Aerosense: A Self-Sustainable and Long-Range Bluetooth Wireless Sensor Node for Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Monitoring on Wind Turbines

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In [4], Di Nuzzo et al. overcome the communication range issue using both LoRaWAN and NB-IoT protocols but support only a few kbps of transmission bandwidth.

“Another SHM platform measuring vibration is proposed in [4], where Di Nuzzo et al. overcome the communication range issue using both LoRaWAN and NB-IoT protocols but supporting only a few kbps of transmission bandwidth.”

• cites [4] sourceDisputed

  The Related Work section (p. 3) says the system uses NB-IoT for its communication link, not both NB-IoT and LoRaWAN; it describes LoRaWAN as unsuitable for this application. The Narrowband IoT section (p. 3) gives rates of 20 kbps uplink and 200 kbps downlink, contrary to the claim that transmission is limited to only a few kbps. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The sensor node in [16] features a low sampling frequency of 50 Hz and limited coverage of 6 m.

“However, the sensor node features a low sampling frequency of 50 Hz and limited coverage of 6 m.”

• cites [16] sourceDisputed

  The Experiment Setup section reports that the node’s communication success rate falls below the paper’s 80% reliability threshold at 16.1 m, contrary to a coverage limit of 6 m. The passages found do not establish a 50 Hz sampling frequency. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is crucial to design energy-efficient and reliable devices able to acquire, process and transmit data for several years and eventually for the full wind turbine lifetime, exploiting environmental sources such as small solar photovoltaic panels.

“Thus, it is crucial to design energy-efficient and reliable devices able to acquire, process and transmit data for several years and, eventually, for the full wind turbine lifetime, exploiting environmental sources such as small solar photovoltaic panels [3], [4], [10].”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [4] sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [10] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The authors in [15] do not provide any data about power consumption and estimated battery lifetime.

“Despite the authors deploying the system on a wind turbine, they do not provide any data about the power consumption and estimated battery lifetime.”

• cites [15] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In [16], the health status of a planetary gearbox is estimated through vibration analysis.

“Another comparable solution is proposed in [16], where the health status of a planetary gearbox is estimated through vibration analysis.”

• cites [16] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The work in [16] shows a vibration-based energy harvester using a 0.9 mW piezoelectric element to cover the whole energy demand.

“This work also shows the practical implementation of a vibration-based energy harvester, using a 0.9 mW piezoelectric element to cover the whole energy demand.”

• cites [16] sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In [15], the authors propose a flexible battery-powered wireless system for SHM of wind turbine towers exploiting only MEMS accelerometers.

“The authors in [15] propose a flexible solution offering a battery-powered and wireless system for SHM of wind turbine towers exploiting only MEMS accelerometers.”

• cites [15] sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Many SCADA solutions moving to IIoT for SHM and aerodynamic blade monitoring are still bulky, expensive, and require to be powered by the wind turbine itself, which often makes deployment impossible.

“Although many SCADA solutions are moving to the IIoT field for both the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and aerodynamic blade monitoring, today, they are still bulky, expensive, and require to be powered by the wind turbine itself, which often makes this deployment impossible [9].”

• cites [9] sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusions (page not available in our copy) say that the cost and complexity of installing additional wind-turbine equipment have limited its use, supporting the general deployment concern. They do not say that SCADA solutions are moving to IIoT for structural-health or aerodynamic blade monitoring, or that they are bulky, turbine-powered, or often impossible to deploy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vibration analysis on wind turbine blades is an important parameter in assessing their structural health.

“Indeed, vibration analysis on wind turbine blades is an important parameter in assessing their structural health [4].”

• cites [4] sourcePartly supported

  Related Work (p. 2) says modal-vibration analysis can detect structural damage and calls vibration-based analysis essential to structural health monitoring. In-Field Validation (p. 8) tests a structure simulating building behavior, not wind turbine blades; our copy does not establish the claim for blades specifically. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Due to the large amount of data handled by Aerosense, e.g., 200× higher than [4], onboard data compression is an essential feature for the Aerosense scenario.

“Thus, due to the large amount of data handled by our Aerosense, e.g., 200× higher than [4], onboard data compression is an essential feature for our scenario.”

• cites [4] sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Aerosense includes 40 high-accuracy barometers, 10 microphones, and 5 differential pressure sensors.

“It includes 40 high-accuracy barometers, 10 microphones, 5 differential pressure sensors, and implements a lossy and a lossless on-board data compression algorithm to decrease the transmission energy cost.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Aerosense's wireless transmitter maintains a per-bit energy efficiency of 80 nJ.

