Three Fingerprints of Memristor
Abstract
This paper illustrates that for a device to be a memristor it should exhibit three characteristic fingerprints: 1) When driven by a bipolar periodic signal the device must exhibit a “pinched hysteresis loop” in the voltage-current plane, assuming the response is periodic. 2) Starting from some critical frequency, the hysteresis lobe area should decrease monotonically as the excitation frequency increases, and 3) the pinched hysteresis loop should shrink to a single-valued function when the frequency tends to infinity. Examples of memristors exhibiting these three fingerprints, along with non-memristors exhibiting only a subset of these fingerprints are also presented. In addition, two different types of pinched hysteresis loops; the transversal (self-crossing) and the non-transversal (tangential) loops exhibited by memristors are also discussed with its identification criterion.
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Numerous examples of pinched hysteresis loops of memristors can be found in [3], [13], [22].
“Numerous examples of pinched hysteresis loops of memristors can be found in [3], [13], [22].”
From Everything You Wish to Know About Memristors But Are Afraid to Ask (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Cites
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“For the examples presented in [13] it was noted that non-transversal loops occurred when and are even functions of , where , but this was not a necessary condition as transversal pinched hysteresis loops were observed in unipolar resistance switching devices where and were even functions of .”
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If it's pinched it's a memristor
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“The numerical simulations in Figure 2 demonstrate that the hyperbolic-type memristor emulator can behave three fingerprints for distinguishing memristors (Adhikari et al., 2013).”
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“The focus shifted in [127] where the frequency dependence (which is mentioned in the 1971 paper [28]) is elevated to being two of the three identifying ‘fingerprints’ for experimentalists to search”
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“After the above analysis, the proposed locally active discrete memristor model conforms the definition of generalized memristor [27].”
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“It can be seen that the cubic nonlinear memristive model complies with the three essential characteristics of memristive elements [28], which fully proves the validity of this memristor.”
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“According to the memristor theorem [37], the memristor has some unique frequency characteristics in its pinched hysteresis”
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“The existence of pinched hysteresis loops at the first and third quadrant of the I–V plane is the first fingerprint of semiconductor memristors [39].”
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“The shape of the pinched hysteresis loop varies with frequency and shrinks to a single-valued function through the origin, as the frequency tends to infinity [6].”
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What are Memristor, Memcapacitor, and Meminductor?
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A Universal Mutator for Transformations Among Memristor, Memcapacitor, and Meminductor
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“Basic features such as the frequency dependence of the pinched hysteretic loop are experimentally discussed in this section [33].”
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“However, the number of publications on the topic of memristors has been increasing exponentially only in the last six years, with both academia and industry devoting a considerable amount of financial resources to fabricate novel devices [5]–[7]with memristive fingerprints [8], [9], to develop reliable mathematical mo…”
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“An ideal memristor should exhibit three characteristic fingerprints [4]: 1) the pinched hysteresis loop in the current– voltage plane when driven by a bipolar periodic signal; 2) the lobe area of the hysteresis loop should decrease monotonically when the excitation frequency increases and vice versa; and 3) the pinche…”
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“These observations confirm the effectiveness of proposed memristor model [30].”
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“The simulated results explain that the simplified memristor emulator can meet the three fingerprints of memristor [31].”
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“Moreover, the pinched hysteresis loop should shrink to a single-valued function when the frequency tends to infinity [17].”
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“The pinched hysteresis I-V loop as shown in Figure 3 is the first characteristic fingerprint of the memristor [8].”
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“Thus, the LADM meets the definition of a memristor [64]. memristor [64].”
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“It should be noted that the concept of the generalized memristor and the three fingerprint characteristics [3] of memristors have been reported, which provides a guide for the design of memristors.”
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“Figure 2(b) illustrates the frequency-dependent pinched loop where the lobe area shrivels as the frequency increases and tends to a straight line at ω = 10 rad/s, respectively [Adhikari et al., 2013; Chua, 2014].”
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“in ̄nite frequency should be satis ̄ed.(21) Both decreasing and increasing type behavior is preferred.”
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A 6D Fractional-Order Memristive Hopfield Neural Network and its Application in Image Encryption
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“It was indicated that if an electrical element is a memristor, it must satisfy two conditions in literature [67]: (1) When driven by a periodic voltage or current source, the device must exhibit PHL in the voltage-current plane and the PHL always passes through the origin.”
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“A broader definition of the memristor was argued that it could cover all forms of two-terminal non-volatile memory devices based on resistance switching effects [4]–[8], [11].”
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“The slope of this function is called the memristance, R [q(t)], and is similar to variable resistance [1]–[8].”
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“In [3], the basic characteristics of a circuit to mimic like a memristor are explained.”
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Mannan, Z. I., Adhikari, S. P., Yang, C., Budhathoki, R. K., Kim, H., & Chua, L. O. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2019.2892385 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“We verified the fingerprints [46] of the implemented memristor emulator (M) by plotting the frequency-dependent pinched hysteresis loops, as shown in Fig.”
