Energy Storage Technologies for Small Satellite Applications
Abstract
Rapid advances in small satellite (often referred to as CubeSats) technology are providing opportunities for space exploration to a wide range of users (in particular universities) at substantially reduced costs. Many of the capabilities provided by larger satellites and spacecraft (>2000 kg) are now available through small satellite technologies. Ongoing improvements in attitude control, propulsion, advanced communications, and scientific instrumentation continue to enhance their benefits, even within such strict volume and mass constraints. With such advances in CubeSat technologies, the power and energy demands have also increased dramatically, necessitating the need for larger deployable solar arrays, lower power electronics, efficient energy storage systems, and even energy transfer/harvesting systems. In terms of energy storage, more advanced battery chemistries with higher energy densities and higher power capabilities over a wider operating temperature range are also a fundamental need. There already exist today numerous commercially available energy storage options suitable for CubeSat applications, although many missions rely on custom designs. Similar to standard satellite design, the selection of an appropriate energy storage system is driven by mission requirements related to power, energy, and lifetime. This paper will provide a general review of performance capabilities of state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery technologies, as well as other advanced energy storage systems for small satellite applications.
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Temperature levels beyond recommended values may permanently damage the satellite, and even deviations from the optimum point result in inefficient operation.
“Temperature levels beyond the recommended values may permanently damage the satellite, but even deviations from optimum point results in an inefficient operation [8][9][10].”
From Irradiation Flux Modelling for Thermal–Electrical Simulation of CubeSats: Orbit, Attitude and Radiation Integration (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
Typical COTS Li-ion cells for CubeSat missions may have energy storage capacity around 20% of maximum at 293 K when exposed to 253 K.
“However, as experimentally demonstrated in [5], typical COTS batteries for CubeSat missions are Li-ion cells, whose energy storage capacity may be around 20% of its maximum (at 293 K) when exposed to 253 K.”
From An Integrated Thermal-Electrical Model for Simulations of Battery Behavior in CubeSats (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Extreme cold and hot scenarios damage PV panels, batteries, and other electronic components.
“While extreme cold and hot scenarios damage these parts and other electronic components, the optimum PV and battery performance only exists in a narrow range of temperature [4,5].”
From An Integrated Thermal-Electrical Model for Simulations of Battery Behavior in CubeSats (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Optimum PV and battery performance exists only in a narrow range of temperature.
“While extreme cold and hot scenarios damage these parts and other electronic components, the optimum PV and battery performance only exists in a narrow range of temperature [4,5].”
From An Integrated Thermal-Electrical Model for Simulations of Battery Behavior in CubeSats (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
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Deployable Wideband Circularly Polarized S-Band Antenna Array for CubeSat Applications
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An Active Debris Removal Mission using a Plasma Phased Array Architecture
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Mathematical Programming Approach for the Design of Satellite Power Systems
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Lithium-ion Capacitors: Charge Delivery Capability and Voltage Dependence of Capacitance
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Applications of Supercapacitors in Space Vehicles and Interplanetary Devices
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An Open-Source CubeSat Electrical Power Supply
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Technological Development and Application of GSO Agile Small Satellite
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Peukert's Law for Lithium-ion Capacitors With Constant Power Loads
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2017-2019 Index Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 105-107
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2016-2018 Index|Proceedings of the IEEE Vol. 104-106
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Lehnert, L., Chin, K. B., Krause, F. C., Ruiz, J. P., Hein, S., Bescup, J. C., Garteiz, G., Latz, A., Brandon, E. J., & Horstmann, B. (2026) · Journal of Power Sources Advances · doi:10.1016/j.powera.2026.100210
Self-citation
- Authors
- Chin, K. B., Brandon, E. J., Bugga, R. V., Smart, M. C., Jones, S. C., Krause, F. C., West, W. C., & Bolotin, G. G.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 419-428
- ISSN
- 0018-9219 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2256
- OpenAlex
- W2791972000
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Proceedings of the IEEE (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft Design and Technology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Keywords
- energy storage, CubeSat, small satellites, lithium-ion batteries, battery chemistry, energy density, power electronics, deployable solar arrays, energy harvesting, energy transfer, battery life, space power systems
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