Efficient Piecewise Training of Deep Structured Models for Semantic Segmentation
Open accessAbstract
Recent advances in semantic image segmentation have mostly been achieved by training deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We show how to improve semantic segmentation through the use of contextual information, specifically, we explore 'patch-patch' context between image regions, and 'patch-background' context. For learning from the patch-patch context, we formulate Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) with CNN-based pairwise potential functions to capture semantic correlations between neighboring patches. Efficient piecewise training of the proposed deep structured model is then applied to avoid repeated expensive CRF inference for back propagation. For capturing the patch-background context, we show that a network design with traditional multi-scale image input and sliding pyramid pooling is effective for improving performance. Our experimental results set new state-of-the-art performance on a number of popular semantic segmentation datasets, including NYUDv2, PASCAL VOC 2012, PASCAL-Context, and SIFT-flow. In particular, we achieve an intersection-overunion score of 78:0 on the challenging PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
More freeform pairwise potentials for a pair of super-pixels or image patches were proposed, but such CRFs have a low resolution.
“More freeform pairwise potentials for a pair of super-pixels or image patches were proposed in [27], [53], but such CRFs have a low resolution.”
From DeepIGeoS: A Deep Interactive Geodesic Framework for Medical Image Segmentation (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Cites
Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition
Simonyan, K., & Zisserman, A. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1409.1556 · Cited by 74,248 · see citing works
Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context
Lin, T.-Y., Maire, M., Belongie, S., Hays, J., Perona, P., Ramanan, D., Dollár, P., & Zitnick, C. L. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10602-1_48 · Cited by 45,460 · see citing works
Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation
Long, J., Shelhamer, E., & Darrell, T. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298965 · Cited by 38,834 · see citing works
Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation
Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T., & Malik, J. (2014) · 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2014.81 · Cited by 32,684 · see citing works
The pascal visual object classes (VOC) challenge
Everingham, M., Van Gool, L., Williams, C. K. I., Winn, J., & Zisserman, A. (2010) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-009-0275-4 · Cited by 19,599 · see citing works
Beyond Bags of Features: Spatial Pyramid Matching for Recognizing Natural Scene Categories
Lazebnik, S., Schmid, C., & Ponce, J. (2006) · 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2 (CVPR'06) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2006.68 · Cited by 7,916 · see citing works
Learning a Deep Convolutional Network for Image Super-Resolution
Dong, C., Loy, C. C., He, K., & Tang, X. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10593-2_13 · Cited by 5,827 · see citing works
Indoor segmentation and support inference from rgbd images
Silberman, N., Hoiem, D., Kohli, P., & Fergus, R. (2012) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33715-4_54 · Cited by 5,760 · see citing works
Learning Deconvolution Network for Semantic Segmentation
Noh, H., Hong, S., & Han, B. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.178 · Cited by 4,422 · see citing works
Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets and Fully Connected CRFs
Chen, L.-C., Papandreou, G., Kokkinos, I., Murphy, K., & Yuille, A. L. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1412.7062 · Cited by 4,213 · see citing works
Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Network
Eigen, D., Puhrsch, C., & Fergus, R. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1406.2283 · Cited by 3,442 · see citing works
Efficient Inference in Fully Connected CRFs with Gaussian Edge Potentials
Krähenbühl, P., & Koltun, V. (2012) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1210.5644 · Cited by 2,908 · see citing works
Eigen, D., & Fergus, R. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.304 · Cited by 2,862 · see citing works
Learning Hierarchical Features for Scene Labeling
Farabet, C., Couprie, C., Najman, L., & LeCun, Y. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2012.231 · Cited by 2,620 · see citing works
Conditional Random Fields as Recurrent Neural Networks
Zheng, S., Jayasumana, S., Romera-Paredes, B., Vineet, V., Su, Z., Du, D., Huang, C., & Torr, P. H. S. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.179 · Cited by 2,386 · see citing works
Semantic contours from inverse detectors
Hariharan, B., Arbeláez, P., Bourdev, L. D., Maji, S., & Malik, J. (2011) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126343 · Cited by 1,714 · see citing works
SIFT Flow: Dense Correspondence across Scenes and Its Applications
Liu, C., Yuen, J., & Torralba, A. B. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2010.147 · Cited by 1,590 · see citing works
Learning Rich Features from RGB-D Images for Object Detection and Segmentation
Gupta, S., Girshick, R., Arbeláez, P., & Malik, J. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10584-0_23 · Cited by 1,528 · see citing works
Hypercolumns for object segmentation and fine-grained localization
Hariharan, B., Arbelaez, P., Girshick, R., & Malik, J. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298642 · Cited by 1,511 · see citing works
The Role of Context for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in the Wild
