The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Gift from Knowledge Distillation: Fast Optimization, Network Minimization and Transfer Learning
Abstract
We introduce a novel technique for knowledge transfer, where knowledge from a pretrained deep neural network (DNN) is distilled and transferred to another DNN. As the DNN performs a mapping from the input space to the output space through many layers sequentially, we define the distilled knowledge to be transferred in terms of flow between layers, which is calculated by computing the inner product between features from two layers. When we compare the student DNN and the original network with the same size as the student DNN but trained without a teacher network, the proposed method of transferring the distilled knowledge as the flow between two layers exhibits three important phenomena: (1) the student DNN that learns the distilled knowledge is optimized much faster than the original model, (2) the student DNN outperforms the original DNN, and (3) the student DNN can learn the distilled knowledge from a teacher DNN that is trained at a different task, and the student DNN outperforms the original DNN that is trained from scratch.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.90 · Cited by 235,474
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E. (2017) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/3065386 · Cited by 112,155
Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization
Kingma, D. P., & Ba, J. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1412.6980 · Cited by 98,946
Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition
Lecun, Y., Bottou, L., Bengio, Y., & Haffner, P. (1998) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.726791 · Cited by 58,805
ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge
Russakovsky, O., Deng, J., Su, H., Krause, J., Satheesh, S., Ma, S., Huang, Z., Karpathy, A., Khosla, A., Bernstein, M., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-015-0816-y · Cited by 39,380
Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift
Ioffe, S., & Szegedy, C. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1502.03167 · Cited by 27,818
Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.123 · Cited by 19,741
Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network
Hinton, G., Vinyals, O., & Dean, J. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.02531 · Cited by 14,204
Identity mappings in deep residual networks
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0_38 · Cited by 10,741
Identity Mappings in Deep Residual Networks
He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., & Sun, J. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1603.05027 · Cited by 10,665
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- krähenbühl, 2015, Data-dependent initializations of convolutional neural networks
- krizhevsky, 2009, Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images
- mishkin, 2015, All you need is a good init
- noh, 2015, Image question answering using convolutional neural network with dynamic parameter prediction
- zhou, 2015, Simple baseline for visual question answering
- duchi, 2011, Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12, 2121
- chen, 2015, Net2net Accelerating learning via knowledge transfer
- gatys, 2015, A neural algorithm of artistic style
- erhan, 2010, Why does unsupervised pre-training help deep learning?, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 11, 625
- glorot, 2010, Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks, AISTATS, 9, 249
- branson, 2014, Bird species categorization using pose normalized deep convolutional nets
- romero, 2015, Fitnets: Hints for thin deep nets, Proceedings of ICL
- saxe, 2013, Exact solutions to the nonlinear dynamics of learning in deep linear neural networks
- veit, 2016, Residual networks are exponential ensembles of relatively shallow networks
- 10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298594 · DOI · Paper page
- wah, 2011, The Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011 Dataset, Technical Report
Cited by
Knowledge Distillation: A Survey
Gou, J., Yu, B., Maybank, S. J., & Tao, D. (2021) · International Journal of Computer Vision · doi:10.1007/s11263-021-01453-z · Cited by 3,931
A Survey of Quantization Methods for Efficient Neural Network Inference
Gholami, A., Kim, S., Dong, Z., Yao, Z., Mahoney, M. W., & Keutzer, K. (2022) · Low-Power Computer Vision · doi:10.1201/9781003162810-13 · Cited by 1,219
“[94, 148, 187] use logits (the soft probabilities) as the source of knowledge, while [3, 200, 261] try to leverage the knowledge from intermediate layers.”
Improved Knowledge Distillation via Teacher Assistant
Mirzadeh, S. I., Farajtabar, M., Li, A., Levine, N., Matsukawa, A., & Ghasemzadeh, H. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5963 · Cited by 101
“In the ’FSP’ method, a channel-wise correlation matrix is used as the medium of knowledge transfer (Yim et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodDecoupled Knowledge Distillation
Zhao, B., Cui, Q., Song, R., Qiu, Y., & Liang, J. (2022) · 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.01165 · Cited by 965
Rethinking Few-Shot Image Classification: A Good Embedding is All You Need?
Tian, Y., Wang, Y., Krishnan, D., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Isola, P. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58568-6_16 · Cited by 952
A Comprehensive Overhaul of Feature Distillation
Heo, B., Kim, J., Yun, S., Park, H., Kwak, N., & Choi, J. Y. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2019.00201 · Cited by 706
Self-citationRevisiting Knowledge Distillation via Label Smoothing Regularization
Yuan, L., Tay, F. E., Li, G., Wang, T., & Feng, J. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00396 · Cited by 572
Binary Neural Networks: A Survey
Qin, H., Gong, R., Liu, X., Bai, X., Song, J., & Sebe, N. (2020) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2020.107281 · Cited by 546
Dreaming to Distill: Data-Free Knowledge Transfer via DeepInversion
Yin, H., Molchanov, P., Alvarez, J. M., Li, Z., Mallya, A., Hoiem, D., Jha, N. K., & Kautz, J. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00874 · Cited by 540
Paraphrasing Complex Network: Network Compression via Factor Transfer
Kim, J., Park, S., & Kwak, N. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.04977 · Cited by 411
Self-citationCollaborative Federated Learning for Healthcare: Multi-Modal COVID-19 Diagnosis at the Edge
Qayyum, A., Ahmad, K., Ahsan, M. A., Al-Fuqaha, A., & Qadir, J. (2022) · IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society · doi:10.1109/ojcs.2022.3206407 · Cited by 345
A survey on data‐efficient algorithms in big data era
Adadi, A. (2021) · Journal of Big Data · doi:10.1186/s40537-021-00419-9 · Cited by 331
Online Knowledge Distillation with Diverse Peers
Chen, D., Mei, J.-P., Wang, C., Feng, Y., & Chen, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5746 · Cited by 324
Knowledge Distillation via Instance Relationship Graph
Liu, Y., Cao, J., Li, B., Yuan, C., Hu, W., Li, Y., & Duan, Y. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00726 · Cited by 303
Apprentice: Using Knowledge Distillation Techniques To Improve Low-Precision Network Accuracy
Mishra, A., & Marr, D. (2017) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1711.05852 · Cited by 270
GAN Compression: Efficient Architectures for Interactive Conditional GANs
Li, M., Lin, J., Ding, Y., Liu, Z., Zhu, J.-Y., & Han, S. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00533 · Cited by 216
AdderNet: Do We Really Need Multiplications in Deep Learning?
