The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Electrical Motor Drivelines in Commercial All-Electric Vehicles: A Review
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a critical review of the drivelines in all-electric vehicles (EVs). The motor topologies that are the best candidates to be used in EVs are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of each electric motor type are discussed from a system perspective. A survey of the electric motors used in commercial EVs is presented. The survey shows that car manufacturers are very conservative when it comes to introducing new technologies. Most of the EVs on the market mount a single induction or permanent-magnet (PM) motor with a traditional mechanic driveline with a differential. This paper illustrates that comparisons between the different motors are difficult by the large number of parameters and the lack of a recommended test scheme. The authors propose that a standardized drive cycle be used to test and compare motors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Moreover, operating at a higher voltage can reduce the motor current and thus achieve higher efficiency [7].”
From A Review of Multilevel Inverter Topologies in Electric Vehicles: Current Status and Future Trends (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Citations
Cites
Multiphase Electric Machines for Variable-Speed Applications
LEVI, E. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2008.918488 · Cited by 2,162
Multiphase induction motor drives – a technology status review
LEVI, E., Bojoi, R. I., Profumo, F., Toliyat, H. A., & Williamson, S. (2007) · IET Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/iet-epa:20060342 · Cited by 1,620
Overview of Permanent-Magnet Brushless Drives for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Chau, K. T., Chan, C. C., & Liu, C. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2008.918403 · Cited by 1,499
Design considerations for a contactless electric vehicle battery charger
Wang, C.-S., Stielau, O., & Covic, G. (2005) · IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print) · doi:10.1109/tie.2005.855672 · Cited by 1,474
The state of the art of electric and hybrid vehicles
Chan, C. C. (2002) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/5.989873 · Cited by 1,102
Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Architectures and Modeling
Chan, C. C., Bouscayrol, A., & Chen, K. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2009.2033605 · Cited by 792
Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Burke, A. F. (2007) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2007.892490 · Cited by 790
Electric Motor Drive Selection Issues for HEV Propulsion Systems: A Comparative Study
Zeraoulia, M., Benbouzid, M., & Diallo, D. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2006.878719 · Cited by 692
Sovacool, B. K., & Hirsh, R. F. (2009) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.005 · Cited by 630
An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles
Chan, C. C., & Chau, K. T. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/41.557493 · Cited by 488
Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview
Eberle, U., & von Helmolt, R. (2010) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c001674h · Cited by 469
A Three-Phase Inductive Power Transfer System for Roadway-Powered Vehicles
Covic, G. A., Boys, J. T., Kissin, M. L. G., & Lu, H. G. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2007.904025 · Cited by 439
Semi-Active Suspension Control Design for Vehicles
Savaresi, S. M., Poussot-Vassal, C., Spelta, C., Sename, O., & Luc Dugard, A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63839-3 · Cited by 420
Camara, M. B., Gualous, H., Gustin, F., Berthon, A., & Dakyo, B. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2025283 · Cited by 394
Amjad, S., Neelakrishnan, S., & Rudramoorthy, R. (2009) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.001 · Cited by 387
Electric vehicles: The role and importance of standards in an emerging market
Brown, S., Pyke, D. F., & Steenhof, P. A. (2010) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.059 · Cited by 323
Does commuting distance matter?
