Building Classifiers with Independency Constraints
Abstract
In this paper we study the problem of classifier learning where the input data contains unjustified dependencies between some data attributes and the class label. Such cases arise for example when the training data is collected from different sources with different labeling criteria or when the data is generated by a biased decision process. When a classifier is trained directly on such data, these undesirable dependencies will carry over to the classifier's predictions. In order to tackle this problem, we study the classification with independency constraints problem: find an accurate model for which the predictions are independent from a given binary attribute. We propose two solutions for this problem and present an empirical validation.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prior work on detecting discrimination has focused on measuring correlation or mutual information between inputs and outputs, discrepancies in fractions of inputs that produce a given output, or discrepancies in output probability distributions.
“Prior work on detecting discrimination has focused on measuring correlation or mutual information between inputs and outputs [79], discrepancies in the fractions of inputs that produce a given output [18, 19, 39-42, 87-89, 91], or discrepancies in output probability distributions [51].”
From Fairness testing: testing software for discrimination (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
Reducing discrimination (CV score) in classifiers often fails to remove causal discrimination and discrimination against certain groups.
“Reducing discrimination (CV score) in classifiers [18, 40, 88, 91], as our evaluation has shown, often fails to remove causal discrimination and discrimination against certain groups.”
From Fairness testing: testing software for discrimination (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
Cites
UCI Machine Learning Repository
Asuncion, A. (2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 24,190 · see citing works
The foundations of cost-sensitive learning
Elkan, C. (2001) · Cited by 1,812 · see citing works
Domingos, P. (1999) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/312129.312220 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Discrimination-aware data mining
Pedreshi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2008) · Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining · doi:10.1145/1401890.1401959 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Chan, P. K., & Stolfo, S. J. (1998) · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Classifying without discriminating
Kamiran, F., & Calders, T. (2009) · 2009 2nd International Conference on Computer, Control and Communication · doi:10.1109/ic4.2009.4909197 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring Discrimination in Socially-Sensitive Decision Records
Pedreschi, D., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2009) · SIAM International Conference on Data Mining · doi:10.1137/1.9781611972795.50 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Nearest Neighbour Classification with Monotonicity Constraints
Duivesteijn, W., & Feelders, A. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-87479-9_38 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Statistical Model for Rough Set Approach to Multicriteria Classification
Dembczyński, K., Greco, S., Kotłowski, W., & Słowiński, R. (2007) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74976-9_18 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Learning decision trees for loss minimization in multi-class problems
Margineantu, D. D., & Dietterich, T. G. (1999) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 11 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate
Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951716679679 · Cited by 3,432 · see citing works
“…may be possible to direct algorithms not to consider sensitive attributes that contribute to discrimination (Barocas and Selbst, 2015), such as gender or ethnicity (Calders et al., 2009; Kamiran and Calders, 2010; Schermer, 2011), based upon the emergence of discrimination in a particular context.”
Explainable AI: a review of machine learning interpretability methods
Linardatos, P., Papastefanopoulos, V., & Kotsiantis, S. (2020) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23010018 · Cited by 2,922 · see citing works
Certifying and Removing Disparate Impact
Feldman, M., Friedler, S. A., Moeller, J., Scheidegger, C., & Venkatasubramanian, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining · doi:10.1145/2783258.2783311 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Data preprocessing techniques for classification without discrimination
Kamiran, F., & Calders, T. (2012) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-011-0463-8 · Cited by 1,305 · see citing works
Self-citationBias in data‐driven artificial intelligence systems—An introductory survey
Ntoutsi, E., Fafalios, P., Gadiraju, U., Iosifidis, V., Nejdl, W., Vidal, M., Ruggieri, S., Turini, F., Papadopoulos, S., Krasanakis, E., et al. (2020) · WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1356 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Three naive Bayes approaches for discrimination-free classification.
