Quantum Algorithms for Mixed Binary Optimization Applied to Transaction Settlement
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we extend variational quantum optimization algorithms for quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems to the class of mixed binary optimization problems. This allows us to combine binary decision variables with continuous decision variables, which, for instance, enables the modeling of inequality constraints via slack variables. We propose two heuristics and introduce the transaction settlement problem to demonstrate them. Transaction settlement is defined as the exchange of securities and cash between parties and is crucial to financial market infrastructure. We test our algorithms using classical simulation as well as real quantum devices provided by IBM quantum.
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The class of treatable problems of VQAs has been extended to Mixed Binary Optimization (MBO) problems using appropriate problem formulations.
“Additionally, the class of treatable problems of VQAs has been extended to Mixed Binary Optimization (MBO) problems using appropriate problem formulations [20].”
From Quantum Combinatorial Optimization in the NISQ Era: A Systematic Mapping Study (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
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- Authors
- Braine, L., Egger, D. J., Glick, J., & Woerner, S.
- Affiliations
- Barclays (United Kingdom) (GB)
- IBM Research - Zurich (CH)
- IBM (United States) (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 2689-1808 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2979770774
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- International Business Machines Corporation
- Barclays
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Keywords
- quantum algorithms, QUBO, variational quantum optimization, transaction settlement, inequality constraints, slack variables, financial market infrastructure, heuristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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