Clark, W. A. V., Huang, Y., & Withers, S. D. (2003) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/s0166-0462(02)00012-1 · Cited by 308
Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan
Åhman, M. (2004) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.06.011 · Cited by 271
Shiau, C.-S. N., Samaras, C., Hauffe, R., & Michalek, J. J. (2009) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.040 · Cited by 254
Hydrogen and fuel cells: emerging technologies and applications
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-3411 · Cited by 252
Mierlo, J. V. (2003) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.048 · Cited by 237
Multiphase Pickups for Large Lateral Tolerance Contactless Power-Transfer Systems
Elliott, G. A. J., Raabe, S., Covic, G. A., & Boys, J. T. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2009.2031184 · Cited by 235
Relationships between commuting distance, frequency and telework in Finland
Helminen, V., & Ristimäki, M. (2007) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.12.004 · Cited by 233
Williamson, S. S., Emadi, A., & Rajashekara, K. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2007.896967 · Cited by 199
Implementation of the Three-Phase Switched Reluctance Machine System for Motors and Generators
Chen, H., & Gu, J. J. (2009) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2009.2027901 · Cited by 187
Flux-Switching Motors for Automotive Applications
Pollock, C., Pollock, H., Barron, R. L., Coles, J. R., Moule, D., Court, A., & Sutton, R. (2006) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2006.880842 · Cited by 164
Optimal Design and Real-Time Control for Energy Management in Electric Vehicles
Wang, L., Collins, E. G., & Li, H. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2011.2122272 · Cited by 148
The car industry and the blow-out of the hydrogen hype
Bakker, S. (2010) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.019 · Cited by 140
Moura, S. J., Callaway, D. S., Fathy, H. K., & Stein, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.026 · Cited by 137
A high-torque low-speed multiphase brushless machine-a perspective application for electric vehicles
Simões, M. G., & Vieira, P. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2002.803241 · Cited by 124
Design of an in-wheel motor for a solar-poweredelectricvehicle
Lovatt, H. C., Ramsden, V. S., & Mecrow, B. C. (1998) · IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications · doi:10.1049/ip-epa:19982167 · Cited by 119
History of electric vehicles in General Motors
Rajashekara, K. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/28.297905 · Cited by 118
Ekman, C. K. (2010) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.08.001 · Cited by 112
Multilevel Multiphase Space Vector PWM Algorithm With Switching State Redundancy
López, Ó., Alvarez, J., Doval‐Gandoy, J., & Freijedo, F. D. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2008.2004390 · Cited by 112
Hamilton, B. W. (1989) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261665 · Cited by 111
DC, induction, reluctance and PM motors for electric vehicles
West, J. G. W. (1994) · Power Engineering Journal · doi:10.1049/pe:19940203 · Cited by 102
Dynamic Modeling of Brushless dc Motors for Aerospace Actuation
Demerdash, N. A., & Nehl, T. W. (1980) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.1980.309005 · Cited by 100
Comparison of AC drives for electric vehicles-a report on experts' opinion survey
Chang, L. (1994) · IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/62.311235 · Cited by 99
Wound Rotor Salient Pole Synchronous Machine Drive for Electric Traction
Rossi, C., Casadei, D., Pilati, A., & Marano, M. (2006) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.2006.256689 · Cited by 93
Technology Improvement Pathways to Cost-effective Vehicle Electrification
Brooker, A., Thornton, M. J., & Rugh, J. P. (2010) · SAE technical papers on CD-ROM/SAE technical paper series · doi:10.4271/2010-01-0824 · Cited by 91
An Adaptive Electric Differential for Electric Vehicles Motion Stabilization
Tabbache, B., Kheloui, A., & Benbouzid, M. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2010.2090949 · Cited by 91
Lightweight Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Design
Hodkinson, R., & Fenton, F. A. (2001) · Cited by 82
Vehicle Restrictions in Four Latin American Cities: Is Congestion Pricing Possible?
Mahendra, A. (2008) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441640701458265 · Cited by 81
The state of the art of electric vehicles technology