Calders, T., & Verwer, S. (2010) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-010-0190-x · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Self-citationAlgorithmic fairness in artificial intelligence for medicine and healthcare
Chen, R. J., Wang, J. J., Williamson, D. F. K., Chen, T. Y., Lipkova, J., Lu, M. Y., Sahai, S., & Mahmood, F. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01056-8 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Gender bias in coreference resolution: Evaluation and debiasing methods
Zhao, J., Wang, T., Yatskar, M., Ordonez, V., & Chang, K.-W. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/n18-2003 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Fairness of Exposure in Rankings
Singh, A., & Joachims, T. (2018) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3219819.3220088 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Explainable Deep Learning: A Field Guide for the Uninitiated
Ras, G., Xie, N., van Gerven, M. A. J., & Doran, D. (2022) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1.13200 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Fairness testing: testing software for discrimination
Galhotra, S., Brun, Y., & Meliou, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering · doi:10.1145/3106237.3106277 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
FairGAN: Fairness-aware Generative Adversarial Networks
Xu, D., Yuan, S., Zhang, L., & Wu, X. (2018) · 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.2018.8622525 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Discrimination Aware Decision Tree Learning
Kamiran, F., Calders, T., & Pechenizkiy, M. (2010) · 2010 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining · doi:10.1109/icdm.2010.50 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the apparent conflict between individual and group fairness
Binns, R. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3351095.3372864 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Oneto, L., & Chiappa, S. (2020) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43883-8_7 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Yang, K., Qinami, K., Fei-Fei, L., Deng, J., & Russakovsky, O. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3351095.3375709 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
User-oriented Fairness in Recommendation
Li, Y., Chen, H., Fu, Z., Ge, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3442381.3449866 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Aequitas: A Bias and Fairness Audit ToolkitPreprint
Saleiro, P., Kuester, B., Hinkson, L., London, J., Stevens, A., Anisfeld, A., Rodolfa, K. T., & Ghani, R. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1811.05577 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Fairness in Decision-Making — The Causal Explanation Formula
Zhang, J., & Bareinboim, E. (2018) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11564 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Fairness in credit scoring: Assessment, implementation and profit implications
Kozodoi, N., Jacob, J., & Lessmann, S. (2022) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2021.06.023 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Trustworthy ai: A computational perspective
Liu, H., Wang, Y., Fan, W., Liu, X., Li, Y., Jain, S., Liu, Y., Jain, A., & Tang, J. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3546872 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
From individual to group privacy in big data analytics
Mittelstadt, B. (2017) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-017-0253-7 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
An empirical characterization of fair machine learning for clinical risk prediction
Pfohl, S. R., Foryciarz, A., & Shah, N. H. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103621 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Algorithmic fairness in computational medicine
Xu, J., Xiao, Y., Wang, W. H., Ning, Y., Shenkman, E. A., Bian, J., & Wang, F. (2022) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104250 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
iFair: Learning Individually Fair Data Representations for Algorithmic Decision Making
Lahoti, P., Gummadi, K. P., & Weikum, G. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE) · doi:10.1109/icde.2019.00121 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
An adversarial training framework for mitigating algorithmic biases in clinical machine learning
Yang, J., Soltan, A. A. S., Eyre, D. W., Yang, Y., & Clifton, D. A. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00805-y · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Empirical Risk Minimization under Fairness ConstraintsPreprint
Donini, M., Oneto, L., Ben-David, S., Shawe-Taylor, J., & Pontil, M. (2018) · Neural Information Processing Systems · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.08626 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Investigating the Impact of Gender on Rank in Resume Search Engines
Chen, L., Ma, R., Hannák, A., & Wilson, C. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174225 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Interventional Fairness: Causal Database Repair for Algorithmic Fairness
Salimi, B., Rodriguez, L., Howe, B., & Suciu, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management of Data · doi:10.1145/3299869.3319901 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Preventing undesirable behavior of intelligent machines
Thomas, P. S., da Silva, B. C., Barto, A. G., Giguere, S., Brun, Y., & Brunskill, E. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag3311 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Towards trustworthy LLMs: a review on debiasing and dehallucinating in large language models
Lin, Z., Guan, S., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-024-10896-y · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Brun, Y., & Meliou, A. (2018) · ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) · doi:10.1145/3236024.3264838 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Handling Conditional Discrimination
