Vagal regulation and observed social behavior in infancy
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to test a recent hypothesis that the ability to suppress cardiac vagal tone during a cognitive challenge was related to social behavior. One hundred thirty‐six infants participated with their parents in laboratory visits when infants were 12 (mother visit) and 13 months (father visit) of age. To measure the infants’ regulation of cardiac vagal tone, heart rate responses were recorded during the administration of a test of mental development (father visit). Responses to a stranger interaction were measured during the 12 month visit. In addition, experimenters evaluated the infants’ behavior across the laboratory sessions using an adaptation of the Infant Behavior Record. Results revealed that infants who were able to suppress vagal tone during the cognitive challenge were rated by the experimenters as more socially approaching at the two laboratory visits. Vagal regulation was unrelated to behavior during the stranger‐infant interaction. These findings partially support the hypothesis that infants who are able to regulate their vagal tone have a greater capacity for social engagement.
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RSA withdrawal in response to challenge is thought to reflect more effective regulation.
“Thus, inhibition or withdrawal of RSA during a challenging situation (typically measured as a decrease in RSA from baseline to a challenge task) is thought to reflect more effective regulation, although it may also simply indicate individual differences in what is experienced as aversive or challenging.”
From Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity (2009) · cites this paper as Stifter & Corey, 2001
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“linked to socio-emotional competence, engagement, and selfregulation (e.g., Beauchaine, 2001; Calkins, 1997; Fabes and Eisenberg, 1997; Stifter and Corey, 2001).”
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“Following previous research (e.g., Calkins, 1997; Stifter & Corey, 2001), to create measures of physiological regulation, we computed difference scores in HP and RSA relative to baseline levels for each episode of the SFP. Positive values of change in HP from baseline (ΔHP) reflected a decrease in…”
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“For example, using typical measures of heart rate variability, infants who have less variability at rest and who showed greater suppression during challenges have less temperamental difficulties, show more regulatory behaviors, and are typically more attentive (Fox, 1989; Fox and Porges, 1985; Porges et al., 1973; Por…”
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“Similar to other investigators (e.g. Stifter & Corey, 2001), we utilized this measure to make one global rating of toddlers’ attention across the series of tasks that occurred throughout the entire laboratory visit.”
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“Then a band-pass filter extracts the HRV within the frequency band of spontaneous respiration in children, 0.24–1.04 Hz, commonly used to index vagal functioning in infants and young children (Calkins & Keane, 2004; Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
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“…have less temperamental difficulties, show more regulatory behaviours and are typically more attentive (Fox, 1989; Fox & Porges, 1985; Porges, Arnold, & Forbes, 1973; Porges, Doussard-Roosevelt, & Maiti, 1994; Porter, 2003; Stifter & Corey, 2001; Stifter & Fox, 1990; Stifter & Jain, 1996).”
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“Further, its validity in both the laboratory and home environments has been confirmed (Stifter & Corey, 2001; Stifter, Willoughby, & Towe-Goodman, 2008).”
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“As previously stated, studies suggest that high-baseline HFSD is related to the flexibility of the autonomic nervous system in responding to, and modulating emotional states (Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
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“The second measure of toddlers’ self-regulation was the task orientation/regulation subscale of the Infant Behavior Record (Bayley, 1969; Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
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“Higher baseline RSA may reflect more positive and responsive emotional states in infancy while lower baseline RSA has been related to more adjustment and cognitive problems (Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
VanSchyndel, S. K., Eisenberg, N., Valiente, C., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.12.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“…1991), decreased behavior problems in preschool-aged children (Porges et al., 1996), and more adaptive behavior during attention- and affect-eliciting tasks in both preschool and school-aged children (Calkins, 1997; Suess, Porges, & Plude, 1994), and during social approach (Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
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“…& Schamberg, 2009) and the Family Life Project (Blair et al., 2011)—and the sometimes complex relationships between stress physiology, emotionality, and self-regulation in children have been extensively studied (e.g., Kagan & Snidman, 1991; Kochanska, Coy, & Murray, 2001; Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
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“…1991), decreased behavior problems in preschool-aged children (Porges et al., 1996), and more adaptive behavior during attention and affect eliciting tasks in both preschool and school-aged children (Calkins, 1997; Suess, Porges, & Plude, 1994), and during social approach (Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
BackgroundIntimate Partner Violence, Parenting, and Children’s Representations of Caregivers
Zvara, B. J., Mills-Koonce, R., Feagans, L. V., Cox, M. J., Blair, C., Burchinal, P., Burton, L. M., Crnic, K. A., Crouter, A. C., Garrett-Peters, P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519888527 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The Infant Behavior Record (IBR; Bayley, 1969), adapted by Stifter and Corey (2001), was completed independently by both home visitors at 7 months.”