“The wireless transmitter is based on Bluetooth Low Energy 5.1 tuned for long-range and high throughput while maintaining adequate per-bit energy efficiency (80 nJ).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The CC2652P encompasses a 48-MHz ARM Cortex-M4F processor, with 352 kB in-system programmable flash and 88 kB SRAM.

“The CC2652P encompasses a 48-MHz ARM Cortex-M4F processor, with 352 kB in-system programmable flash and 88 kB SRAM.”

May combine two claims.

During in-field comparison, the TDK ICS-40638 showed signal clippings due to audio spikes above 120 dB SPL, and thus an undesirable spectrum distortion.

“Despite, as seen in Table I, the latter has a 20% larger bandwidth and a 30% lower power consumption; during in-field comparison, we noticed signal clippings due to audio spikes above 120 dB SPL, and, thus, an undesirable spectrum distortion.”

May combine two claims.

The flexible PCB is 1.85 mm thick, orders of magnitude lower than a standard blade chord length.

“In Fig. 2 -(a), the flexible PCB is 1.85 mm thick, orders of magnitude lower than a standard blade chord length -Fig. 1.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The PBM230 guarantees an absolute and relative accuracy far from the specifications.

“On the other hand, the BMP390L cannot be selected despite its promising features due to a non-water-resistant package, and the PBM230 guarantees an absolute and relative accuracy far from our specifications.”

May combine two claims.

Few microphones feature an acoustic overload point above 140 dB, limiting the design choice to only two components, the Vesper VM2020 and the TDK ICS-40638.

“However, few microphones feature an acoustic overload point above 140 dB, limiting the design choice to only two components, the Vesper VM2020 and the TDK ICS-40638.”

May combine two claims.

The authors' experimental analysis did not notice any effect on the blade's aerodynamic performance and structural integrity.

“Our experimental analysis did not notice any effect on the blade's aerodynamic performance and structural integrity.”

May combine two claims.

The Pewatron 52-series offers a compact solution with only 5 mm thickness and a multi-order compensation for offset correction, sensitivity, thermal errors and a non-linearity correction algorithm with calibration coefficients stored in on-chip EEPROM.

“Moreover, it offers a compact solution with only 5 mm thickness and a multi-order compensation for offset correction, sensitivity, thermal errors and a non-linearity correction algorithm with calibration coefficients stored in onchip EEPROM.”

May combine two claims.

The Aerosense measurement system features a maximum thickness of 4 mm and an average of 3 mm, including the battery, connectors, and cabling.

“The Aerosense measurement system features a maximum thickness of 4 mm and an average of 3 mm, including the battery, connectors, and cabling.”

May combine two claims.

The LPS27HHW can measure from 260 to 1260 hPa absolute pressure range, which covers the range for wind turbine monitoring.

“It can measure from 260 to 1260 hPa absolute pressure range, which covers the range for wind turbine monitoring [6], [8], [19], [20].”

• cites [6] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [8] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [19] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sampling rate of the differential pressure sensors is hard-coded at 1.2 kHz with 16-bits resolution.

“The sampling rate is hard-coded at 1.2 kHz with 16-bits resolution.”

May combine two claims.

More than 160,000 audio data samples are collected every second, while pressure data are only 4,000 per second.

“More than 160 • 10 3 audio data samples are collected every second, yet for pressure data, it is only 4,000.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The CC2652P is designed for energy efficiency when reading out sensors, hosting a Sensor Controller, which enables the use of one line of SPI and I2C at only 30 μA in addition to standard peripherals supported by the main core.

“Moreover, the CC2652P is designed for energy efficiency when reading out sensors, hosting a Sensor Controller (SC), which enables the use of one line of SPI and I2C at only 30 µA in addition to standard peripherals supported by the main core.”

May combine two claims.

On average, the BLE energy per bit is 80 nJ/byte for small (Aventa AV-7) wind turbines and 180 nJ/byte for large (10 MW) wind turbines.

“On average, we measured that the BLE energy per bit is 80 nJ/byte and 180 nJ/byte, respectively, for small (Aventa AV-7 [19]) and large (10 MW [20]) wind turbines”

• cites [19] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [20] Bak, 2013, The DTU 10-MW reference wind turbine, Danish Wind Power ResearchNot checked — no full text of the source

The quote only partly states this claim.

ADPCM performs 2% better than FFT-HPF on average in percentage of peak location mismatch.

“ADPCM performs 2% better than FFT-HPF on average.”

May combine two claims.

