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Safe for Generations to Come: Considerations of Safety for Millimeter Waves in Wireless Communications
Open accessAbstract
With the increasing demand for higher data rates and more reliable service capabilities for wireless devices, wireless service providers are facing an unprecedented challenge to overcome a global bandwidth shortage. Early global activities on beyond fourth-generation (B4G) and fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems suggest that millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies are very promising for future wireless communication networks due to the massive amount of raw bandwidth and potential multigigabit-per-second (Gb/s) data rates [1]?[3]. Both industry and academia have begun the exploration of the untapped mmWave frequency spectrum for future broadband mobile communication networks. In April 2014, the Brooklyn 5G Summit [4], sponsored by Nokia and the New York University (NYU) WIRELESS research center, drew global attention to mmWave communications and channel modeling. In July 2014, the IEEE 802.11 next-generation 60-GHz study group was formed to increase the data rates to over 20 Gb/s in the unlicensed 60-GHz frequency band while maintaining backward compatibility with the emerging IEEE 802.11ad wireless local area network (WLAN) standard [5].
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“Previous reviews have reported studies investigating frequencies above 6 GHz that show effects although many of the reported effects occurred at levels greater than the ICNIRP guidelines [1, 8].”
From 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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In the citing paper
“SAR values much higher than the ICNIRP guidelines are certainly capable of producing significant temperature rise and are far beyond the levels expected for 5 G telecommunication devices [1].”
From 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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Citations
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Items 101–200 of 243
Physical Interactions Between Millimeter Waves and Human Body: From Macro- to Micro-Scale
Sacco, G., & Zhadobov, M. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Microwaves · doi:10.1109/jmw.2024.3407712 · Cited by 11
“This results in variations of about 20% at 60 GHz in the power reflection coefficient for small angles of incidence [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialSignal-Level Models of Pointwise Electromagnetic Exposure for Millimeter Wave Communication
Castellanos, M. R., Liu, Y., Love, D. J., Peleato, B., Jin, J., & Hochwald, B. M. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2019.2946742 · Cited by 11
“Studies have shown that incident PD levels above several hundred mW/cm 2 can cause pain in the skin and even ocular lesions [22].”
BackgroundSingle-Frequency Fast Dielectric Characterization of Concealed Body-Worn Explosive Threats
Sadeghi, M., Tajdini, M. M., Wig, E., & Rappaport, C. M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2020.3000866 · Cited by 11
“The mm-waves are safe [28] and pass transparently through clothing [29], while the human skin provides a highly conductive background in the mm-wave spectrum (up to 300 GHz) due to its high water content [30], [31].”
BackgroundHaptic Data Accelerated Prediction via Multicore Implementation
Luca, P. D., & Formisano, A. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52249-0_8 · Cited by 11
Radiation Analysis in a Gradual 5G Network Deployment Strategy
El‐Hajj, A. M., & Naous, T. (2020) · IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF) · doi:10.1109/5gwf49715.2020.9221314 · Cited by 11
“This has caused serious concerns in terms of potential health risks that might come along with the introduction of 5G networks [17].”
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“(5) Si,(z) = L −1 [ 1 κis(2) L [ρiSARi,(z)] ]”
Open-ended waveguide measurement of liquids at millimeter wavelengths
Karpisz, T. M., Kopyt, P., Salski, B., & Krupka, J. (2016) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/mwsym.2016.7539954 · Cited by 10
Exposure limits and dielectric contrast for breast cancer tissues: Experimental results up to 50 GHz
Martellosio, A., Espín, P., Pasian, M., Bozzi, M., Perregrini, L., Mazzanti, A., Svelto, F., Bellomi, M., Preda, L., Renne, G., et al. (2017) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap.2017.7928318 · Cited by 10
“However, as anticipated, no limits are set at mm-wave frequencies, and the simple applicability of microwave guidelines at higher frequencies is questioned and discussed in recent years among the community [11, 14].”
BackgroundTest Reduction for Power Density Emitted by Handset mmWave Antenna Arrays
Zhekov, S. S., Zhao, K., Franěk, O., & Zhang, S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3055420 · Cited by 10
“A literature review regarding the existing knowledge of the effects of non-ionizing mmWave radiation on the human body can be found in [19].”