MethodInfant Emotion Development and Temperament
Aktar, E., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.026 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…(RSA) during baseline and more RSA suppression during emotionally arousing situations reflect more positive and responsive emotional states (Stifter & Corey, 2001), as well as better regulatory abilities (longer attention span, better soothability, and better dyadic synchrony; Calkins &…”
BackgroundThe epidemiology of observed temperament: Factor structure and demographic group differences
Willoughby, M. T., Stifter, C. A., & Gottfredson, N. C. (2015) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.02.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationKiser, L. J., Fishbein, D. H., Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M., Vivrette, R. L., Creavey, K. L., Stevenson, J., Medoff, D. R., & Busuito, A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01487-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“When RSA withdrawal occurs during an effortful event, it is associated with engagement and enhanced attention to the challenge at hand (Stifter and Corey 2001).”
BackgroundCross-Cultural Perspectives on Parent–Infant Interactions
Bornstein, M. H., & Esposito, G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.029 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rachwani, J., Hoch, J. E., & Adolph, K. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
DiCorcia, J. A., Sravish, A. V., & Tronick, E. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5605-6_4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Richards, J. E., & Conte, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spontaneous infant crying modulates vagal activity in real time
Madden‐Rusnak, A., Micheletti, M., Dominguez, A., & de Barbaro, K. (2023) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22428 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Contributions of infant vagal regulation at 1 month to subsequent joint attention abilities
Mateus, V., Cruz, S., Ferreira‐Santos, F., Osório, A., Sampaio, A., & Martins, C. (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21582 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…been linked to better social outcomes, asmore attentional control and soothability (Huffman et al., 1998), more positive and responsive behaviors (Stifter & Corey, 2001; Vaughan VanHecke et al., 2009), and fewer behavioral problems (Calkins &Dedmon, 2000; Calkins &Keane, 2004; Graziano &…”
BackgroundBehavioral Inhibition in Rodents: A Model to Study Causes and Health Consequences of Temperament
Cavigelli, S. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98077-5_3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Braaten, S. M., Nix, R. L., Gill, S., Hostetler, M. M., McNeil, C. B., Francis, L. A., Feinberg, M. E., & Stifter, C. A. (2025) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2025.02.012 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationPinto, T. M., Nogueira‐Silva, C., & Figueiredo, B. (2023) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2023.2257730 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Likewise, infant’s vagal regulation was associated with higher levels of self-regulation during infancy (Bazhenova et al., 2001; Ham & Tronick, 2006; Stifter & Corey, 2001), as well as in later ages (El-Sheikh et al., 2009; Graziano & Derefinko, 2013).”
Within-person changes in basal cortisol and caregiving modulate executive attention across infancy
Brandes-Aitken, A. N., Braren, S. H., Vogel, S. C., Perry, R. E., Brito, N. H., & Blair, C. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421000262 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Executive attention behaviors were assessed at 7-, 15-, and 24-months of age with the Infant Behavior Record (IBR; Bayley, 1969) as adapted for use by Stifter and Corey (2001) and completed independently by both RAs.”
MethodInfant Attachment (to Mother and Father) and Its Place in Human Development
Dagan, O., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.025 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Understanding and Evaluating the Moral World in Infancy
Hamlin, J. K., & Sitch, M. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.028 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Infant Object Manipulation and Play
Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S., & Lockman, J. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Behavioral and physiological stress responses: Within-person concordance during pregnancy
Vlisides‐Henry, R. D., Deboeck, P. R., Grill-Velasquez, W., Mackey, S., Ramadurai, D. K. A., Urry, J. O., Neff, D., Terrell, S., Gao, M. M., Thomas, L. R., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108027 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Distinct trajectories of caregiver–toddler physiological attunement during routine vaccinations
Lorenzo-Klas, M. G. D., Waxman, J. A., Flora, D. B., Schmidt, L. A., Garfield, H., Flanders, D., Weinberg, E., Savlov, D., & Riddell, R. P. (2023) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001077 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The ability to regulate from distress within pain contexts and beyond develops over the course of early childhood and plays an important role in a variety of developmental and psychosocial outcomes.(14,15,43) This study highlights patterns of caregiver–toddler distress responding that reflect a lowered capacity to cop…”
BackgroundAugustine, M. E., Moding, K. J., & Stifter, C. A. (2022) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101725 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationBerry, D. J., The Family Life Project Key Investigators, Vernon‐Feagans, L., Mills-Koonce, R., & Blair, C. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000488 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Infant Vocal Learning and Speech Production
Warlaumont, A. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stifter, C. A., & Corey, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Social Development
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-05
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-201
- ISSN
- 0961-205X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9507
- OpenAlex
- W1979228302
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Development (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- cardiac vagal tone, infant social behavior, social approach behavior, heart rate, cognitive challenge, stranger interaction, emotion regulation
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