Chan, C. C., & Wong, Y. S. (2004) · International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference · Cited by 77
Modeling of electric machines for automotive applications using efficiency maps
Lukic, S. M., & Emado, A. (2004) · IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC) · doi:10.1109/eicemc.2003.1247945 · Cited by 66
Commutation-caused eddy-current losses in permanent-magnet brushless DC motors
Deng, F. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/20.620440 · Cited by 66
Energy storage for electric vehicles
Dixon, J. (2010) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT) · doi:10.1109/icit.2010.5472647 · Cited by 58
Takano, Y., Takeno, M., Hoshi, N., Chibá, A., Takemoto, M., Ogasawara, S., & Rahman, M. A. (2010) · International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC) · doi:10.1109/ipec.2010.5543565 · Cited by 57
In-wheel motor design for electric vehicles
Cakir, K., & Şabanoviç, A. (2006) · IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control (AMC) · doi:10.1109/amc.2006.1631730 · Cited by 54
Performance of a hybrid electric vehicle using reluctance synchronous machine technology
Malan, J., & Kamper, M. J. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/28.952507 · Cited by 53
Performance of hybrid electric vehicle using reluctance synchronous machine technology
Malan, J., & Kamper, M. J. (2002) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.2000.882135 · Cited by 51
Haataja, J. (2003) · LUTPub (LUT University) · Cited by 49
Experimental Validation of a Switched Reluctance Machine Operating in Continuous-Conduction Mode
Hannoun, H., Hilairet, M., & Marchand, C. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2011.2124478 · Cited by 48
Contactless energy transmission to mobile loads by CLPS-test driving of an EV with starter batteries
Sato, F., Murakami, J., Suzuki, T., Matsuki, H., Kikuchi, S., Harakawa, K., Osada, H., & Seki, K. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Magnetics · doi:10.1109/20.619710 · Cited by 41
Future motion control to be realized by in-wheel motored electric vehicle
Peng, H., Hori, Y., Kamachi, M., Walters, K., & Yoshida, H. (2005) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon.2005.1569322 · Cited by 40
Highly efficient contactless electrical energy transmission system
Ayano, H., Yamamoto, K., Hino, N., & Yamato, I. (2003) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon.2002.1185474 · Cited by 40
Flywheel and supercapacitor peak power buffer technologies
Mellor, P. (2000) · doi:10.1049/ic:20000268 · Cited by 38
Szabodos, B., & Schaible, U. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/60.658201 · Cited by 37
An early road warrior: electric vehicles in the early years of the automobile
Sulzberger, C. (2004) · IEEE Power and Energy Magazine · doi:10.1109/mpae.2004.1293606 · Cited by 36
Testing a prototype inductive power coupling for an electric highway system
Bolger, J., Ng, L. S., Turner, D. B., & Wallace, R. I. (1979) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtc.1979.1622664 · Cited by 34
Design of an in-wheel motor for a solar-powered electric vehicle
Lovatt, H. C. (1997) · doi:10.1049/cp:19971074 · Cited by 29
Managing Battery and Supercapacitor Resources for Real-Time Sporadic Workloads
Krishna, C. M. (2010) · IEEE Embedded Systems Letters · doi:10.1109/les.2010.2098847 · Cited by 26
History of electric vehicles in General Motors
Rajashekara, K. (2002) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.1993.298962 · Cited by 21
Advances on IPM technology for hybrid electric vehicles
Rahman, M. A., & Masrur, M. A. (2009) · IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) · doi:10.1109/vppc.2009.5289864 · Cited by 16
Study of motoring operation of in-wheel switched reluctance motor drives for electric vehicles
Xue, X. D., Lin, J.-D., Zhang, Z., Ng, T. W., Luk, K.-H., Cheng, K. W. E., & Cheung, N. C. (2009) · PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) · Cited by 16
Friedrich, G. (1994) · International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed Drives (PEVD) · doi:10.1049/cp:19941051 · Cited by 15
Hybrid Switched Reluctance Motor Applied in Electric Vehicles
Zhang, Q., Cui, S., & Xinjia, T. (2007) · IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC) · doi:10.1109/vppc.2007.4544152 · Cited by 15
Hesla, E. (2009) · IEEE Industry Applications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mias.2009.932594 · Cited by 14
Low-CO2 Electricity and Hydrogen: A Help or Hindrance for Electric and Hydrogen Vehicles?