Self-sustainability is reached in P median conditions and can be reached for P95% using an increased photovoltaic panel size (min. 800 cm2).

“However, thanks to the energy harvesting circuit, the self-sustainability is reached in P median conditions and can be reached for P 95% using an increased photovoltaic panel size (min.800 cm 2 ).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The solar irradiance data from Leconfield, UK, is representative of the wind turbine deployment conditions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In this configuration, the estimated hardware cost is below 1000e.

“In this configuration, the estimated hardware cost is below 1000e.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The system can support a sensor node with 40 barometers, 5 differential pressure sensors, and 10 microphones.

“Our system can support a sensor node with 40 barometers, 5 differential pressure sensors, and 10 microphones.”

May combine two claims.

The average power consumption in active mode is in the 140 mW range, whereas also considering periods of inactivity, it decreases to 10 mW.

“Table III shows that the average power consumption in active mode is in the 140 mW range, whereas also considering periods of inactivity, it decreases to 10 mW.”

May combine two claims.

The energy savings of FFT-HPF are worse than those of ADPCM by roughly 5% for small turbines and 1.5% for large turbines.

“Indeed, the energy savings of FFT-HPF are only worse than those of ADPCM by roughly 5% and 1.5% for small and large turbines, respectively.”

May combine two claims.

In static conditions, BLE transfers data reliably up to 275 m with an average bitrate of 938 kbps.

“In static conditions, the BLE transfers data reliably up to 275 m with an average bitrate of 938 kbps.”

May combine two claims.

FFT-HPF generally has higher MAE but lower RMSE than ADPCM.

“FFT-HPF generally has higher MAE but lower RMSE than ADPCM.”

May combine two claims.

The system reaches a maximum of 438 m with a decreased speed of 850 kbps due to packet loss.

“Furthermore, the system reaches a maximum of 438 m with a decreased speed of 850 kbps due to packet loss.”

May combine two claims.

Quantization step sizes for adjacent bands/channels are similar and sometimes the same.

“Lastly, it is found that the quantization step sizes for adjacent bands/channels are similar and sometimes they are the same.”

May combine two claims.

An ultra-low leakage current (3 μA in total) enables a long battery lifetime, which exceeds 100 days of operation.

“In this scenario, an ultra-low leakage current (3 µA in total) enables a long battery lifetime, which exceeds 100 days of operation.”

May combine two claims.

The 120 mW power consumption enables self-sustainability and long-term in-situ monitoring with a 111 cm2 photovoltaic panel.

“The power consumption while collecting and streaming all measured data is 120 mW, enabling selfsustainability and long-term in-situ monitoring with a 111 cm 2 photovoltaic panel.”

May combine two claims.

For vibration monitoring scenarios, the system has to process and transmit an amount of data in the range of 5 kbps, while for aerodynamic analysis, a throughput larger than 1 Mbps is necessary.

“In these scenarios, the system has to process and transmit an amount of data in the range of 5 kbps, while for aerodynamic analysis, a throughput larger than 1 Mbps is necessary [3].”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Aerosense is suitable for installation on a wide range of wind turbine blades from a few meters to hundreds of meters, hosting a modular sensor unit with up to 40 barometers and 10 microphones, plus 5 differential pressure sensors.

“In particular, it is suitable for installation on a wide range of wind turbine blades from a few meters to hundreds of meters, hosting a modular sensor unit with up to 40 barometers and 10 microphones, plus 5 differential pressure sensors.”

May combine two claims.

Aerosense employs a power amplifier featuring long-range, up to 400 m, coupled with ∼1 Mbps bandwidth to stream all the collected data.

“It employs a power amplifier featuring long-range, up to 400 m, coupled with ∼1 Mbps bandwidth to stream all the collected data.”

May combine two claims.

Aerosense is a low-power, self-sustainable, and modular wireless sensor node for aerodynamic and acoustic measurements on wind turbines and other industrial structures.

“This paper presents a low-power, self-sustainable, and modular wireless sensor node for aerodynamic and acoustic measurements on wind turbines and other industrial structures.”

May combine two claims.

Aerosense's wireless transmitter is based on Bluetooth Low Energy 5.1 tuned for long-range and high throughput.

“The wireless transmitter is based on Bluetooth Low Energy 5.1 tuned for long-range and high throughput while maintaining adequate per-bit energy efficiency (80 nJ).”

May combine two claims.

Aerosense features on-board data processing for reducing the volume of data transmitted, including a lossless inter-channel redundancy removal for barometers and a lossy spectrum compression code for microphones.