Mottaghi, R., Chen, X., Liu, X., Cho, N.-G., Lee, S.-W., Fidler, S., Urtasun, R., & Yuille, A. (2014) · 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2014.119 · Cited by 1,438 · see citing works
Joint Training of a Convolutional Network and a Graphical Model for Human Pose EstimationPreprint
Tompson, J., Jain, A., LeCun, Y., & Bregler, C. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1406.2984 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
Learning Depth from Single Monocular Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Fields
Liu, F., Shen, C., Lin, G., & Reid, I. D. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2015.2505283 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Self-citationSimultaneous Detection and Segmentation
Hariharan, B., Arbeláez, P., Girshick, R., & Malik, J. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10584-0_20 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
BoxSup: Exploiting Bounding Boxes to Supervise Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation
Dai, J., He, K., & Sun, J. (2015) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.191 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Deep convolutional neural fields for depth estimation from a single image
Liu, F., Shen, C., & Lin, G. (2015) · 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7299152 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Self-citationMatConvNet - Convolutional Neural Networks for MATLAB
Vedaldi, A., & Lenc, K. (2014) · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1412.4564 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Semantic Image Segmentation via Deep Parsing Network
Liu, Z., Li, X., Luo, P., Loy, C.-C., & Tang, X. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.162 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks for Scene Labeling
Pinheiro, P. O., & Collobert, R. (2014) · Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Rabinovich, A., Vedaldi, A., Galleguillos, C., Wiewiora, E., & Belongie, S. (2007) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2007.4408986 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Perceptual Organization and Recognition of Indoor Scenes from RGB-D Images
Gupta, S., Arbeláez, P., & Malik, J. (2013) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2013.79 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Semantic Segmentation with Second-Order Pooling
Carreira, J., Caseiro, R., Batista, J. P., & Sminchisescu, C. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33786-4_32 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Restoring an Image Taken through a Window Covered with Dirt or Rain
Eigen, D., Krishnan, D., & Fergus, R. (2013) · 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/iccv.2013.84 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Feedforward semantic segmentation with zoom-out features
Mostajabi, M., Yadollahpour, P., & Shakhnarovich, G. (2015) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298959 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Convolutional feature masking for joint object and stuff segmentation
Dai, J., He, K., & Sun, J. (2015) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2015.7299025 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Learning Spatial Context: Using Stuff to Find Things
Heitz, G., & Koller, D. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-88682-2_4 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Efficiency of pseudolikelihood estimation for simple Gaussian fields
Besag, J. E. (1977) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/64.3.616 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The Layout Consistent Random Field for Recognizing and Segmenting Partially Occluded Objects
Winn, J. M., & Shotton, J. (2006) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2006.305 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Structured Learning and Prediction in Computer Vision
Nowozin, S. (2010) · now publishers, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1561/9781601984579 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Fully Connected Deep Structured NetworksPreprint
Schwing, A. G., & Urtasun, R. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.02351 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Finding Things: Image Parsing with Regions and Per-Exemplar Detectors
Tighe, J., & Lazebnik, S. (2013) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2013.386 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Parameter Learning and Convergent Inference for Dense Random Fields
Kraehenbuehl, P., & Koltun, V. (2013) · International Conference on Machine Learning · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Piecewise Training for Undirected ModelsPreprint
Sutton, C. A., & McCallum, A. (2012) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1207.1409 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Learning Deep Structured ModelsPreprint
Chen, L.-C., Schwing, A. G., Yuille, A., & Urtasun, R. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1407.2538 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks for Scene ParsingPreprint
Pinheiro, P. H. O., & Collobert, R. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1306.2795 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Nowozin, S., Rother, C., Bagon, S., Sharp, T., Yao, B., & Kohli, P. (2011) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2011.6126429 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Context as Supervisory Signal: Discovering Objects with Predictable Context
Doersch, C., Gupta, A., & Efros, A. A. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10578-9_24 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Heesch, D. C., & Petrou, M. (2009) · Journal of Signal Processing Systems · doi:10.1007/s11265-009-0349-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Closed-Form Training of Conditional Random Fields for Large Scale Image SegmentationPreprint
