The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safe for Generations to Come: Considerations of Safety for Millimeter Waves in Wireless Communications
Open accessAbstract
With the increasing demand for higher data rates and more reliable service capabilities for wireless devices, wireless service providers are facing an unprecedented challenge to overcome a global bandwidth shortage. Early global activities on beyond fourth-generation (B4G) and fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems suggest that millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies are very promising for future wireless communication networks due to the massive amount of raw bandwidth and potential multigigabit-per-second (Gb/s) data rates [1]?[3]. Both industry and academia have begun the exploration of the untapped mmWave frequency spectrum for future broadband mobile communication networks. In April 2014, the Brooklyn 5G Summit [4], sponsored by Nokia and the New York University (NYU) WIRELESS research center, drew global attention to mmWave communications and channel modeling. In July 2014, the IEEE 802.11 next-generation 60-GHz study group was formed to increase the data rates to over 20 Gb/s in the unlicensed 60-GHz frequency band while maintaining backward compatibility with the emerging IEEE 802.11ad wireless local area network (WLAN) standard [5].
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“Previous reviews have reported studies investigating frequencies above 6 GHz that show effects although many of the reported effects occurred at levels greater than the ICNIRP guidelines [1, 8].”
From 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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“SAR values much higher than the ICNIRP guidelines are certainly capable of producing significant temperature rise and are far beyond the levels expected for 5 G telecommunication devices [1].”
From 5G mobile networks and health—a state-of-the-science review of the research into low-level RF fields above 6 GHz (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
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Citations
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A photonic generation and transmission system for millimetre-wave futuristic communications
Al-Dabbagh, R. K. (2018) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London)
Data Detection in Single User Massive MIMO Using Re-TransmissionsPreprint
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Electromagnetic Field Limitations on 5th Generation Networks PlanningPreprint
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Evaluation of Cell Membrane Effects After 3D Multicellular Spheroids RF Exposure
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GNR Based Reconfigurable Tapered Vivaldi Antenna for THz band ApplicationsPreprint
Kushwaha, R. K. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1779403/v1
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Massa, R., & Scarfı̀, M. R. (2022) · FITCE Congress · doi:10.23919/fitce56290.2022.9934699
“Such differences are of the same order as those found due to individual variations [8].”
BackgroundNumerical Exposure Assessments of Communication Systems at Higher Frequencies
Qureshi, M. R. A., Alfadhl, Y., & Chen, X. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119909194.ch3
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Nasir, N. F. M., Lim, H. S., & Diong, K. S. (2022) · doi:10.2991/978-94-6463-082-4_25
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“The penetration depth of MMW radiation varies with the frequency; so greater penetration is achieved at lower frequency bands, whereas smaller penetration is achieved at higher frequency bands [11].”
BackgroundThe Role of Skin in mm-Wave Exposure of Human Body
Martino, G. D., Simone, A. D., Iodice, A., Riccio, D., & Ruello, G. (2023) · USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting · doi:10.23919/usnc-ursi54200.2023.10289362
“However, besides the much larger bandwidth and data rates enabled by mm-Waves with respect to lower frequencies, the development of such wireless systems is also raising concerns in general public about potential health effects [1].”
BackgroundMicrowave-Based Complementary Split-Ring Resonator for the Detection of Variations in Aqueous Media
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“In the medical field, microwave biosensors have played an essential role in monitoring, diagnosing, and treating diseases due to high electromagnetic absorption at high frequencies [1].”
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Self-citationThe Effect of Proximity Sensor & Grip Sensor Use on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in Smartphones
Aydin, E. (2025) · Gazi University Journal of Science Part A Engineering and Innovation · doi:10.54287/gujsa.1616086
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Transmission and attenuation of the millimetre-wave OAM beams through the tissue layer
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“Indeed, due to the small penetration depth of mmWave EMFs, human body exposure primarily involves surface tissues such as skin and eyes [13].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, T., Rappaport, T. S., & Collins, C. M.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Microwave Magazine
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 65-84
- ISSN
- 1527-3342 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4629874
- OpenAlex
- W2029468290
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 10.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- IEEE Microwave Magazine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (P41EB017183)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
- Keywords
- millimeter-wave communication, 60 GHz, IEEE 802.11ad, 5G, unlicensed spectrum, wireless local area networks, data rate requirements
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