Cited by 1,299Aesthetic Perception and AnalysisMemory Processes and InfluencesSocial and Intergroup Psychology

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Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal

Zajonc, R.B.·2001·Current Directions in Psychological Science

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Abstract

In the mere-repeated-exposure paradigm, an individual is repeatedly exposed to a particular stimulus object, and the researcher records the individual's emerging preference for that object. Vast literature on the mere-repeated-exposure effect shows it to be a robust phenomenon that cannot be explained by an appeal to recognition memory or perceptual fluency. The effect has been demonstrated across cultures, species, and diverse stimulus domains. It has been obtained even when the stimuli exposed are not accessible to the participants’ awareness, and even prenatally. The repeated-exposure paradigm can be regarded as a form of classical conditioning if we assume that the absence of aversive events constitutes the unconditioned stimulus. Empirical research shows that a benign experience of repetition can in and of itself enhance positive affect, and that such affect can become attached not only to stimuli that have been exposed but also to similar stimuli that have not been previously exposed, and to totally distinct stimuli as well. Implications for affect as a fundamental and independent process are discussed in the light of neuroanatomical evidence.

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Authors: Zajonc, R. B.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Zajonc, R.B.
Venue: Current Directions in Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Pages: 224-228
ISSN: 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
1467-8721
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8721.00154
OpenAlex: W2143046471
Cited by: 1,299
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 157 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 57 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 46
FWCI: 5.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: mere exposure effect, subliminal perception, preference formation, classical conditioning, positive affect, emotional attachment, unconscious awareness, prenatal exposure, recognition memory, perceptual fluency

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Mere Exposure: A Gateway to the Subliminal

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