Wallington, T. J., Grahn, M., Anderson, J. E., Mueller, S. A., Williander, M., & Lindgren, K. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es902329h · Cited by 13
Changing the game: plug-in electric vehicle pilots
Narich, C., Stark, M., Schütz, M., Ubbink, P., & Noom, M. C. (2011) · Cited by 13
Márquez-Fernández, F. J., Reinap, A., & Alaküla, M. (2010) · International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM) · doi:10.1109/icelmach.2010.5608184 · Cited by 12
Influence of automotive 42 V powernet on small PM DC motors
Thiemer, H. (2002) · IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC) · doi:10.1109/iemdc.2001.939373 · Cited by 11
Prototype of electric driveline with magnetically levitated double wound motor
Abrahamsson, J., de Santiago, J., Oliveira, J. G., Lundin, J., & Bernhoff, H. (2010) · International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM) · doi:10.1109/icelmach.2010.5608125 · Cited by 10
Self-citationBrushless motors and controllers designed for GM Sunrayce
Cambrier, C. S. (1990) · IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/62.59264 · Cited by 8
Battery Discharging Power Control in a Double-Wound Flywheel System Applied to Electric Vehicles
Oliveira, J. G., Abrahamsson, J., & Bernhoff, H. (2011) · International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems · doi:10.2202/1553-779x.2674 · Cited by 6
Self-citationSpecific design considerations for AC induction motors connected to adjustable frequency drives
Curiac, R. S., & Li, H. (2010) · IEEE Conference record of annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference · doi:10.1109/papcon.2010.5556503 · Cited by 6
Development of High Performance AC Drive Train
Pathak, S., & Prakash, R. (2006) · IEEE Conference on Electric and Hybrid Vehicles (ICEHV) · doi:10.1109/icehv.2006.352293 · Cited by 6
Wang, X., Chen, J., & Guo, Y. (2009) · International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS) · doi:10.1109/icems.2009.5382907 · Cited by 5
Performance review of the switched reluctance motor drives
Moghbelli, H., & Rashid, M. H. (2002) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas.1991.252150 · Cited by 5
Drive system of 25kW in wheel type IPMSM for electric vehicle
Kim, Y. K., Lee, J. W., Lee, Y. K., Choe, Y. Y., & Mok, H.-S. (2010) · International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS) · Cited by 4
Perry, T. (2004) · IEEE Spectrum · doi:10.1109/mspec.2004.1317884 · Cited by 4
Hodkinson, R., & Fenton, J. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-075065092-2/50004-3 · Cited by 3
Fairley, P. (2010) · IEEE Spectrum · doi:10.1109/mspec.2010.5434839 · Cited by 3
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 87 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- 0, A rotary electric machine a rotor for a such and a Vehicle/craft with such a machine
- 2008, Michelin Active Wheel Press Kit 2008 Paris Motor Show
- harris, 2010, REV SAE Front Drive Final Year Project Thesis School of Mechanical Engineering Univ Western Australia
- gieras, 2002, Permanent Magnet Motor Technology Revised
- fenton, 2000, Lightweight Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Design Automotive Engineering Series
- 2010, Autonomous modular vehicle wheel assembly
- 2010, The 2010 Paris Motor Show Press Release
- 2011, One Million Electric Vehicles By 2015 Feb 2011 Status Report
- curley, 2010, The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World, 162
- 0, Presentation of the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA)
- 2006, Nuclear Power Reactors in the World
- situ, 2009, Electric vehicle development: The past, present and future, Proc 3rd Int Conf PESA, 1
- 2011, White Paper Roadmap to a Single European Transport AreaTowards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System
- santiago, 2010, Comparison between axial and radial flux PM coreless machines for flywheel energy storage, J Elect Syst, 6, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Automotive Electric Propulsion Systems With Reduced or No Permanent Magnets: An Overview
Boldea, I. G., Tutelea, L. N., Parsa, L., & Dorrell, D. G. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2014.2301754 · Cited by 822
Bostancı, E., Moallem, M., Parsapour, A., & Fahimi, B. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2017.2649883 · Cited by 436
A Review of Multilevel Inverter Topologies in Electric Vehicles: Current Status and Future Trends
Poorfakhraei, A., Narimani, M., & Emadi, A. (2021) · IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/ojpel.2021.3063550 · Cited by 424
Sustainability analysis of the electric vehicle use in Europe for CO2 emissions reduction
Casals, L. C., Martinez-Laserna, E., García, B. A., & Nieto, N. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.120 · Cited by 394
Performance Analysis of Current BEVs Based on a Comprehensive Review of Specifications
Grunditz, E. A., & Thiringer, T. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2016.2571783 · Cited by 329
Metadata
- Authors
- de Santiago, J., Bernhoff, H., Ekergård, B., Eriksson, S., Ferhatovic, S., Waters, R., & Leijon, M.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 475-484
- ISSN
- 0018-9545 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-9359
- OpenAlex
- W1966845491
- Cited by
- 669
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 16.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- urn.kb.se
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- VINNOVA
- Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist Byggmästare
- Vetenskapsrådet (621-2009-3417)
- Energimyndigheten (621-2009-3417)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Motor Design and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Sensorless Control of Electric Motors
- Keywords
- all-electric vehicles, induction motor, permanent magnet motor, electric commercial vehicles, motor comparison, motor testing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