BackgroundMulti-Band mm-Wave Wearable Antenna Synthesized with a Genetic Algorithm
Dejen, A., Ridwan, M., Jayasinghe, J., & Anguera, J. (2022) · International Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1155/2022/1958247 · Cited by 10
5G EMF Exposure: Overview of Recent Research and Safety Standard Updates
Marković, V. (2021) · International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Systems and Services in Telecommunications (TELSIKS) · doi:10.1109/telsiks52058.2021.9606262 · Cited by 9
“Although more and more scientific papers are appearing on the health effects of exposure to the 5G radiation, science has not given definitive answers [21]-[30].”
Do Dense 5G Networks Increase Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields? [Point of View]
Chiaraviglio, L., Turco, S., Bianchi, G., & Bléfari-Melazzi, N. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2021.3125528 · Cited by 9
Multivariate Regression Analysis of Skin Temperature Rises for Millimeter-Wave Dosimetry
Li, K. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility · doi:10.1109/temc.2022.3166787 · Cited by 9
Tognolatti, L., Ponti, C., & Schettini, G. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/jerm.2021.3131286 · Cited by 8
Vivaldi antenna design in millimeter-wave-band with ultra wide bandwidth and high gain
Zeng, Y., Guo, C., Lin, X. Q., & Yang, X. (2016) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Advanced Materials and Processes for RF and THz Applications (IMWS-AMP) · doi:10.1109/imws-amp.2016.7588398 · Cited by 8
“It has been proved useful in the biomedical, sciences, security, high data rate communications, and many other fields [1].”
BackgroundBreast cancer imaging at mm-waves: Feasibility study on the safety exposure limits
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“At the same time, the increasing investigations and works about mm-wave applications and technologies have stimulated interest in biological safety at mm-wave frequencies [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of directional antennas on outband D2D mmWave communications in heterogeneous networks
Chevillon, R., Andrieux, G., Négrier, R., & Diouris, J. (2018) · AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2018.09.006 · Cited by 8
“Although biological safety [12] and channel behavior [13, 14] of millimeter waves (mmWaves) are not totally defined at the moment [15], the mmWave 30”
BackgroundPonti, C., Tognolatti, L., & Schettini, G. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/ojap.2021.3057138 · Cited by 8
“Development of implantable devices with millimeter waves is attractive but very challenging, because of the high absorption of the electromagnetic fields by the human tissues [5].”
BackgroundOn-Body Antenna With Ultrawide Operation Band and Dynamically Broad Notch Band for IoT Applications
Chen, Z.-M., Liang, X., Li, J., Chen, Z., Yang, W., & Lu, W. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3545934 · Cited by 7
“Toensure user safety, the SPD should be limited to 10 W/m 2 over the 1 cm 2 averaging area [18], [19], [54].”
Estimation of Average Absorption Cross Section of a Skin Phantom in a mm-Wave Reverberation Chamber
Aminzadeh, R., Sol, J., Besnier, P., Zhadobov, M., Martens, L., & Joseph, W. (2019) · HAL · Cited by 7
Human electromagnetic field exposure in wearable communications systems: A review
Kim, S., Sharif, Y. A., & Nasim, I. (2024) · e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering Electronics and Energy · doi:10.1016/j.prime.2024.100508 · Cited by 22
Implementation of an in vitro exposure system for 28 GHz
Young Seung, L. E. E., Dzagbletey, P. A., Chung, J., Jeon, S., Lee, A., Kim, N., Song, S. J., & Choi, H. (2020) · ETRI Journal · doi:10.4218/etrij.2020-0169 · Cited by 7
“The entire system is based on field uniformity [18] to provide adequate exposure area for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture [19,20], which is more efficient in dealing with a shallow skin depth of approximately 1 mm at MMW frequencies [10].”
Measurement Methodology: Radar-Based Human Activity Recognition: Is it Ready for Aging in Place?
Dey, A., Rajan, S., Xiao, G. G., & Lu, J. (2023) · IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine · doi:10.1109/mim.2023.10238364 · Cited by 7
“2 MeV, making human exposure to them harmless [2].”
BackgroundContactless Glucose Sensing Using Miniature mm-Wave Radar and Tiny Machine Learning
Nikandish, G., Sheedy, C., He, J., Crowe, R. W. A., & Rao, D. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Microwaves · doi:10.1109/jmw.2024.3518757 · Cited by 7
“2(a) [29].”