Kolesnikov, A., Guillaumin, M., Ferrari, V., & Lampert, C. H. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1403.7057 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chen, L.-C., Papandreou, G., Kokkinos, I., Murphy, K., & Yuille, A. L. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2017.2699184 · Cited by 22,392 · see citing works
SegNet: A Deep Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Image Segmentation
Badrinarayanan, V., Kendall, A., & Cipolla, R. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2016.2644615 · Cited by 19,631 · see citing works
Zhao, H., Shi, J., Qi, X., Wang, X., & Jia, J. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.660 · Cited by 16,438 · see citing works
Encoder-Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentation
Chen, L.-C., Zhu, Y., Papandreou, G., Schroff, F., & Adam, H. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01234-2_49 · Cited by 20,054 · see citing works
The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understanding
Cordts, M., Omran, M., Ramos, S., Rehfeld, T., Enzweiler, M., Benenson, R., Franke, U., Roth, S., & Schiele, B. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.350 · Cited by 12,433 · see citing works
Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentation
Fu, J., Liu, J., Tian, H., Li, Y., Bao, Y., Fang, Z., & Lu, H. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00326 · Cited by 7,351 · see citing works
Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognition
Wang, J., Sun, K., Cheng, T., Jiang, B., Deng, C., Zhao, Y., Liu, D., Mu, Y., Tan, M., Wang, X., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2020.2983686 · Cited by 4,894 · see citing works
Image segmentation using deep learning: A survey
Minaee, S., Boykov, Y. Y., Porikli, F., Plaza, A. J., Kehtarnavaz, N., & Terzopoulos, D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3059968 · Cited by 3,796 · see citing works
Multi-task Learning Using Uncertainty to Weigh Losses for Scene Geometry and Semantics
Cipolla, R., Gal, Y., & Kendall, A. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00781 · Cited by 3,657 · see citing works
RefineNet: Multi-path Refinement Networks for High-Resolution Semantic Segmentation
Lin, G., Milan, A., Shen, C., & Reid, I. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.549 · Cited by 3,287 · see citing works
“The evaluation results of these variants on the NYUD dataset are shown in Table 9.”
MethodSelf-citationBiSeNet: Bilateral Segmentation Network for Real-Time Semantic Segmentation
Yu, C., Wang, J., Peng, C., Gao, C., Yu, G., & Sang, N. (2018) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01261-8_20 · Cited by 2,968 · see citing works
Deep learning for visual understanding: A review
Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Oerlemans, A., Lao, S., Wu, S., & Lew, M. S. (2016) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2015.09.116 · Cited by 2,504 · see citing works
Conditional Random Fields as Recurrent Neural Networks
Zheng, S., Jayasumana, S., Romera-Paredes, B., Vineet, V., Su, Z., Du, D., Huang, C., & Torr, P. H. S. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.179 · Cited by 2,386 · see citing works
“Context-DeepCNN-CRF [33] n/a n/a 70.”
Understanding Convolution for Semantic Segmentation
Wang, P., Chen, P., Yuan, Y., Liu, D., Huang, Z., Hou, X., & Cottrell, G. W. (2018) · IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision · doi:10.1109/wacv.2018.00163 · Cited by 2,127 · see citing works
Learning to Adapt Structured Output Space for Semantic Segmentation
Tsai, Y., Hung, W.-C., Schulter, S., Sohn, K., Yang, M., & Chandraker, M. K. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00780 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Large Kernel Matters — Improve Semantic Segmentation by Global Convolutional Network
Peng, C., Zhang, X., Yu, G., Luo, G., & Sun, J. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.189 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
A survey on deep learning and its applications
Dong, S., Wang, P., & Abbas, K. (2021) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2021.100379 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Large-Scale Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation with Superpoint Graphs
Landrieu, L., & Simonovsky, M. (2018) · 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00479 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Context Encoding for Semantic Segmentation
Zhang, H., Dana, K., Shi, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Tyagi, A., & Agrawal, A. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00747 · Cited by 1,510 · see citing works
ERFNet: Efficient Residual Factorized ConvNet for Real-Time Semantic Segmentation
Romera, E., Álvarez, J. M., Bergasa, L. M., & Arroyo, R. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2017.2750080 · Cited by 1,491 · see citing works
Attention to Scale: Scale-Aware Semantic Image Segmentation
Chen, L.-C., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Xu, W., & Yuille, A. (2016) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.396 · Cited by 1,462 · see citing works
The Mapillary Vistas Dataset for Semantic Understanding of Street Scenes
Neuhold, G., Ollmann, T., Bulo, S. R., & Kontschieder, P. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2017.534 · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
PSANet: Point-wise Spatial Attention Network for Scene Parsing
Zhao, H., Yi, Z., Liu, S., Shi, J., Loy, C. C., Lin, D., & Jia, J. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01240-3_17 · Cited by 1,233 · see citing works
DeepCrack: A deep hierarchical feature learning architecture for crack segmentation
Liu, Y., Yao, J., Lu, X., Xie, R., & Li, L. (2019) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2019.01.036 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Structural-RNN: Deep Learning on Spatio-Temporal Graphs