MethodSelf-citationPeng, Y., Lan, Z., Sun, K., & Xu, W. (2023) · Optics & Laser Technology · doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2023.109543 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Memristive Hyperchaotic System without Equilibrium
Pham, V., Volos, C., & Gambuzza, L. V. (2014) · TheScientificWorldJournal · doi:10.1155/2014/368986 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Thus, according to [30, 31] the three main fingerprints of memristive system have been observed in the proposed memristive device (2).”
BackgroundTemperature effect on memristive ion channels
Xu, Y., Ma, J., Zhan, X., Yang, L.-J., & Jia, Y. (2019) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-019-09547-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fouda, M. E., Elwakil, A., & Radwan, A. G. (2015) · Microelectronics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mejo.2015.06.019 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A simple test for ideal memristors
Pershin, Y. V., & Di Ventra, M. (2019) · Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6463/aae680 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“(1) that the corresponding I-V curves are pinched hysteresis loops, and this has been claimed to serve as the fingerprint of ideal memristors [7, 8] (see the ideal memristor curve in Fig.”
BackgroundMicrotubules as Sub-Cellular Memristors
Tuszynski, J., Friesen, D. E., Freedman, H., Sbitnev, V. I., Kim, H., Santelices, I., Kalra, A., Patel, S. D., Shankar, K., & Chua, L. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58820-y · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSrivastava, P., Gupta, R. K., Sharma, R. K., & Ranjan, R. (2020) · Circuits, systems, and signal processing · doi:10.1007/s00034-020-01421-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Doubla, I. S., Ramakrishnan, B., Njitacke, Z. T., Kengne, J., & Rajagopal, K. (2021) · AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2021.154059 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Baluška, F., Gagliano, M., & Witzany, G. (2018) · Signaling and Communication in Plants · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0 · Cited by 49
A Flux-Controlled Logarithmic Memristor Model and Emulator
Xie, X., Zou, L., Wen, S.-P., Zeng, Z.-G., & Huang, T.-W. (2018) · Circuits, systems, and signal processing · doi:10.1007/s00034-018-0926-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dynamic Analysis of a Bistable Bi-Local Active Memristor and Its Associated Oscillator System
Chang, H., Wang, Z., Li, Y.-X., & Chen, G. (2018) · International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos in Applied Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1142/s0218127418501055 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Coexisting pinched hysteresis loops driven by a bipolar periodic signal As a unique characteristic fingerprint of a memristor, “a pinched hysteresis loop passing through the origin [Adhikari et al., 2013]” must appear in the current–voltage coordinate plane, driven by a zeromean periodic signal.”
BackgroundMethodMemristors in the electrical network of Aloe vera L.
Volkov, A., Reedus, J., Mitchell, C. M., Tucket, C., Forde-Tuckett, V., Volkova, M. I., Markin, V. S., & Chua, L. (2014) · Plant Signalling & Behavior · doi:10.4161/psb.29056 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationResistorless Memristor Emulator Using CFTA and Its Experimental Verification
Prasad, S. S., Kumar, P., & Ranjan, R. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3075341 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Memristors are characterized by three basic fingerprint properties [7], as there should be a pinched hysteresis loop in the V-I planewhen excited by periodic bipolar signal, the loop area is inversely proportional to the applied signal frequency, and it starts to act like a linear resistor as the applied frequency app…”
BackgroundA novel memristive synapse-coupled ring neural network with countless attractors and its application
Zhang, S., Li, Y., Lu, D., & Li, C.-B. (2024) · Chaos, Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115056 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A class of versatile circuits, made up of standard electrical components, are memristors
Ascoli, A., Corinto, F., & Tetzlaff, R. (2016) · International journal of circuit theory and applications · doi:10.1002/cta.2067 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“This is one of the fingerprints of memristive behavior [37].”
BackgroundDynamics and chimera state in a neural network with discrete memristor coupling
Shang, C., He, S.-B., Rajagopal, K., Wang, H.-H., & Sun, K. (2022) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00699-z · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“It shows that the model has three fingerprint characteristics that a memristor should meet [36]: (1) the memristor should exhibit a “pinched hysteresis loop” in the voltage–current plane; (2) the lobe area of “pinched hysteresis loop” should increase monotonically as the frequency ω decreases; (3) when the frequency ω…”
BackgroundMem-Elements Emulator Design With Experimental Validation and Its Application
Raj, N., Ranjan, R., Khateb, F., & Kumngern, M. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3078189 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Memristor possesses three main characteristics [6], which can be stated as (a) pinched hysteresis loop in the current-voltage plane (b) an inverse relationship between the hysteresis curve area and frequency (c) memristor behaves like a linear resistor at”
BackgroundLi, C., Min, F.-H., & Li, C.-B. (2018) · Nonlinear dynamics · doi:10.1007/s11071-018-4524-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Adhikari, S. P., Sah, M. P., Kim, H., & Chua, L. O.
- Affiliations
- Jeonbuk National University (KR)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3008-3021
- ISSN
- 1549-8328 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0806
- OpenAlex
- W2084914578
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 21.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Memory and Neural Computing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Chaos control and synchronization
- Keywords
- memristors, pinched hysteresis loop, hysteresis loop area, frequency dependence, current-voltage characteristics
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