Chen, H., Wang, Y., Xu, C., Shi, B., Xu, C., Tian, Q., & Xu, C. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.00154 · Cited by 199
Bringing ai to edge: from deep learning’s perspective
Liu, D., Kong, H., Luo, X., Liu, W., & Subramaniam, R. (2022) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2021.04.141 · Cited by 171
“As identified in literature [149], knowledge distillation provides several benefits for small network models.”
BackgroundTopology-Preserving Class-Incremental Learning
Tao, X., Chang, X., Hong, X., Wei, X., & Gong, Y. (2020) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58529-7_16 · Cited by 162
Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Relation Knowledge Distillation
Dong, S., Hong, X., Tao, X., Chang, X., Wei, X., & Gong, Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i2.16213 · Cited by 161
Deep Learning on Mobile and Embedded Devices: State-of-the-art, Challenges, and Future Directions
Chen, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang, Z., Wang, Q., Shen, C., & Zhang, Q. (2021) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3398209 · Cited by 159
Few Sample Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Network Compression
Li, T., Li, J., Liu, Z., & Zhang, C. (2020) · 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr42600.2020.01465 · Cited by 149
Feature Fusion for Online Mutual Knowledge Distillation
Kim, J., Hyun, M., Chung, I., & Kwak, N. (2021) · 2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) · doi:10.1109/icpr48806.2021.9412615 · Cited by 106
Self-citationNotice of Removal: Multiresolution Knowledge Distillation for Anomaly Detection
Salehi, M., Sadjadi, N., Baselizadeh, S., Rohban, M. H., & Rabiee, H. R. (2021) · 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01466 · Cited by 97
Open Problems in Cooperative AI
Dafoe, A., Hughes, E., Bachrach, Y., Collins, T., McKee, K. R., Leibo, J. Z., Larson, K., & Graepel, T. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.08630 · Cited by 93
Federated Contrastive Learning With Feature-Based Distillation for Human Activity Recognition
Xiao, Z., & Tong, H. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2024.3510428 · Cited by 86
A survey of model compression strategies for object detection
Lyu, Z., Yu, T., Pan, F., Zhang, Y., Luo, J., Zhang, D., Chen, Y., Zhang, B., & Li, G. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17192-x · Cited by 65
Binh, L. M., & Woo, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v36i1.19886 · Cited by 63
Distilling Object Detectors with Task Adaptive Regularization
Sun, R., Tang, F., Zhang, X., Xiong, H., & Tian, Q. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.13108 · Cited by 46
Residual error based knowledge distillation
Gao, M., Wang, Y., & Wan, L. (2021) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2020.10.113 · Cited by 45
QKD: Quantization-aware Knowledge Distillation
Kim, J., Bhalgat, Y., Lee, J., Patel, C., & Kwak, N. (2019) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.12491 · Cited by 44
Self-citationAttention Weighted Local Descriptors
Wang, C., Xu, R., Lu, K., Xu, S., Meng, W., Zhang, Y., Fan, B., & Zhang, X. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3266728 · Cited by 36
From Algorithm to Hardware: A Survey on Efficient and Safe Deployment of Deep Neural Networks
Geng, X., Wang, Z., Chen, C., Xu, Q., Xu, K., Jin, C., Gupta, M., Yang, X., Chen, Z., Sabry Aly, M. M., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3394494 · Cited by 26
Dong, C., Pang, C., Li, Z., Zeng, X., & Hu, X. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3223997 · Cited by 26
Distilled Binary Neural Network for Monaural Speech Separation
Chen, X., Liu, G., Shi, J., Xu, J., & Xu, B. (2018) · 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489456 · Cited by 23
Li, S., Liu, F., Peng, G., Cheng, F., Zhao, B., & Ji, M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2022.3214300 · Cited by 18
(2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 6
A Comprehensive Study of Class Incremental Learning Algorithms for Visual Tasks
Belouadah, E., Popescu, A., & Kanellos, I. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.01844 · Cited by 235
“The use of knowledge distillation in an IL context is similar to self-distillation [12, 61] in that it operates with the same network architecture for the teacher and the student.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Yim, J., Joo, D., Bae, J., & Kim, J.
- Venue
- 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2017-07
- Pages
- 7130-7138
- ISSN
- 1063-6919 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2739879705
- Cited by
- 1,570
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 45.73
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.