The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Optimal Charging Strategies for Unidirectional Vehicle-to-Grid
Abstract
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has been proposed as a way to increase the adoption rate of electric vehicles (EVs). Unidirectional V2G is especially attractive because it requires little if any additional infrastructure other than communication between the EV and an aggregator. The aggregator in turn combines the capacity of many EVs to bid into energy markets. In this work an algorithm for unidirectional regulation is developed for use by an aggregator. Several smart charging algorithms are used to set the point about which the rate of charge varies while performing regulation. An aggregator profit maximization algorithm is formulated with optional system load and price constraints analogous to the smart charging algorithms. Simulations on a hypothetical group of 10 000 commuter EVs in the Pacific Northwest verify that the optimal algorithms increase aggregator profits while reducing system load impacts and customer costs.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Most utility goals may be met by unidirectional chargers while avoiding performance, cost, and safety issues [41,42].”
From On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Performance and Efficiency Review (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
Citations
Cites
Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue
Kempton, W., & Tomić, J. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025 · Cited by 2,323
Kempton, W., & Tomić, J. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.022 · Cited by 2,126
Development of an Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid Aggregator for Frequency Regulation
Han, S., Han, S., & Sezaki, K. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2010.2045163 · Cited by 1,092
Using fleets of electric-drive vehicles for grid support
Tomić, J., & Kempton, W. (2007) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.010 · Cited by 1,018
A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation
Guille, C., & Gross, G. (2009) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.053 · Cited by 934
Peterson, S., Apt, J., & Whitacre, J. F. (2009) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.10.010 · Cited by 830
Sovacool, B. K., & Hirsh, R. F. (2009) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.005 · Cited by 630
Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation
Hadley, S. W., & Tsvetkova, A. (2009) · The Electricity Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tej.2009.10.011 · Cited by 555
Microgrid Protection Using Communication-Assisted Digital Relays
Sortomme, E., Venkata, S. S., & Mitra, J. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2009.2035810 · Cited by 538
Self-citationThe economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage
Peterson, S., Whitacre, J. F., & Apt, J. (2009) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.09.070 · Cited by 512
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 18 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- 2010, Scheduling operations, PJM
- 2010, Operating agreement accounting, PJM
- 2007, Mobile Connector 240
- harris, 2007, Puget Sound trends Average distance to work
- brooks, 2007, PG&E and tesla motors: Vehicle to grid demonstration and evaluation program, Proc 23rd Elect Veh Symp, 1
- 2010, Nissan LEAF electric car FAQ Features
- 2009, Data for BPA balancing authority total load & total wind generation 2007
- 2009, Mitsubishi motors to bring new-generation EV i-MiEV to market
- 2009, MINI-E Specifications
- kempton, 2008, A Test of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) for Energy Storage and Frequency Regulation in the PJM System
- 2010, Leaf specs
- kelly, 2008, New modeling techniques: From wind assessment and forecasting to wind resource management, Bonneville Power Administration & California ISO's Int Wind Forecast Techniques Methodologies Workshop
- berdichevsky, 2006, Tesla roadster battery system
- 2008, Open Access Transmission Tariff
- 2009, Technical data
- 2009, Tesla roadster spec sheet
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–789 of 789
Demand Management System for Electric Vehicle Charging Energy and Energy Cloud Operation
Lee, S., Kim, T., & Jeong, Y.-K. (2022) · International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC) · doi:10.1109/ictc55196.2022.9952809
Extensions to PEVs Charging/Discharging Scheduling
Qin, J., Wan, Y., Li, F., Kang, Y., & Fu, W. (2023) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-8594-2_5
