Character Strengths Before and After September 11
Abstract
Did Americans change following the September 11 terrorist attacks? We provide a tentative answer with respect to the positive traits included in the Values in Action Classification of Strengths and measured with a self-report questionnaire available on-line and completed by 4,817 respondents. When scores for individuals completing the survey in the 2 months immediately after September 11 were compared with scores for those individuals who completed the survey before September 11, seven character strengths showed increases: gratitude, hope, kindness, leadership, love, spirituality, and teamwork. Ten months after September 11, these character strengths were still elevated, although to a somewhat lesser degree than immediately following the attacks.
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People's character virtues (e.g., gratitude, hope, kindness, leadership, love, spirituality, teamwork) actually increased pre-to-post the 9/11 tragedy.
“Moreover, people’s character virtues (e.g., gratitude, hope, kindness, leadership, love, spirituality, teamwork) actually increased pre-to-post the 9/11 tragedy (e.g., Peterson, & Seligman, 2003).”
From Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery (2020) · cites this paper as Peterson, & Seligman, 2003
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- Authors
- Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peterson, Christopher
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 381-384
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2130702316
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 13.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Leadership, Courage, and Heroism Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- character strengths, September 11 attacks, gratitude, hope, kindness, leadership, love, spirituality, teamwork, positive psychology, terrorism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aircraft, Character, District of Columbia, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, New York City, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Religion and Psychology, Social Values, Terrorism, Spirituality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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