InfluentialCompact Wearable Antenna with Metasurface for Millimeter-Wave Radar Applications
Gómez, M. E. D. C., Álvarez, H. F., Berdasco, A. F., & Andrés, F. L.-H. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16072553 · Cited by 6
“Provided that millimeter-wave energy penetrates the stratum corneum easily but is rapidly absorbed within the deeper epidermis and dermis and does not propagate further into the body [54] and that the presented antennas are metal-backed, their performance will hardly be affected by the human body (as would be the case…”
BackgroundLodato, F., Garzia, A., Valbonesi, S., Ruello, G., Iodice, A., Matera, F., Salvo, P., & Massa, R. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Measurements & Networking (M&N) · doi:10.1109/mn60932.2024.10615802 · Cited by 6
“In fact, as the frequency increases, the depth of penetration decreases, and the main interaction of electromagnetic fields involveshuman body surface layers such as eyes and skin [21].”
Bladel, H. V., Stroobandt, B., Veludo, A. F., Deprez, K., Röösli, M., Tognola, G., Parazzini, M., Thuróczy, G., Polańska, K., Politański, P., et al. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109368 · Cited by 6
Self Adaptive Safe Provisioning of Wireless Power Using DCOPs
van Leeuwen, C. J., Yıldırım, K. S., & Pawełczak, P. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO) · doi:10.1109/saso.2017.16 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, a safe-charging WPTN must ensure that it does not create harmful electromagnetic radiation [13], as it is trying to minimize the charging time by increasing the power levels of the transmitters [12].”
BackgroundZhao, N., Yang, X., Zhang, Z., & Khan, M. B. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2020.3042998 · Cited by 6
“transmission power (0 dBm) used in the experiment can ensure that the millimeter wave only interacts with the body surface and does not further invade the body [41].”
MethodChallenges and Enabling Technologies in 5G Wearable Communications.Preprint
Sun, H., Zhang, Z., Hu, R. Q., & Qian, Y. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 6
Human Exposure to RF Fields in 5G DownlinkPreprint
Nasim, I., & Kim, S. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1711.03683 · Cited by 6
“The pain detection threshold temperature for human skin is approximately 43 ◦ C as reported [1] and any temperature over that limit can produce long-term injuries.”
BackgroundInfluentialAdekola, S. A., Amusa, K. A., & Biowei, G. (2025) · Journal of Engineering and Applied Science · doi:10.1186/s44147-025-00617-9 · Cited by 5
“The consistency of the computed electrical parameters with existing literature [37] further validates the study’s findings.”
InfluentialGreen and Safe 6G Wireless Networks: A Hybrid Approach
Kour, H., Jha, R. K., & Jain, S. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking · doi:10.1109/tgcn.2024.3396162 · Cited by 5
“As we go deeper in the human skin tissue at about 0.06-2.8mm, which is the thickness of epidermis and dermis layers, the water content increase by 70-80% [19].”
InfluentialAnalysis of Human EMF Exposure in 5G Cellular Systems
Nasim, I. (2019) · Cited by 5
Evolution of Next-Generation Communication Technology
Sil, R., & Chatterjee, R. (2023) · Springer tracts in electrical and electronics engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3668-7_1 · Cited by 5
Gajda, G. B., Lemay, E. P., & Paradis, J. (2019) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000001036 · Cited by 5
Separable MSE-Based Design of Two-Way Multiple-Relay Cooperative MIMO 5G Networks
Darsena, D., Gelli, G., Iudice, I., & Verde, F. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20216284 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, the average power received at the terminals is an important metric measuring the human exposure to radio frequency (RF) fields generated by transmitters operating at mmWave frequencies [21] and, with respect to traditional per-relay transmit power constraints, it is more easily related to regulatory specific…”
BackgroundHealth issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
Wersényi, G. (2022) · Open Engineering · doi:10.1515/eng-2022-0387 · Cited by 5
Personal Exposimeter for Radiation Assessment in Real Environments in the 60-GHz Band
Aminzadeh, R., Thielens, A., Li, H., Leduc, C., Zhadobov, M., Torfs, G., Bauwelinck, J., Martens, L., & Joseph, W. (2017) · Radiation Protection Dosimetry · doi:10.1093/rpd/ncx012 · Cited by 4
Analysis of interference on mirror-aided non-LOS backhaul data transmission in VLC attocell networks
Wu, Y., Pickavet, M., & Colle, D. (2021) · Photonic Network Communications · doi:10.1007/s11107-021-00928-w · Cited by 4
Feasibility study on transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation using millimeter waves
Song, H. Y., Shin, D. W., Jung, S. M., Jeong, Y., Jeong, B., & Park, C. S. (2021) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ac2c54 · Cited by 4
Deaconescu, D. B., & Miclăuş, S. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12020297 · Cited by 4
Features Architecture and Security Issues in 5G and 6G Communication
Singh, D. (2022) · 2022 8th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC) · doi:10.1109/icsc56524.2022.10009619 · Cited by 4
“During his discussion, Fettweis uncovered the aftereffects of tests where terahertz waves had the option to communicate 1 terabit for every second of information for an excellent absolute of 20 meters (definitely, not exceptionally far by any means) [15-18].”