Emerging Intelligent Techniques for Energy Managements in Smart Cities
Bansal, R. C., Sharma, A. K., Soni, B. P., & Mukherjee, A. (2023) · doi:10.13052/rp-9788770229920
Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicles
Jia, Q., & Long, T. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119857433.ch11
Analysis of the Impact of Regional Customer Charging on the Grid Under the Aggregator Model
Tian, C., Liu, Y., Kong, X., & Peng, B. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-5844-3_19
Renewable Energy Smart Grids for Electric Vehicles
Kanchan, V. H., Preethesh, B., D'Costa, H. A., Alva, S. R., & Gatti, R. R. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119842026.ch7
Microgrid Operations Under Electricity Market Dynamics
Khodaei, A., & Arabnya, A. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394162482.ch11
Research on Optimal Operation of Vehicle-Network Interaction Based on Master-Slave Game Theory
Zheng, S., Guo, S., Lang, J., Li, J., Wu, H., & Hua, Y. (2024) · International Conference on Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering (CEEPE) · doi:10.1109/ceepe62022.2024.10586423
Energy Storage for Renewable Sources in Electric Vehicles
Ponnambalam, S., & Ilampoornan, M. K. (2024) · Advances in mechatronics and mechanical engineering (AMME) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4314-2.ch006
Electric Vehicle Charging: A Distribution Network Perspective Highlighting the Technical Aspect
Zaki, M., Sedhom, B. E., Eladl, A. A., El-Afifi, M. I., Osman, S. F., & Hatata, A. Y. (2024) · Conference on Renewable Energy Technologies and Modern Communications Systems: Future and Challenges · doi:10.1109/ieeeconf63577.2024.10882055
Fast Charging Station for Electrical Vehicles Based on DC Microgrid by using Fuzzy Logic Controller
Raju, N. R., Bhaskar, R. V., Thulaseeswar, K., Sagar, S. K., Varma, S. S., & Teja, T. Y. (2025) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-24451
Bajpai, P., & Shrivastava, N. A. (2025) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0089-2_28
E-Mobility: Transportation Sector in Transition
Shaukat, N., & Khan, M. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6431-0_130-2
Singh, A., Singh, M. K., Singh, D., Kumar, K., Singh, D., & Badal, C. (2024) · International Conference on Control, Computing, Communication and Materials (ICCCCM) · doi:10.1109/iccccm61016.2024.11039980
Qian, X., & Yan, H. (2025) · Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects · doi:10.1080/15567036.2025.2522160
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Battery Charging System for Electric Vehicles
Dwivedi, A., Dubey, V., & Tripathi, V. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815324877125010010
E-Mobility: Transportation Sector in Transition
Shaukat, N., & Khan, M. B. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84483-6_130
Joint Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Placement and Charge SchedulingPreprint
Dumeier, M., Geldermann, J., & Weber, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5917255
Demand Response Program applied for Electric Vehicle Charging in Distribution Networks
Lima, D. A., Almeida, L. S., & Teixeira, R. S. (2026) · Eletrônica de Potência · doi:10.18618/rep.e202604
Wamalwa, F. S., Alhazmi, M., Bangura, M., & Thorne, B. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6128813
Patel, H., Bohre, A. K., & Yadav, O. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8641403/v1
Luo, S., Zhu, J., & Zhu, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6151012
Wamalwa, F. S., Alhazmi, M., Bangura, M., & Thorne, B. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6172115
Luo, S., Zhu, J., & Zhu, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6309719
Grid-Aware Scheduling and Control of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: A Review
Ashraf, R., & Thomas, M. S. (2025) · IEEE DELCON - International Conference on Recent Smart Technologies in Engineering for Sustainable Development (DELCON) · doi:10.1109/delcon68055.2025.11400341
Lundblad, T., Taljegård, M., Mattsson, N., Perotti, E. C., & Johnsson, F. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6360789
RESOURCE-SAVING CHARGING SYSTEMS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH ELECTRIC DRIVES IN URBAN POWER NETWORKS
Petrenko, О., Лукашова, Н. П., Donets, O. V., & Колотіло, В. І. (2026) · Municipal economy of cities · doi:10.33042/3083-6727-2026-1-196-64-73
Luo, S., Zhu, J., & Zhu, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6462608
Shen, Y., & Li, Y. (2026) · Engineering Optimization · doi:10.1080/0305215x.2026.2643627
Energy Infrastructure for Road Transport Electrification