liobaite, I., Kamiran, F., & Calders, T. (2011) · 2011 IEEE 11th International Conference on Data Mining · doi:10.1109/icdm.2011.72 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive Sensitive Reweighting to Mitigate Bias in Fairness-aware Classification
Krasanakis, E., Spyromitros-Xioufis, E., Papadopoulos, S., & Kompatsiaris, Y. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web - WWW '18 · doi:10.1145/3178876.3186133 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Crowds, Lending, Machine, and Bias
Fu, R., Huang, Y. H., & Singh, P. V. (2021) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2020.0990 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
EDITS: Modeling and Mitigating Data Bias for Graph Neural Networks
Dong, Y., Liu, N., Jalaian, B. A., & Li, J. (2022) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3485447.3512173 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A scoping review of artificial intelligence-based methods for diabetes risk prediction
Mohsen, F., Al-Absi, H. R. H., Yousri, N. A., El Hajj, N., & Shah, Z. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00933-5 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Reducing Sentiment Bias in Language Models via Counterfactual Evaluation
Huang, P.-S., Zhang, H., Jiang, R., Stanforth, R., Welbl, J., Rae, J., Maini, V., Yogatama, D., & Kohli, P. (2020) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020 · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.7 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Fair Attribute Classification through Latent Space De-biasing
Ramaswamy, V., Kim, S. S. Y., & Russakovsky, O. (2021) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.00918 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A Survey on Trustworthy Recommender Systems
Ge, Y., Liu, S., Fu, Z., Tan, J., Li, Z., Xu, S., Li, Y., Xian, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Recommender Systems · doi:10.1145/3652891 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Comparison of Methods to Reduce Bias From Clinical Prediction Models of Postpartum Depression
Park, Y., Hu, J., Singh, M., Sylla, I., Dankwa‐Mullan, I., Koski, E., & Das, A. K. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3909 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Sustainable MLOps: Trends and Challenges
Tamburri, D. A. (2020) · 2020 22nd International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (SYNASC) · doi:10.1109/synasc51798.2020.00015 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Algorithmic fairness datasets: the story so far
Fabris, A., Messina, S., Silvello, G., & Susto, G. A. (2022) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1007/s10618-022-00854-z · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Weakly-Supervised Disentanglement Without CompromisesPreprint
Locatello, F., Poole, B., Rätsch, G., Schölkopf, B., Bachem, O., & Tschannen, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2002.02886 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Empirical Study of Bias Mitigation Methods for Machine Learning Classifiers
Chen, Z., Zhang, J. M., Sarro, F., & Harman, M. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3583561 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Policy Learning for Fairness in RankingPreprint
Singh, A., & Joachims, T. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.04056 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Does Object Recognition Work for Everyone?Preprint
DeVries, T., Misra, I., Wang, C., & van der Maaten, L. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.02659 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Kamiran, F., Žliobaitė, I., & Calders, T. (2013) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-012-0584-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationThemis: automatically testing software for discrimination
Angell, R., Johnson, B., Brun, Y., & Meliou, A. (2018) · ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) · doi:10.1145/3236024.3264590 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Retiring Adult: New Datasets for Fair Machine LearningPreprint
Ding, F., Hardt, M., Miller, J. A., & Schmidt, L. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.04884 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Quantifying the Impact of User Attentionon Fair Group Representation in Ranked Lists
Sapiezynski, P., Zeng, W., E Robertson, R., Mislove, A., & Wilson, C. (2019) · Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference · doi:10.1145/3308560.3317595 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Counterfactual risk assessments, evaluation, and fairness
Coston, A., Mishler, A., Kennedy, E. H., & Chouldechova, A. (2020) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3351095.3372851 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
On the Privacy Risks of Algorithmic Fairness
Chang, H., & Shokri, R. (2021) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/eurosp51992.2021.00028 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Fairness in Algorithmic Decision Making: An Excursion Through the Lens of Causality
Khademi, A., Lee, S., Foley, D., & Honavar, V. (2019) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3308558.3313559 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Operationalizing individual fairness with pairwise fair representations
Lahoti, P., Gummadi, K. P., & Weikum, G. (2019) · Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment · doi:10.14778/3372716.3372723 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
How Child Welfare Workers Reduce Racial Disparities in Algorithmic Decisions
Cheng, H.-F., Stapleton, L., Kawakami, A., Sivaraman, V., Cheng, Y., Qing, D., Perer, A., Holstein, K., Wu, Z. S., & Zhu, H. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3501831 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Saghiri, A. M., Vahidipour, S. M., Jabbarpour, M. R., Sookhak, M., & Forestiero, A. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12084054 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Accuracy and fairness trade-offs in machine learning: a stochastic multi-objective approach