BackgroundBhushan, B., Sharma, S. K., Kumar, R., & Priyadarshini, I. (2023) · Springer tracts in electrical and electronics engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3668-7 · Cited by 9
Clothing Effect on Multilayered Skin Model Exposure From 20 GHz to 100 GHz
Li, K., Sasaki, K., Sacco, G., & Zhadobov, M. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1109/jerm.2023.3309935 · Cited by 4
“The angle-of-incidence dependence of the power transmission coefficient, APD, and skin temperature elevation induced by plane-wave exposure and practical radiation sources (e.g., phased array antennas) was extensively studied [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11].”
BackgroundHalf-Duplex Radio: Toward Green 5G NR
Kour, H., & Jha, R. K. (2020) · IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mce.2020.2993105 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Ground-Plane of a Textile Higher Mode Microstrip Patch Antenna on SAR
Seimeni, M. A., Tsolis, A., Alexandridis, A. A., & Pantelopoulos, S. A. (2020) · International Workshop on Antenna Technology · doi:10.1109/iwat48004.2020.1570615365 · Cited by 4
“In light of this, scientists from their side started carrying out intense research in the 1990s and published science-based safety guidelines with safety margins [2] through World Health Organization (WHO), International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Federal Communications Committee (FCC) an…”
BackgroundMitigation of Human EMF Exposure in a Cellular Wireless System
Nasim, I., & Kim, S. (2020) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtc2020-fall49728.2020.9348446 · Cited by 4
“where R is the reflection coefficient [26], ρ is the tissue mass density (1 g/cm(3) is used), and δ is the skin penetration depth (10-3 m is used) [11].”
BackgroundMethod3-D Modeling of Human Hands for Characterizing Antenna Radiation from a 5G Mobile Phone
Vähä-Savo, L., Koivumäki, P., Haneda, K., Icheln, C., & Chen, J. (2022) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap53622.2022.9769053 · Cited by 4
“9 mm [10], accurate anatomical modeling of hands deeper than the skin is not necessary.”
Study of 5G Technology Effects on Public Health and Aviation Safety
Ammar, A. M., Ellafi, A. Y., & Zerek, A. R. (2022) · IEEE International Maghreb Meeting of the Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (MI-STA) · doi:10.1109/mi-sta54861.2022.9837759 · Cited by 4
Karthik, V., & Rao, T. R. (2016) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research M · doi:10.2528/pierm16071703 · Cited by 4
“The most recent work in 2015 by [12] has concluded that PD is not suitable to detect exposure compliance with mm wave devices when used close to the human body.”
Mitigation of Human RF Exposure in 5G DownlinkPreprint
Nasim, I., & Kim, S. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1807.09094 · Cited by 4
mmET: mmWave Radar-Based Eye Tracking on Smart Glasses
Ma, R., Morimoto, Y., Ho, J. S., Shiu, S., & Zhu, J. (2025) · ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys) · doi:10.1145/3715014.3722050 · Cited by 3
Aminzadeh, R., Fall, A. K., Sol, J., Thielens, A., Besnier, P., Zhadobov, M., Geeter, N. D., Vasudevan, P. P., Dupré, L. R., Holen, R. V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Infrared Millimeter and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-018-0533-z · Cited by 3
EM Radiation Reduction in WCN: Towards Safe Generations
Kour, H., & Jha, R. K. (2020) · International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS) · doi:10.1109/comsnets48256.2020.9027492 · Cited by 3
“In [7], the effect of mm waves on the future generations has been given with main emphasis on the most EM Radiation Reduction in WCN: Towards Safe Generations 2020 12th International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS)”
MethodAntenna Model for Safe Human Exposure in Future 6G Smartphones: A Network Perspective
Kour, H., Jha, R. K., & Jain, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking · doi:10.1109/tgcn.2023.3303471 · Cited by 3
“The results have been demonstrated numerically as well as experimentally in the form of power density values and SAR rates for a certain input power [8].”