“Aerosense also features on-board data processing for reducing the volume of data transmitted: we developed two different compression algorithms: a lossless inter-channel redundancy removal for barometers and a lossy spectrum compression code for microphones.”

May combine two claims.

Aerosense is a self-sustainable and modular IoT solution that can monitor and collect aerodynamic and aeroacoustic information on operating wind turbines.

“Aerosense is a self-sustainable and modular IoT solution that can monitor and collect aerodynamic and aeroacoustic information on operating wind turbines.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is indispensable to collect the pressure gradient and audio data from operating wind turbines to better understand aerodynamics and aeroacoustic phenomena.

“It is indispensable to collect the pressure gradient and audio data from operating wind turbines to better understand aerodynamics and aeroacoustic phenomena.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In one of the authors' previous papers, they demonstrated the practical possibility to use MEMS sensors in this context, such as measuring the sound level and the pressure distribution on a blade.

“Moreover, in one of our previous papers [3], we demonstrated the practical possibility to use MEMS sensors in this context, such as measuring the sound level and the pressure distribution on a blade.”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Arrays of pressure sensors have been mounted onto aerodynamic surfaces, namely on airplane wings and cars.

“Arrays of barometric MEMS sensors have already been studied in several other application scenarios, where arrays of pressure sensors have been mounted onto aerodynamic surfaces, namely on airplane wings and cars [13].”

• cites [13] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

There is a clear need for advanced solutions for continuous monitoring and data collection, especially for producing publicly available datasets, because the research field is relatively new.

“Indeed, since this research field is relatively new, there is a clear need for advanced solutions for continuous monitoring and data collection, especially for producing publicly available datasets [3].”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The additional data collected by arrays of barometers and microphones is crucial for wind turbine modeling, but poses major challenges in the design of energy-efficient and long-lasting IoT devices.

“The additional data collected by arrays of barometers and microphones is crucial for wind turbine modeling, but on the other hand, it poses major challenges in the design of energy-efficient and long-lasting IoT devices.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MEMS sensors can be used to acquire aerodynamic and aeroacoustic measurements on surfaces.

“In general, the aforementioned works show that MEMS sensors can be used to acquire aerodynamic and aeroacoustic measurements on surfaces.”

May combine two claims.

SCADA systems are only minimally present in the wind turbine industry, and they are not acquiring data from the blades but rather from static parts.

“However, they are only minimally present in the wind turbine industry, and they are not acquiring data from the blades but rather from statics parts [5].”

• cites [5] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The recorded audio spectrum is crucial to detect the flow separation effect on the wind turbine.

“As described in Section III, the recorded audio spectrum is crucial to detect the flow separation effect on the wind turbine.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It is essential to estimate and correlate the blade position together with pressure and audio data.

“Moreover, it is essential to estimate and correlate the blade position together with pressure and audio data.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The needed accuracy P_acc,min of the absolute pressure sensors was defined to be at most 1% of the dynamic pressure range P_dyn,avg at average wind speeds.

“Moreover, the needed accuracy P acc,min of the absolute pressure sensors was defined to be at most 1% of the dynamic pressure range P dyn,avg at average wind speeds [3].”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Audio compression techniques have been extensively studied in the literature but are not plug-and-play suitable for the application scenario of interest.

“Audio compression techniques have been extensively studied in the literature [22], but they are not plug-and-play suitable for the application scenario of our interest.”

• cites [22] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Pewatron 52-series was selected due to its good accuracy and stability.

“We selected the Pewatron 52-series (see Table I) due to its good accuracy and stability.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The less temporally smooth pressure data with larger dynamic range generate a drop in performance for lossless algorithms.

“This generates a drop in performances for lossless algorithms.”

May combine two claims.

The MPT3.6-150 solar panel generates 360 mW in a 111 cm2 area and easily fits on the twisted wind turbine blade.

“The MPT3.6-150 generates 360 mW in a 111 cm 2 area, and due to its properties, easily fits on the twisted wind turbine blade.”

• cites foot_1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 0.2 mm thickness of the solar panel has negligible effect on airfoil aerodynamics.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A band pass-frequency of 1 Hz was chosen such that typical distance oscillations on wind turbines are not suppressed.

“A band pass-frequency of 1 Hz was chosen such that typical distance oscillations on wind turbines are not suppressed.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Typical distance oscillations on wind turbines are not suppressed by a 1 Hz band pass-frequency.

May combine two claims.

The energy harvesting part of Aerosense is a vertically oriented flexible solar cell of 111 cm2 size and a rechargeable battery with 32 Wh (8.7 Ah), which allows the sensor to work perpetually within specific environmental conditions.