Jain, A., Zamir, A. R., Savarese, S., & Saxena, A. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.573 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Fully Convolutional Instance-Aware Semantic Segmentation
Li, Y., Qi, H., Dai, J., Ji, X., & Wei, Y. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.472 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
ParseNet: Looking Wider to See BetterPreprint
Liu, W., Rabinovich, A., & Berg, A. C. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1506.04579 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Learning a Discriminative Feature Network for Semantic Segmentation
Yu, C., Wang, J., Peng, C., Gao, C., Yu, G., & Sang, N. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00199 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Ahn, J., & Kwak, S. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00523 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
FuseNet: Incorporating Depth into Semantic Segmentation via Fusion-Based CNN Architecture
Hazirbas, C., Ma, L., Domokos, C., & Cremers, D. (2017) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54181-5_14 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Strip Pooling: Rethinking Spatial Pooling for Scene Parsing
Hou, Q., Li, Z., Cheng, M., & Feng, J. (2020) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00406 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Gated-SCNN: Gated Shape CNNs for Semantic Segmentation
Takikawa, T., Acuna, D., Jampani, V., & Fidler, S. (2019) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00533 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
A review of semantic segmentation using deep neural networks
Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Georgiou, T., & Lew, M. S. (2018) · International Journal of Multimedia Information Retrieval · doi:10.1007/s13735-017-0141-z · Cited by 882 · see citing works
Simple Does It: Weakly Supervised Instance and Semantic Segmentation
Khoreva, A., Benenson, R., Hosang, J., Hein, M., & Schiele, B. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.181 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Asymmetric Non-Local Neural Networks for Semantic Segmentation
Zhu, Z., Xu, M., Bai, S., Huang, T., & Bai, X. (2019) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00068 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Zhang, C., Lin, G., Liu, F., Yao, R., & Shen, C. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00536 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, J., Yuan, Z., Peng, J., Chen, L., Huang, H., Zhu, J., Liu, Y., & Li, H. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/jstars.2020.3037893 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Beyond RGB: Very high resolution urban remote sensing with multimodal deep networks
Audebert, N., Saux, B. L., & Lefèvre, S. (2017) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.011 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
High-Resolution Representations for Labeling Pixels and RegionsPreprint
Sun, K., Zhao, Y. S., Jiang, B., Cheng, T., Xiao, B., Liu, D., Mu, Y., Wang, X., Liu, W., & Wang, J. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1904.04514 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
SegAN: Adversarial Network with Multi-scale L1 Loss for Medical Image Segmentation
Xue, Y., Xu, T., Zhang, H., Long, L. R., & Huang, X. (2018) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-018-9377-x · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Full-Resolution Residual Networks for Semantic Segmentation in Street Scenes
Pohlen, T., Hermans, A., Mathias, M., & Leibe, B. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.353 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
A Brief Survey on Semantic Segmentation with Deep Learning
Hao, S., Zhou, Y., & Guo, Y. (2020) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2019.11.118 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Shou, Z., Chan, J., Zareian, A., Miyazawa, K., & Chang, S. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.155 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Survey on semantic segmentation using deep learning techniques
Lateef, F., & Ruichek, Y. (2019) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2019.02.003 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Xu, D., Ouyang, W., Wang, X., & Sebe, N. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00077 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
3D Graph Neural Networks for RGBD Semantic Segmentation
Qi, X., Liao, R., Jia, J., Fidler, S., & Urtasun, R. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2017.556 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
DeepIGeoS: A Deep Interactive Geodesic Framework for Medical Image Segmentation
Wang, G., Zuluaga, M. A., Li, W., Pratt, R., Patel, P. A., Aertsen, M., Doel, T., David, A. L., Deprest, J., Ourselin, S., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2018.2840695 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Recent progress in semantic image segmentation
Liu, X., Deng, Z., & Yang, Y. (2018) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-018-9641-3 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Laplacian Pyramid Reconstruction and Refinement for Semantic Segmentation
Ghiasi, G., & Fowlkes, C. C. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46487-9_32 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
MA-Net: A Multi-Scale Attention Network for Liver and Tumor Segmentation
Fan, T., Wang, G., Li, Y., & Wang, H. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3025372 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Semantic Image Segmentation via Deep Parsing Network