Lundblad, T. (2026) · Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) · doi:10.63959/chalmers.dt/5851
Power Modulation Method for Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System
Shen, Z., Wang, B., Xu, K., Zhou, J., & Gao, J. (2026) · IET Power Electronics · doi:10.1049/pel2.70235
EPİE, P. K. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9646594/v1
Wang, M., Ruan, W., Pan, Y., Yuan, X., Gan, H., & Dai, K. (2026) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr14101672
Industrial Park Load Modeling with EV-Charging-Dominant Centralized Charging Stations
Wang, Y., Zhao, B., Wang, X., Xu, Q., Yu, L., & Yuan, L. (2026) · Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering (ACPEE) · doi:10.1109/acpee69242.2026.11524899
Luo, S., Zhu, J., & Zhu, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6820192
wang, H., Feng, Y., Zhu, K., Zhang, L., & Xu, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6830299
Ansari, G., & Keypour, R. (2026) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2026.113396
Hemm, R., Illyés, V. C., Hu, B., Mariuzzo, I., & Esterl, T. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9876652/v1
Ansari, G., & Keypour, R. (2026) · Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1007/s40866-026-00357-6
Vehicle-to-grid energy technologies: A patent landscape analysis and technology updates
Mollik, M. S., Hannan, M. A., Jang, G., Wali, S. B., Abu, S. M., Roslan, M. F., & Al-Shetwi, A. Q. (2026) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2026.102316
EPİE, P. K., & Coşkun, G. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9727203/v1
Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Charging Considering Grid Profile
Aishwarya, C., Reddy, C. K., Prashanth, M., Vani, D., Prasanna, B. L., & Jena, P. K. (2026) · International Conference on Electrical and Electronics for Sustainable Innovations (ICEESI) · doi:10.1109/iceesi68020.2026.11583126
Harak, V., & Samadhiya, A. (2026) · International Conference on Electrical and Electronics for Sustainable Innovations (ICEESI) · doi:10.1109/iceesi68020.2026.11583675
Multi-Source Charging Techniques for Electric Vehicles with G2V and V2G
Murugesan, S., Sivaraj, N., Sureshkumar, R., Mohan Kumar, R., Gopalakrishnan, R., Parrthipan, B. K., Vanaja, C., Murugesan, I., & SARATHKUMAR, D. (2026) · International Conference on Electrical and Electronics for Sustainable Innovations (ICEESI) · doi:10.1109/iceesi68020.2026.11582987
Smart EV Charging Slot Reservation System with Secure Booking ID Authentication
Singh, R. L. R., Pradeep, S., Pranesh, S., & Sajeer, J. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Emerging Synergy Science and Technology (ICESST) · doi:10.1109/icesst69086.2026.11582853
Feeder-Aware Model Predictive Control Based Electric Vehicle Charging for Demand Management
Patel, J., Patel, N. A., Sarda, J., & Bhoi, A. (2026) · International Conference on Electrical and Electronics for Sustainable Innovations (ICEESI) · doi:10.1109/iceesi68020.2026.11583438
Proactive EV Load Balancing Using BLE Sensing and Multiport Power Control
Jayaramapradeep, Harish Shankar, B., & Sivaraman, D. (2026) · International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN) · doi:10.1109/icscan66520.2026.11588386
Muthu, M. (2026) · IEEE Electrification Magazine · doi:10.1109/mele.2026.3689020
Zaman, M., & Abdelwahed, S. (2026) · IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo · doi:10.1109/iteceats66641.2026.11592825
Heterogeneous Flexible Loads and Energy Storage Scheduling with Multi-Objective Optimization
Zhang, Z., Xu, J., Jia, H., Wu, L., Fan, X., Lu, H., & Huang, T. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19143413
Tran, D. T., Nguyen, Q. T., & Nguyen-Ngoc, D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7170019
Ikhajangbe, O. E., Liu, S., & Dhulipati, H. (2026) · Conference proceedings - Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.1109/ccece68150.2026.11610143
Reddy, K. L. P., & Kumar, M. V. (2026) · Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) · doi:10.1590/1517-7076-rmat-2026-0008
Prosumer EV dispatch with market settlement for frequency support in renewable microgridsPreprint
Arévalo-Cordero, P., Tostado‐Véliz, M., Jurado, F., & Hemmati, R. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7229984
Song, R., Hu, X., & Jin, Z. (2026) · International Conference on Electronic Engineering and Informatics (EEI) · doi:10.1109/eei70303.2026.11640655
Behavior-Response Feature Clustering Method for Load-Side Flexible Resources in Microgrid Clusters
Liu, J., Yang, M., Sun, W., Wang, X., & Qin, M. (2026) · IEEE China Conference on System Simulation Technology and its Applications (CCSSTA) · doi:10.1109/ccssta69471.2026.11635803
