The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Neural Stimulator Frontend With High-Voltage Compliance and Programmable Pulse Shape for Epiretinal Implants
Abstract
This paper presents an integrated neural stimulator with highly efficient and flexible frontend which is intended for an epiretinal implant with 1024 electrodes. It features programmable stimulation pulse shapes, a high-voltage (HV) output driver with compliance monitor for supply voltage adaptation, active and passive charge balancers, and electrode impedance measurement. Area and power efficiency is achieved by global timing assignment and local amplitude control over a bus at the local stimulation units. Major power savings in the distributed digital control units are realized by implementing global and local clock gating. Two stimulator frontends have been fabricated in a 0.35 μm HVCMOS process. Each frontend features four demultiplexed outputs and consumes 0.2 mm2core area. A maximum voltage compliance of 20 V is achieved and up to 1 mA of output current can be adjusted with up to 50 dB dynamic range. In vitro experimental results performed on a platinum black electrode in 0.9% saline solution are given.
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In the citing paper
“Real-time monitoring of the voltage compliance enables operation with the minimum supply necessary for stimulation, which improves the power efficiency of the HV stimulus pulse driver circuit [44], [129].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“Alternatively, the VCR topology can maintain a high output impedance with little voltage overhead by introducing regulated cascode current mirrors, as shown in Fig. 5(b). These structures avoid reliance on linearity compensation circuits [129].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
Citations
Cites
Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols
Merrill, D. R., Bikson, M., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020 · Cited by 2,078
Cochlear Implants: System Design, Integration, and Evaluation
Zeng, F.-G., Rebscher, S., Harrison, W., Sun, X., & Feng, H. (2008) · IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/rbme.2008.2008250 · Cited by 878
Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis
Humayun, M. S., Weiland, J. D., Fujii, G. Y., Greenberg, R., Williamson, R., Little, J., Mech, B., Cimmarusti, V., Van Boemel, G., Dagnelie, G., et al. (2003) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00457-7 · Cited by 856
Will Retinal Implants Restore Vision?
Zrenner, E. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1067996 · Cited by 736
A very low-power CMOS mixed-signal IC for implantable pacemaker applications
Wong, L. S. Y., Hossain, S., Ta, A., Edvinsson, J., Rivas, D. H., & Naas, H. (2004) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2004.837027 · Cited by 395
Stimulus waveforms for selective neural stimulation
Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1995) · IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine · doi:10.1109/51.395310 · Cited by 291
An Integrated 256-Channel Epiretinal Prosthesis
Chen, K., Yang, Z., Hoang, L., Weiland, J. D., Humayun, M. S., & Liu, W. (2010) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2010.2055371 · Cited by 266
A 232-Channel Epiretinal Stimulator ASIC
Ortmanns, M., Rocke, A., Gehrke, M., & Tiedtke, H. J. (2007) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2007.908693 · Cited by 225
Self-citationPerceptual thresholds and electrode impedance in three retinal prosthesis subjects
Mahadevappa, M., Weiland, J. D., Yanai, D., Fine, I., Greenberg, R. J., & Humayun, M. S. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2005.848687 · Cited by 187
Weiland, J. D., & Humayun, M. S. (2008) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2008.922589 · Cited by 179
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- sooksood, 2011, A neural stimulator front-end with arbitrary pulse shape, HV compliance and adaptive supply requiring 0.05 <ref_formula> <tex Notation="TeX">${\hbox{mm}}^{2}$</tex></ref_formula> in 0.35 <ref_formula> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></ref_formula> HVCMOS, 2011 IEEE ISSCC Dig Tech Papers, 306
- lange, 2011, An ac-powered optical receiver consuming 270 <ref_formula><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{W}$</tex> </ref_formula> for transcutaneous 2 Mb/s data transfer, 2011 IEEE ISSCC Dig Tech Papers, 304
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An artificial neural tactile sensing system
Chun, S., Kim, J.-S., Yoo, Y., Choi, Y. I., Jung, S. J., Jang, D., Lee, G., Song, K., Nam, K. S., Youn, I., et al. (2021) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00585-x · Cited by 439
A Power-Efficient Wireless System With Adaptive Supply Control for Deep Brain Stimulation
Lee, H., Park, H., & Ghovanloo, M. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2013.2266862 · Cited by 231
“The 5-bit current sources with binary-weighted transistors are placed at the output stage directly to reduce the stimulator power loss compared to using current mirrors after a 5-bit current DAC in [20].”
BackgroundMethodToward true closed-loop neuromodulation: artifact-free recording during stimulation.
Zhou, A., Johnson, B. C., & Muller, R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2018.01.012 · Cited by 125
“Some systems monitor VOFFSET at the electrode from accumulated charge and calibrate the second phase current to minimize this offset [16].”
Shin, U., Ding, C., Zhu, B., Vyza, Y., Trouillet, A., Revol, E. C. M., Lacour, S. P., & Shoaran, M. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2022.3204508 · Cited by 124
“681 To ensure precise CB, an offset-regulation active CB tech- 682 nique combined with passive discharging is employed [67].”
MethodA Complete 256-Electrode Retinal Prosthesis Chip
Tran, N., Bai, S., Yang, J., Chun, H., Kavehei, O., Yang, Y., Muktamath, V., Ng, D., Meffin, H., Halpern, M., et al. (2014) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2298037 · Cited by 90
“A compliance monitoring mechanism has been reported [40], where the supply voltage is adaptively changed due to out-of-compliance.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Noorsal, E., Sooksood, K., Xu, H., Hornig, R., Becker, J., & Ortmanns, M.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Bundesnetzagentur (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 244-256
- ISSN
- 0018-9200 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-173X
- OpenAlex
- W1971046436
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
- Keywords
- epiretinal implants, voltage compliance, clock gating, power efficiency, retinal prosthesis, platinum black electrodes
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