Liu, Z., Li, X., Luo, P., Loy, C.-C., & Tang, X. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.162 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Kokkinos, I. (2017) · 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.579 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Vali, A., Comai, S., & Matteucci, M. (2020) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs12152495 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Cao, Y., Wu, Z., & Shen, C. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology · doi:10.1109/tcsvt.2017.2740321 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive Pyramid Context Network for Semantic Segmentation
He, J., Deng, Z., Zhou, L., Wang, Y., & Qiao, Y. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00770 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Deep Interactive Object Selection
Xu, N., Price, B., Cohen, S., Yang, J., & Huang, T. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.47 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Context Contrasted Feature and Gated Multi-scale Aggregation for Scene Segmentation
Ding, H., Jiang, X., Shuai, B., Liu, A. Q., & Wang, G. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00254 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Alshehhi, R., Marpu, P., Woon, W. L., & Mura, M. D. (2017) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.05.002 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
MaskLab: Instance Segmentation by Refining Object Detection with Semantic and Direction Features
Chen, L.-C., Hermans, A., Papandreou, G., Schroff, F., Wang, P., & Adam, H. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00422 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Semantic Segmentation of Earth Observation Data Using Multimodal and Multi-scale Deep Networks
Audebert, N., Saux, B. L., & Lefèvre, S. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54181-5_12 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Chen, L.-C., Barron, J. T., Papandreou, G., Murphy, K. P., & Yuille, A. (2016) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.492 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
3D Shape Segmentation with Projective Convolutional Networks
Kalogerakis, E., Averkiou, M., Maji, S., & Chaudhuri, S. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.702 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Squeeze-and-Attention Networks for Semantic Segmentation
Zhong, Z., Lin, Z. Q., Bidart, R., Hu, X., Daya, I. B., Li, Z., Zheng, W., Li, J., & Wong, A. K. C. (2020) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.01308 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Perturbed and Strict Mean Teachers for Semi-supervised Semantic Segmentation
Liu, Y., Tian, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, F., Belagiannis, V., & Carneiro, G. (2022) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00422 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Pattern-Affinitive Propagation Across Depth, Surface Normal and Semantic Segmentation
Zhang, Z., Cui, Z., Xu, C., Yan, Y., Sebe, N., & Yang, J. J. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00423 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Image classification with deep learning in the presence of noisy labels: A survey
Algan, G., & Ulusoy, İ. (2021) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2021.106771 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Improving Semantic Segmentation via Decoupled Body and Edge Supervision
Li, X., Li, X., Zhang, L., Cheng, G., Shi, J., Lin, Z., Tan, S., & Tong, Y. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58520-4_26 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Pixel-Adaptive Convolutional Neural Networks
Su, H., Jampani, V., Sun, D., Gallo, O., Learned-Miller, E., & Kautz, J. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.01142 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual RecognitionPreprint
Wang, J., Sun, K., Cheng, T., Jiang, B., Deng, C., Zhao, Y. S., Liu, D., Mu, Y., Tan, M., Wang, X., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.07919 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
On the Robustness of Semantic Segmentation Models to Adversarial Attacks
Arnab, A., Mikšík, O., & Torr, P. H. S. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00099 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Polarized self-attention: Towards high-quality pixel-wise mapping
Liu, H., Liu, F., Fan, X., & Huang, D. (2022) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2022.07.054 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Co-Occurrent Features in Semantic Segmentation
Zhang, H., Zhang, H., Wang, C., & Xie, J. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00064 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Instance-Level Salient Object Segmentation
Li, G., Xie, Y., Lin, L., & Yu, Y. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.34 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
RDFNet: RGB-D Multi-level Residual Feature Fusion for Indoor Semantic Segmentation
Lee, S., Park, S., & Hong, K.-S. (2017) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2017.533 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Matrix Backpropagation for Deep Networks with Structured Layers
Ionescu, C., Vantzos, O., & Sminchisescu, C. (2015) · IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.339 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Methods and datasets on semantic segmentation: A review
Yu, H., Yang, Z., Tan, L., Wang, Y., Sun, W. J., Sun, M., & Tang, Y. (2018) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2018.03.037 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
2DPASS: 2D Priors Assisted Semantic Segmentation on LiDAR Point Clouds
Yan, X., Gao, J., Zheng, C., Zheng, C., Zhang, R., Cui, S. R., & Li, Z. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19815-1_39 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Skin lesion segmentation via generative adversarial networks with dual discriminators