BackgroundRamdani, N., Mokhnache, E. O., Razali, M. S., Maamar, M., Mehras, H., Abid, N., & Derradji, M. (2023) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-023-11231-x · Cited by 3
A Comparative Analysis of Specific Absorption Rate from Different Antennas Utilized in 5G Technology
Shakya, S., & Singh, R. K. (2023) · IEEE Global Conference for Advancement in Technology (GCAT) · doi:10.1109/gcat59970.2023.10353526 · Cited by 3
“The utmost localized SAR limit established by the ICNIRP is 2 W/kg in any 10 g of tissue in the head [8].”
BackgroundMiniaturized Grid Array Antenna for Body-centric RFID Communications in 5G S-band
Hughes, J. D., Occhiuzzi, C., Batchelor, J. C., & Marrocco, G. (2021) · European Microwave Conference (EuMC) · doi:10.23919/eumc48046.2021.9338030 · Cited by 3
Two-Step Method for Millimeter-Wave Antenna Performance Assessment in 5G Smartphones
Fernandes, F. S. S., Rom, C., Rodrigues, A., Svendsen, S., & Jagielski, O. (2021) · International Journal of Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1155/2021/6641501 · Cited by 3
“Firstly, the user’s body, when in proximity to antennas at these frequencies, blocks any signal that comes in its direction [14].”
Kapetanović, A. L., & Poljak, D. (2021) · International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) · doi:10.23919/splitech52315.2021.9566429 · Cited by 3
Approximating Electromagnetic Exposure in Dense Indoor Environments
Basu, D., & Hasan, S. F. (2018) · International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems · doi:10.1109/iswcs.2018.8491235 · Cited by 3
Exposure Assessment in Millimeter‐Wave Reverberation Chamber Using Murine Phantoms
Fall, A. K., Lemoine, C., Besnier, P., Sauleau, R., Dréan, Y. L., & Zhadobov, M. (2020) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22243 · Cited by 3
“Their near‐future deployment raises concerns related to potential health risks [Wu et al., 2015; Guraliuc et al., 2017].”
Wearable Soft Grid Array Antenna for S-band 5G Communication
Hughes, J. D., Occhiuzzi, C., Batchelor, J. C., & Marrocco, G. (2020) · URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium · doi:10.23919/ursigass49373.2020.9232249 · Cited by 2
“A safe backscattering communication link, that is compliant with the actual regulations in terms of power density, could be hence established [8].”
BackgroundA Review of Vision and Challenges of the 6G Wireless Networks
Ijala, A. D., Thomas, S., Oshiga, O., Hussein, S. U., Karataev, T., & Osanaiye, O. A. (2021) · International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Science (ICMEAS) · doi:10.1109/icmeas52683.2021.9692366 · Cited by 2
Kapetanović, A. L., & Poljak, D. (2023) · Radiation Protection Dosimetry · doi:10.1093/rpd/ncad114 · Cited by 2
Challenges and Opportunities of 5G Deployment in Ecuador (extended version)
Ortiz, L. A. P., Flores, F., Becerra, F. L., Cevallos, G., & Rivera, R. (2023) · Kalpa publications in computing · doi:10.29007/d4tj · Cited by 2
“Besides, due to the fact that coverage areas are smaller in 5G, cell towers would not have to transmit as much power as current facilities [47].”
BackgroundGNR based Tapered Vivaldi antenna for THz band applications
Kushwaha, R. K. (2023) · Results in Optics · doi:10.1016/j.rio.2023.100574 · Cited by 2
Brzozek, C., Mate, R., Bhatt, C. R., Loughran, S., Wood, A., & Karipidis, K. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.1080/00207233.2024.2375861 · Cited by 2
“6 GHz) as well as higher frequency bands (26–28 GHz) that have not been used in previous mobile networks, and it is predicted that future mobile networks will use higher frequency bands above 60 GHz [5].”