Liu, S., & Vicente, L. N. (2022) · Computational Management Science · doi:10.1007/s10287-022-00425-z · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bursting the Filter Bubble: Fairness-Aware Network Link Prediction
Masrour, F., Wilson, T., Yan, H., Tan, P., & Esfahanian, A. H. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i01.5429 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
FAHT: An Adaptive Fairness-aware Decision Tree Classifier
Zhang, W., & Ntoutsi, E. (2019) · Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2019/205 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Fairea: a model behaviour mutation approach to benchmarking bias mitigation methods
Hort, M., Zhang, J. M., Sarro, F., & Harman, M. (2021) · ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) · doi:10.1145/3468264.3468565 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
"Ignorance and Prejudice" in Software Fairness
Zhang, J. M., & Harman, M. (2021) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion) · doi:10.1109/icse43902.2021.00129 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
'Un'Fair Machine Learning Algorithms
Fu, R., Aseri, M., Singh, P. V., & Srinivasan, K. (2019) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4065 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Classification with No Discrimination by Preferential Sampling
Kamiran, F., & Calders, T. T. (2010) · TU/e Research Portal · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationInherent Tradeoffs in Learning Fair RepresentationsPreprint
Zhao, H., & Gordon, G. J. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1906.08386 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Achieving Causal Fairness through Generative Adversarial Networks
Xu, D., Wu, Y., Yuan, S., Zhang, L., & Wu, X. (2019) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2019/201 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Active Fairness in Algorithmic Decision Making
Noriega-Campero, A., Bakker, M. A., Bueno, B. G. B., & Pentland, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3306618.3314277 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
AdaFair: Cumulative Fairness Adaptive Boosting
Iosifidis, V., & Ntoutsi, E. (2019) · Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management · doi:10.1145/3357384.3357974 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Perrone, V., Donini, M., Zafar, M. B., Schmucker, R., Kenthapadi, K., & Archambeau, C. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society · doi:10.1145/3461702.3462629 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Towards Equity and Algorithmic Fairness in Student Grade Prediction
Jiang, W., & Pardos, Z. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI Ethics and Society · doi:10.1145/3461702.3462623 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Gender biases within Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT: Evidence, Sources of Biases and Solutions
Ho, J. Q. H., Hartanto, A., Koh, A., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100145 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Probabilistic verification of fairness properties via concentration
Bastani, O., Zhang, X., & Solar-Lezama, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages · doi:10.1145/3360544 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
On the Fairness of Disentangled RepresentationsPreprint
Locatello, F., Abbati, G., Rainforth, T., Bauer, S., Schölkopf, B., & Bachem, O. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1905.13662 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Establishing and evaluating trustworthy AI: overview and research challenges
Kowald, D., Scher, S., Pammer-Schindler, V., Müllner, P., Waxnegger, K., Demelius, L., Fessl, A., Toller, M., Mendoza Estrada, I. G., Šimić, I., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Big Data · doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1467222 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fairness in Semi-Supervised Learning: Unlabeled Data Help to Reduce Discrimination
Zhang, T., Zhu, T., Li, J., Han, M., Zhou, W., & Yu, P. S. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2020.3002567 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
A survey on datasets for fairness‐aware machine learning
Le Quy, T., Roy, A., Iosifidis, V., Zhang, W., & Ntoutsi, E. (2022) · WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1452 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Ryan, M., Antoniou, J., Brooks, L., Jiya, T., Macnish, K., & Stahl, B. C. (2021) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-021-00293-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fair Generative Modeling via Weak SupervisionPreprint
Choi, K., Grover, A., Singh, T., Shu, R., & Ermon, S. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.12008 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Balancing Learning Model Privacy, Fairness, and Accuracy With Early Stopping Criteria
Zhang, T., Zhu, T., Gao, K., Zhou, W., & Yu, P. S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3129592 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Improving Recommendation Fairness via Data Augmentation
Chen, L., Wu, L., Zhang, K., Hong, R., Lian, D., Zhang, Z., Zhou, J., & Wang, M. (2023) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3543507.3583341 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
On the Moral Justification of Statistical Parity
Hertweck, C., Heitz, C., & Loi, M. (2021) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445936 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Fairness Violations and Mitigation under Covariate Shift
Singh, H., Singh, R., Mhasawade, V., & Chunara, R. (2021) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445865 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Understanding and Improving Fairness-Accuracy Trade-offs in Multi-Task Learning
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Beutel, A., Prost, F., Chen, J., & Chi, E. H. (2021) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3447548.3467326 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fairness Improvement with Multiple Protected Attributes: How Far Are We?