Lei, B., Xia, Z., Jiang, F., Jiang, X., Ge, Z., Xu, Y., Qin, J., Chen, S., Wang, T., & Wang, S. (2020) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2020.101716 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
ViTAEv2: Vision Transformer Advanced by Exploring Inductive Bias for Image Recognition and Beyond
Zhang, Q., Xu, Y., Zhang, J., & Tao, D. (2023) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-022-01739-w · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Not All Pixels Are Equal: Difficulty-Aware Semantic Segmentation via Deep Layer Cascade
Li, X., Liu, Z., Luo, P., Loy, C. C., & Tang, X. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.684 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
CTNet: Context-Based Tandem Network for Semantic Segmentation
Li, Z., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., & Tang, J. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2021.3132068 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Tian, Z., He, T., Shen, C., & Yan, Y. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00324 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, C., Huang, Y., Ouyang, W., & Wang, L. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00325 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
MTI-Net: Multi-scale Task Interaction Networks for Multi-task Learning
Vandenhende, S., Georgoulis, S., & Gool, L. V. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58548-8_31 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Cheng, H. K., Chung, J., Tai, Y., & Tang, C. (2020) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00891 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
InstanceCut: From Edges to Instances with MultiCut
Kirillov, A., Levinkov, E., Andres, B., Savchynskyy, B., & Rother, C. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.774 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Dynamic Multi-Scale Filters for Semantic Segmentation
He, J., Deng, Z., & Qiao, Y. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00366 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Group Consistent Similarity Learning via Deep CRF for Person Re-identification
Chen, D., Xu, D., Li, H., Sebe, N., & Wang, X. (2018) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2018.00902 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Neupane, B., Horanont, T., & Aryal, J. (2021) · Remote Sensing · doi:10.3390/rs13040808 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Locality-Sensitive Deconvolution Networks with Gated Fusion for RGB-D Indoor Semantic Segmentation
Cheng, Y., Cai, R., Li, Z., Zhao, X., & Huang, K. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.161 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
PlaneRCNN: 3D Plane Detection and Reconstruction From a Single Image
Liu, C., Kim, K., Gu, J., Furukawa, Y., & Kautz, J. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00458 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
A Survey on Deep Learning-based Architectures for Semantic Segmentation on 2D Images
Ülkü, İ., & Akagündüz, E. (2022) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839514.2022.2032924 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Pixelwise Instance Segmentation with a Dynamically Instantiated Network
Arnab, A., & Torr, P. H. S. (2017) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2017.100 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Residual Conv-Deconv Grid Network for Semantic Segmentation
Fourure, D., Emonet, R., Fromont, É., Muselet, D., Trémeau, A., & Wolf, C. (2017) · British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC) · doi:10.5244/c.31.181 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Knowledge Adaptation for Efficient Semantic Segmentation
He, T., Shen, C., Tian, Z., Gong, D., Sun, C., & Yan, Y. (2019) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00067 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationJoint Task-Recursive Learning for Semantic Segmentation and Depth Estimation
Zhang, Z., Cui, Z., Xu, C., Jie, Z., Li, X., & Yang, J. J. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01249-6_15 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-support Few-Shot Semantic Segmentation
Fan, Q., Pei, W., Tai, Y., & Tang, C. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19800-7_41 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Deep Learning with Microfluidics for Biotechnology
Riordon, J., Sovilj, D., Sanner, S., Sinton, D. A., & Young, E. W. K. (2018) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.08.005 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Few-Shot Semantic Segmentation with Democratic Attention Networks
Wang, H., Zhang, X., Hu, Y., Yang, Y., Cao, X., & Zhen, X. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58601-0_43 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Segmenting Transparent Objects in the Wild
Xie, E., Wang, W., Wang, W., Ding, M., Shen, C., & Luo, P. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58601-0_41 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Lin, G., Shen, C., van den Hengel, A., & Reid, I.
- Affiliations
- Australian Centre for Robotic Vision (AU)
- Venue
- 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2016-06
- Pages
- 3194-3203
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2963563573
- Cited by
- 862
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 127 · 2018: 113 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 16
- FWCI
- 46.86
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Australian Centre for Robotic Vision (#CE140100016)
- Australian Research Council (FL130100102, CE140100016, FT120100969)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Keywords
- semantic segmentation, conditional random fields, multi-scale input, contextual information, convolutional neural networks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review