Millimeter Wave Communications for 5G Networks
Song, J., Castellanos, M. R., & Love, D. J. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316771655.011 · Cited by 2
Full-Wave Simulation of Body Absorption due to Radiated Fields at GHz Frequencies
Carballo-Madrigal, J. A., Rimolo-Donadio, R., & Schuster, C. (2018) · Revista Tecnología en Marcha · doi:10.18845/tm.v31i2.3634 · Cited by 2
“The calculation and analysis of the specific absorption rate (SAR) have been used as a metric to assess the amount of energy absorbed by humans from the exposure of electromagnetic radiation [1].”
BackgroundMethodPerformance Investigations of a Quad-band Microstrip Antenna for Body Wearable Wireless Devices
Karthik, V., & Rao, T. R. (2021) · The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES) · doi:10.47037/2021.aces.j.360806 · Cited by 2
“In this context, elevation of temperature measurements for the compliance evaluation of mm-wave wireless devices operating close to the body has been suggested [22].”
BackgroundAssessing the Electromagnetic Field Exposure of 5G Transmitters
Estrada-Jiménez, J. C., Pardo, E., Camino, R. D., & Faye, S. (2022) · ACM International Symposium on Mobility Management and Wireless Access (MobiWac) · doi:10.1145/3551660.3560906 · Cited by 2
“This table corresponds to the FCC regulation presented in [13].”
BackgroundMethodAntenna-in-package design considerations for millimeter-wave 5G
Sadhu, B., Liu, D., & Gu, X. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822823-4.00008-x · Cited by 2
Karthik, V., & Rao, T. R. (2016) · IEEE India Conference · doi:10.1109/indicon.2016.7838907 · Cited by 2
“Primarily numerical techniques [2, 3], MRI technique [4] and Infra- Red thermography (IRT) [5] for mm waves have been used for the evaluation of the thermal effect.”
MethodMonolithic Antenna Array for Epidermal 5G Backscattering Communications
Occhiuzzi, C., & Marrocco, G. (2020) · European Conference on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.23919/eucap48036.2020.9136040 · Cited by 2
“A safe backscattering communication link, compliant with the actual Regulations in term power density, could be hence established [9].”
BackgroundAugé, S., Tamra, A., Rigal, L., Lobjois, V., Ducommun, B., Dubuc, D., & Grenier, K. M. (2020) · IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium digest · doi:10.1109/ims30576.2020.9223806 · Cited by 2
“Numerous studies related to RF exposure systems and RF effects have already been conducted in the past [1-7].”
Multifunctional Antennas for User Equipments (UEs)
Sharma, S. K., & Biswal, S. P. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119535096.ch10 · Cited by 2
Challenges in 5G Building Sustainable Networks and Its Opportunities
Sharanya, S. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119827603.ch13 · Cited by 2
Ryzhkov, N. (2025) · Technology audit and production reserves · doi:10.15587/2706-5448.2025.326272 · Cited by 1
“This significantly extends the results of the robot [8], as it allows to operate not only the capacity of mobile networks, but also other criteria chosen by the researchers.”
Lodato, F., Garzia, A., Iodice, A., Valbonesi, S., Ruello, G., Salvo, P., Folli, M., Suman, R., & Massa, R. (2025) · AEIT International Annual Conference · doi:10.23919/aeit67669.2025.11218129 · Cited by 1
User level performance analysis of multi-hop in-band backhaul for 5G
Drozdy, Á., Kapanen, J., & Manner, J. (2017) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1007/s11276-017-1513-2 · Cited by 1
EMF exposure study of multilayer human head model at close distance of 28 GHz patch arrays
Wang, H., Xu, B., He, S., & Ying, Z. (2018) · International Workshop on Antenna Technology · doi:10.1109/iwat.2018.8379231 · Cited by 1
“However, above those frequencies, the energy penetration depth becomes shallow and the correlation between SAR and the temperature elevation in tissue, ΔT , becomes weak [7].”
BackgroundUser-Exposure-Cancelling Beamforming for Multi-Antenna Systems
Castellanos, M. R., Peleato, B., & Love, D. J. (2019) · Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ACSSC) · doi:10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9048712 · Cited by 1
“A number of dosimetric quantities, such as specific absorption rate (SAR) and power density (PD), can be employed to quantify radio frequency (RF) radiation intensity, and the choice of an appropriate restriction depends on the exposure scenario and the application [3], [4].”
