The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Neural Stimulator Frontend With High-Voltage Compliance and Programmable Pulse Shape for Epiretinal Implants
Abstract
This paper presents an integrated neural stimulator with highly efficient and flexible frontend which is intended for an epiretinal implant with 1024 electrodes. It features programmable stimulation pulse shapes, a high-voltage (HV) output driver with compliance monitor for supply voltage adaptation, active and passive charge balancers, and electrode impedance measurement. Area and power efficiency is achieved by global timing assignment and local amplitude control over a bus at the local stimulation units. Major power savings in the distributed digital control units are realized by implementing global and local clock gating. Two stimulator frontends have been fabricated in a 0.35 μm HVCMOS process. Each frontend features four demultiplexed outputs and consumes 0.2 mm2core area. A maximum voltage compliance of 20 V is achieved and up to 1 mA of output current can be adjusted with up to 50 dB dynamic range. In vitro experimental results performed on a platinum black electrode in 0.9% saline solution are given.
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“Real-time monitoring of the voltage compliance enables operation with the minimum supply necessary for stimulation, which improves the power efficiency of the HV stimulus pulse driver circuit [44], [129].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“Alternatively, the VCR topology can maintain a high output impedance with little voltage overhead by introducing regulated cascode current mirrors, as shown in Fig. 5(b). These structures avoid reliance on linearity compensation circuits [129].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
Citations
Cites
Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols
Merrill, D. R., Bikson, M., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020 · Cited by 2,078
Cochlear Implants: System Design, Integration, and Evaluation
Zeng, F.-G., Rebscher, S., Harrison, W., Sun, X., & Feng, H. (2008) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2008.2008250 · Cited by 878
Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis
Humayun, M. S., Weiland, J. D., Fujii, G. Y., Greenberg, R., Williamson, R., Little, J., Mech, B., Cimmarusti, V., Van Boemel, G., Dagnelie, G., et al. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00457-7 · Cited by 856
Will Retinal Implants Restore Vision?
Zrenner, E. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067996 · Cited by 736
A very low-power CMOS mixed-signal IC for implantable pacemaker applications
Wong, L. S. Y., Hossain, S., Ta, A., Edvinsson, J., Rivas, D. H., & Naas, H. (2004) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2004.837027 · Cited by 395
Stimulus waveforms for selective neural stimulation
Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1995) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/51.395310 · Cited by 291
An Integrated 256-Channel Epiretinal Prosthesis
Chen, K., Yang, Z., Hoang, L., Weiland, J. D., Humayun, M. S., & Liu, W. (2010) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2010.2055371 · Cited by 266
A 232-Channel Epiretinal Stimulator ASIC
Ortmanns, M., Rocke, A., Gehrke, M., & Tiedtke, H. J. (2007) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2007.908693 · Cited by 225
Self-citationPerceptual thresholds and electrode impedance in three retinal prosthesis subjects
Mahadevappa, M., Weiland, J. D., Yanai, D., Fine, I., Greenberg, R. J., & Humayun, M. S. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2005.848687 · Cited by 187
Weiland, J. D., & Humayun, M. S. (2008) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2008.922589 · Cited by 179
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- sooksood, 2011, A neural stimulator front-end with arbitrary pulse shape, HV compliance and adaptive supply requiring 0.05 <ref_formula> <tex Notation="TeX">${\hbox{mm}}^{2}$</tex></ref_formula> in 0.35 <ref_formula> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></ref_formula> HVCMOS, 2011 IEEE ISSCC Dig Tech Papers, 306
- lange, 2011, An ac-powered optical receiver consuming 270 <ref_formula><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{W}$</tex> </ref_formula> for transcutaneous 2 Mb/s data transfer, 2011 IEEE ISSCC Dig Tech Papers, 304
Cited by
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Items 201–212 of 212
Nakanishi, Y., Hattori, T., Sriitsaranusorn, W., Tso, K.-C., Shodo, K., Takehara, H., Sunaga, Y., Haruta, M., Tashiro, H., Terasawa, Y., et al. (2025) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/ad99e0
Buhmann, A., Lanniel, A., Hiller, T., Sporer, M., Reich, S., & Ortmanns, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95478-5.00040-6
Self-citationWu, J., Yin, S., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Li, K., Shen, X., Sun, T., Zhou, Z., Ma, K., Meng, F., et al. (2025) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2025.3623450
“Prior work can be divided into post-stimulation pulse insertion [22], [23], [24], [25], stimulation pulse regulation [2], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], and hybrid approach that combines both [16], [31], [32], [33].”
Cui, K., Junhong, Y., Li, Z., Lü, Y., Fan, X., & Ma, Y. (2025) · doi:10.1109/esserc66193.2025.11214011
Electrical Bio-Stimulation, Practical Safety for Circuits in Clinical Use
Bharucha, E. A., Tremblay, S., Hamel, S., Gosselin, B. J., & Messaddeq, Y. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS) · doi:10.1109/icecs66544.2025.11270512
“References [7] and [8] describe balancing circuit and their use.”
A DAC Design using 5-V High-voltage Process for Driving Large Electrode Loads of Neural Stimulators
Liu, X., Ru, Y., Chen, Z., Xie, F., Chen, Z., & Wan, P. (2025) · International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Microsystems (ICICM) · doi:10.1109/icicm66614.2025.11315972
“However, every change in binary code may cause multiple current sources to turn on or off, and asynchronous switching time may lead to an increase in output glitch energy, thereby reducing the dynamic performance of the DAC [12] .”
Varkevisser, F., Serdijn, W. A., & Costa, T. L. (2026) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ae409c
ESD Protection With Sub-3Ω Dynamic Resistance for Neuromodulation System-on-Chip
Das, T., Ahmad, N., Somappa, L., & Lashkare, S. (2026) · IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society · doi:10.1109/jeds.2026.3663915
“ESD events can induce high transient currents that damage thin gate oxides and affect the junctions in CMOS devices [10], [11], [12].”
TCAD-Guided Design of a Compact ESD Protection Circuit for Neurostimulators in CMOS 65nm Technology
Maheshwari, N., Das, T., Kadam, S., Somappa, L., & Lashkare, S. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Emerging Electronics (ICEE) · doi:10.1109/icee67165.2025.11409969
“Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection is essential in biomedical implantable devices such as high-voltage neurostimulator circuits, where failures can lead to permanent damage to the device and may even pose safety risks to patients [1]-[4].”
Castelli, J. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ed4e9b28z4c10z4037z9cf1z208bd18b9f2e
Wang, F., Zhang, W., Junhong, Y., Sun, Q., Fan, X., & Ma, Y. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2026.3704397
“Conventional solutions typically employ a two-stage receiver configuration to generate the required PHV and PLV [17], [18], [19], [20], [21].”
An Event based Body Coupled Transdural Telemetry for Intracortical Brain Computer Interfaces
Shi, C., Nuttin, L., Gao, Z., He, Y., Russo, P., Liaw, H.-P., Gourdouparis, M., Lambrechts, D., Dolmans, G., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-026-00735-z
“Research has shown that when electrical charge imbalances exceed a de fi ned threshold, known as the “ safety window ” 35,37,38 , the resulting excess charge can harm tissue and damage electrodes due to the faradaic effect, an electrolysisprocess.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Noorsal, E., Sooksood, K., Xu, H., Hornig, R., Becker, J., & Ortmanns, M.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Bundesnetzagentur (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 244-256
- ISSN
- 0018-9200 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-173X
- OpenAlex
- W1971046436
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
- Keywords
- epiretinal implants, voltage compliance, clock gating, power efficiency, retinal prosthesis, platinum black electrodes
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