Alaria, R. K., Kumari, S., & Punia, D. L. (2026) · International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Technology Innovations (ICSETI) · doi:10.1109/icseti67678.2026.11636667
Ratshitanga, M., Folly, K. A., & Oyedokun, D. T. O. (2026) · International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET) · doi:10.1109/icecet65726.2026.11632643
Sreenivasan, A. V., Majhi, R. C., Sheng, M. S., Wen, L., Wang, G., & Ranjitkar, P. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19163814
Wang, S., & Huang, H. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7288171
Hou, Y., & Yang, S. (2026) · Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal · doi:10.13052/dgaej2156-3306.4144
Hafiane, D. E., Magri, A. E., Mansouri, A., & Lajouad, R. (2026) · Next Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100900
Bhuvanesh Arun, C. T., Aruldoss, W. J., Yuvaraj, T., Vijayakumar, R., Bajaj, M., & Рубаненко, О. (2026) · Energy Exploration & Exploitation · doi:10.1177/01445987261483203
Arif, M. A. B., & Deb, S. (2026) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj17090451
Reddy, V. S., & Kumar, B. H. (2026) · IEEE North-East India International Energy Conversion Conference and Exhibition (NE-IECCE) · doi:10.1109/ne-iecce69680.2026.11665973
Tan, T., Xu, Q., & Yang, Y. (2026) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj17090468
Arif, M. A. B., Iqbal, S., & Deb, S. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19184306
Gong, B., Cui, C., Zhao, X., Zhou, X., & Liu, Z. (2026) · International Conference on Smart Energy and Clean Energy Power Generation Technology (SECP) · doi:10.1109/secp69833.2026.11679391
Li, P., Kong, Q., & Alhazmi, M. (2026) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2026.114165
Wu, L., Wei, J., Jin, Q., Zhang, B., Lu, Y., & Guo, X. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19184370
Mandal, S., Pal, P., & Singh, U. (2026) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning · doi:10.51483/ijaiml.6.10s.2026.222-251
General schemes and mathematical foundations
Jian, L., & Yu, H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27706-1.00004-0
Edbeib, O. A. M., & Ahmed, A. A. (2026) · Engineering and Technology Journal · doi:10.47191/etj/v11i09.19
Vujasinović, J., Vujasinović, I., Savic, G., & Bjelić, I. B. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19194569
EV Charging Scheduling Optimization Problem
Clavijo, S. E. C., Tarazona-Torres, L., Tabares, A., & Martínez, D. Á. (2026) · International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST) · doi:10.1109/sest67798.2026.11712491
Beyer, C. J., & Beshr, E. H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-71060-w
Liu, X., An, L., Lu, Y., Liu, J., & Li, H. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-68527-1
Complexity-Aware Structural Screening for EV Charging ControlSelection: A Methodology ProposalPreprint
abdelhalim, Z., Vázquez‐Castro, M. A., & khedr, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7602632
Hybrid ANFIS-Based Power Quality Enhancement Using GWO-Optimized OLTC
Reddy, K. R., Reddy, P. R. K. K., & Sujatha, P. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Renewable Energy and Sustainable E-Mobility (RESEM) · doi:10.1109/resem70152.2026.11721970
Mardaniyan, C. (2023) · ITSI Transactions on Electrical and Electronics Engineering · doi:10.65521/itsi-teee.v12i1.3885
Islam, M. A. (2026) · International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications · doi:10.29322/ijsrp.16.09.2026.p17718
Tiwari, P., Zeeshan, A., Vishwakarma, V. K., Chitranshi, R., Srivastava, S., Sinha, S. K., & Bansal, R. C. (2026) · International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection · doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2026.100918
Erentürk, K., & Draou, A. (2026) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1155/er/6509079
On the Design and Analysis of Incentive Mechanisms in Network Science
Gao, Y. (2014) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/m2tw2t
Topics in Electricity Market Design
Li, R. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Metadata
- Authors
- Sortomme, E., & El-Sharkawi, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 131-138
- ISSN
- 1949-3053 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-3061
- OpenAlex
- W2161666560
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 31.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Power System Optimization
- Keywords
- vehicle-to-grid, electric vehicles, smart charging, energy regulation, load shaping, price constraints, customer cost
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review