullah, A., Azeem, M., Ashraf, H., Alaboudi, A. A., Humayun, M., & Jhanjhi, N.
- Affiliations
- National University of Modern Languages (PK)
- International Islamic University, Islamabad (PK)
- Shaqra University (SA)
- Venue
- IEEE Access
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 16849-16865
- ISSN
- 2169-3536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3126450618
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 15
- FWCI
- 18.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- IEEE Access (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Keywords
- Internet of Medical Things, secure data transmission, fog computing, healthcare data privacy, data compression, smart cities, intelligent vehicles, smart grid
About these checks
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