Chen, Z., Zhang, J. M., Sarro, F., & Harman, M. (2024) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion) · doi:10.1145/3597503.3639083 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Tutorial on Fairness of Machine Learning in Recommender Systems
Li, Y., Ge, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3404835.3462814 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
On Dyadic Fairness: Exploring and Mitigating Bias in Graph Connections
Li, P., Wang, Y., Zhao, H., Hong, P., & Liu, H. (2021) · International Conference on Learning Representations · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Analyzing the impact of missing values and selection bias on fairness
Wang, Y., & Singh, L. (2021) · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics · doi:10.1007/s41060-021-00259-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Inclusive GAN: Improving Data and Minority Coverage in Generative Models
Yu, N., Li, K., Zhou, P., Malik, J., Davis, L., & Fritz, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58542-6_23 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
FARF: A Fair and Adaptive Random Forests Classifier
Zhang, W., Bifet, A., Zhang, X., Weiss, J. C., & Nejdl, W. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75765-6_20 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Conditional Learning of Fair Representations
Zhao, H., Coston, A., Adel, T., & Gordon, G. J. (2019) · ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.07162 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
FairMask: Better Fairness via Model-Based Rebalancing of Protected Attributes
Peng, K., Chakraborty, J., & Menzies, T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2022.3220713 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Assessing trustworthy AI: Technical and legal perspectives of fairness in AI
Kattnig, M., Angerschmid, A., Reichel, T., & Kern, R. (2024) · Computer law & security review · doi:10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106053 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Fairness for Robust Log Loss Classification
Rezaei, A., Fathony, R., Memarrast, O., & Ziebart, B. D. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Evaluating Fairness of Machine Learning Models Under Uncertain and Incomplete Information
Awasthi, P., Beutel, A., Kleindeßner, M., Morgenstern, J., & Wang, X. (2021) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445884 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Robust Fairness Under Covariate Shift
Rezaei, A., Liu, A., Memarrast, O., & Ziebart, B. D. (2021) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i11.17135 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Survey on fairness notions and related tensions
Alves, G. T., Bernier, F., Couceiro, M., Makhlouf, K., Catuscia Palamidessi, A., & Zhioua, S. (2023) · EURO Journal on Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.ejdp.2023.100033 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Color-Theoretic Experiments to Understand Unequal Gender Classification Accuracy From Face Images
Muthukumar, V., Pedapati, T., Ratha, N., Sattigeri, P., Wu, C.-W., Kingsbury, B. E. D., Kumar, A., Thomas, S., Mojsilović, A., & Varshney, K. R. (2019) · IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) · doi:10.1109/cvprw.2019.00282 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Fairness in Semi-supervised Learning: Unlabeled Data Help to Reduce Discrimination
Zhang, T., zhu, T., Li, J., Han, M., Zhou, W., & Yu, P. (2021) · OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
(2017) · doi:10.4230/lipics.forc.2020.6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
On Adversarial Bias and the Robustness of Fair Machine LearningPreprint
Chang, H., Nguyen, T. D., Murakonda, S. K., Kazemi, E., & Shokri, R. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.08669 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- Calders, T., Kamiran, F., & Pechenizkiy, M.
- Affiliations
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- Venue
- 2009 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2009-12
- Pages
- 13-18
- ISSN
- 2375-9259 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2116666691
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Data Classification
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Algorithms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Data Mining and Machine Learning Applications
- Keywords
- biased training data, classifier training
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review