BackgroundMillimeter Wave Wearable Modified Yagi Antenna
Ren, Q., Zhu, X., Liu, X., & Yang, H. (2020) · IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS) · doi:10.1109/iws49314.2020.9360183 · Cited by 1
On Anatomical Human Models for Evaluation of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields
Ponti, C., & Schettini, G. (2022) · IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4.0&IoT) · doi:10.1109/metroind4.0iot54413.2022.9831656 · Cited by 1
Murine Skin Dosimetry Under Millimeter Wave Exposure
Iakovidis, S., Leonardi, S., Fratini, E., Pazzaglia, S., Mancuso, M., & Samaras, T. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Microwaves · doi:10.1109/jmw.2023.3345133 · Cited by 1
“Thus, skin, as the outermost tissue of the human body, is dominantly exposed and consequently studied [2].”
BackgroundModelling of electromagnetic wave propagation at free space-human skin interface
Biowei, G., Adekola, S. A., Benjamin, A. K., & Amusa, K. A. (2024) · Nigerian Journal of Technology · doi:10.4314/njt.v43i1.14 · Cited by 1
An Integrated Illumination LED Driver and Optical Wireless Communications Repeater
Barmaki, A., Narimani, M., & Hranilovic, S. (2025) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2025.3550438 · Cited by 1
Spectral, Energy and Computation Efficiency in Future 5G Wireless Networks
Sun, H. (2019) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/frn9-zb12 · Cited by 1
5G and 6G Networks: Should There Be a Health Concern?
Božanić, M., & Sinha, S. (2021) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69273-5_9 · Cited by 1
Elshirkasi, A. M., Al‐Hadi, A. A., Soh, P. J., Mansor, M. F., Khan, R., & Akkaraekthalin, P. (2020) · Progress In Electromagnetics Research C · doi:10.2528/pierc20060107 · Cited by 1
“Unlike in sub-6GHz frequency bands where standard CTIA body parts (hand and head) are available for simulations and measurements, there is yet to be any standard phantoms available for use in the frequency bands above 10 GHz [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialThermal radiation mode: A deployment perspective for 5G New Radio
Kour, H., Jha, R. K., Jain, S., & Jain, S. (2023) · IEEE Potentials · doi:10.1109/mpot.2021.3091077 · Cited by 1
Mitigation of Human RF Exposure in Wearable CommunicationsPreprint
Sharif, Y. A., & Kim, S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.12487 · Cited by 1
“(4) at a point on the air-skin boundary [43] can be rewritten in the form of R being the reflection coefficient [41] as SAR(d,φ) = 2PD(d,φ) (1 −R(2)) δρ (5) where the mass density for tissue and the skin penetration depth are denoted by ρ and δ, respectively [40].”
BackgroundMillimeter-wave massive MIMO for capacity-coverage optimization in 5G heterogeneous networks
Busari, S. A. (2020) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
Aminzadeh, R., Thielens, A., Fall, A. K., Li, H., Leduc, C., Zhadobov, M., Torfs, G., Bauwelinck, J., MARTENS, L. C., & Joseph, W. (2017) · International Conference on Body Area Networks · doi:10.4108/eai.15-12-2016.2267789
“Previous dosimetric studies in the 60 GHz band are not yet widely established on a real human subject [1], [3].”
BackgroundMitigation of Human Exposure to RF Fields in Downlink of Millimeter-Wave Cellular SystemsPreprint
Nasim, I., & Kim, S. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1801.06716
“We thus use the available PD restrictions according to the FCC guidelines for downlink cases with the carrier frequency higher than 6 GHz.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnalysis of human body temperature elevation at 60 GHz with antipodal linear tapered slot antenna
Shrivstava, P., Rao, T. R., & Abe, B. T. (2017) · Global Wireless Summit (GWS) · doi:10.1109/gws.2017.8300295
Modeling and calculation of the specific absorption rate for multi-antenna mobile devices
Liu, Y. (2017) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, T., Rappaport, T. S., & Collins, C. M.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Microwave Magazine
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 65-84
- ISSN
- 1527-3342 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4629874
- OpenAlex
- W2029468290
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 10.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- IEEE Microwave Magazine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB017183)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
- Keywords
- millimeter-wave communication, 60 GHz, IEEE 802.11ad, 5G, unlicensed spectrum, wireless local area networks, data rate requirements
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