“The energy harvesting part, a vertically oriented flexible solar cell of 111 cm 2 size and a rechargeable battery with 32 Wh (8.7 Ah), is evaluated, which allows the sensor to work perpetually within specific environmental conditions.”

May combine two claims.

Wind turbine pressure data are collected from a rotating wind turbine, and rotation and wind blow induce less temporally smooth pressure data with a larger dynamic range than typical environmental data.

“However, the wind turbine pressure data are collected from a rotating wind turbine.The rotation and the wind blow induce less temporally smooth pressure data with a larger dynamic range.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The chosen sensor must have a low drift in temperature and aging to avoid recurrent re-calibrations once mounted on a wind turbine.

“Additionally, the chosen sensor must have a low drift in temperature and aging to avoid recurrent re-calibrations once mounted on a wind turbine.”

May combine two claims.

This amounts to approximately 70 samples per second for the Aventa AV-7 turbine and 17 sps for the DTU 10 MW generator.

“This amounts to approximately 70 samples per second for the Aventa AV-7 turbine [19] and 17 sps for the DTU 10 MW generator [20].”

• cites [19] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [20] Bak, 2013, The DTU 10-MW reference wind turbine, Danish Wind Power ResearchNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Vesper VM2020 was selected for the Aerosense design, supported by the Texas Instruments ADS131M06 for the analog to digital conversion.

“The Vesper VM2020 was selected for the Aerosense design, supported by the Texas Instruments ADS131M06 for the analog to digital conversion (ADC).”

May combine two claims.

Aerosense can be used reliably over short (months) periods with its lithium-ion battery, which is recharged through collected environmental energy, potentially self-sustaining device operation.

“Thus, it can be used reliably over short (months) periods with the battery, which is then recharged through the collected environmental energy, potentially self-sustaining the device operation.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The solar irradiance data from Leconfield, UK, is representative of the wind turbine deployment conditions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Aerosense is the first self-sustaining, MEMS-based, long-range BLE system for aerodynamic and aeroacoustic analysis on wind turbine blades, supporting heterogeneous and high-frequency sensors.

“To the best of our knowledge, Aerosense is the first selfsustaining, MEMS-based, long-range BLE system for aerodynamic and aeroacoustic analysis on wind turbine blades, supporting heterogeneous and high-frequency sensors.”

May combine two claims.

The ST LPS27HHW was chosen because it is the best-performing water-resistant sensor and includes a temperature sensor to enable custom and on-site calibrations.

“Finally, the ST LPS27HHW was chosen because it is the best-performing water-resistant sensor, and it also includes a temperature sensor to enable custom and on-site calibrations.”

May combine two claims.

Due to the transmission channel reciprocity in a Line Of Sight (LOS) condition, Aerosense can calculate the Received Signal Strength (RSSI) of the base station with Eq. 1, eliminating the need for control packets, therefore reducing it to a feed-forward controller.

“Due to the transmission channel reciprocity in a Line Of Sight (LOS) condition, Aerosense can calculate the Received Signal Strength (RSSI) of the base station with Eq. 1, eliminating the need for control packets, therefore reducing it to a feed-forward controller.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Transmission channel reciprocity holds in a Line Of Sight condition between Aerosense and the base station.

May combine two claims.

The Bosch BMX160 was chosen for Aerosense for its lower active current consumption (46 μA vs. 70 μA for a sampling rate of 100 Hz) and lower idle current consumption (4 μA vs. 8 μA) compared to the TDK InvenSense ICM-20948.

“For the Aerosense, the former was chosen for its lower active current consumption (46 µA vs. 70 µA for a sampling rate of 100 Hz) and the lower idle current consumption (4 µA vs. 8 µA).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Aerosense can cover a wide range of different wind turbines in terms of size, rotor speed, and blade shape.

“The Aerosense can cover a wide range of different wind turbines in terms of size, rotor speed, and blade shape”

May combine two claims.

A higher compression ratio can be achieved by converting frequency coefficients into integers, or by quantizing them even further.

“Thus, a higher compression ratio can be achieved by converting them into integers, or by quantizing them even further.”

May combine two claims.

The transmitted data size can be further reduced by quantizing the coefficients and utilizing the symmetry of FFT coefficients.

“The transmitted data size can be further reduced by quantizing the coefficients and utilizing the symmetry of FFT coefficients.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Quantizing all the coefficients with a constant step size will incur high quantization errors.

“Quantizing all the coefficients with a constant step size will incur high quantization errors.”