Cardiac vagal control and children's adaptive functioning: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Polyvagal theory has influenced research on the role of cardiac vagal control, indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal (RSA-W) during challenging states, in children’s self-regulation. However, it remains unclear how well RSA-W predicts adaptive functioning (AF) outcomes and whether certain caveats of measuring RSA (e.g., respiration) significantly impact these associations. A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems. In contrast, RSA-W was differentially related to children’s social problems according to sample type (community vs. clinical/at-risk). The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration). Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples. Theoretical/practical implications for the study of cardiac vagal control are discussed.
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- Findingown data
The associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes were stronger in Caucasian children.
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In a meta-analysis of 44 studies with 4,996 children, greater RSA withdrawal was associated with fewer externalizing problems, with a small effect size.
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children from clinical/at-risk samples had lower RSA withdrawal than children from community samples.
“Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The association between RSA withdrawal and social problems differed by sample type (community versus clinical/at-risk).
“In contrast, RSA-W was differentially related to children’s social problems according to sample type (community vs. clinical/at-risk).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes were stronger in studies that co-varied baseline RSA.
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In the same meta-analysis, greater RSA withdrawal was associated with fewer internalizing problems, with a small effect size.
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Respiration measurement did not moderate the associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes.
“The relations between RSA-W and children’s AF outcomes were stronger among studies that co-varied baseline RSA and in Caucasian children (no effect was found for respiration).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Children from clinical/at-risk samples had lower baseline RSA than children from community samples.
“Children from clinical/at-risk samples displayed lower levels of baseline RSA and RSA-W compared to children from community samples.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the same meta-analysis, greater RSA withdrawal was associated with fewer cognitive/academic problems, with a small effect size.
“A meta-analysis of 44 studies (n = 4,996 children) revealed small effect sizes such that greater levels of RSA-W were related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Baseline RSA is significantly positively associated with RSA withdrawal (r = .427, p < .05).
“In terms of measurement issues, it is important to note that we found significant associations between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal (r = .427, p < .05) as well as child age (r = .422, p < .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Measurement of respiration rates (actual vs normative) did not significantly impact the magnitude of the effect sizes (p = .70).
“Measurement of respiration rates (versus using normative rates) did not significantly impact the magnitude of the ESs (p = .70) nor did type of challenging task (cognitive, social, negative mood/stressors, multiple tasks) used to derive RSA withdrawal scores (p = .08).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Studies using negative mood/stressor tasks obtained larger RSA withdrawal to adaptive functioning associations compared to studies using cognitive tasks (p = .041).
“Of note, probing of this marginal significant finding indicated that studies which used negative mood/stressor tasks obtained larger RSA withdrawal to adaptive functioning associations compared to studies that used cognitive tasks to derive RSA withdrawal scores, p = .041.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Across studies, RSA withdrawal is not significantly associated with social functioning problems in children (r = .06, 95% CI −.10 to −.01, ns).
“In contrast, a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found, indicating that RSA withdrawal is not associated with social functioning across studies (r = .06, 95% CI = −.10 to −.01, ns).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Child age is significantly positively associated with baseline RSA (r = .422, p < .05).
“In terms of measurement issues, it is important to note that we found significant associations between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal (r = .427, p < .05) as well as child age (r = .422, p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Children from community/healthy samples had significantly higher baseline RSA (weighted M = 6.26, SD = 1.50) than children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = 6.09, SD = .88), F(1,2003)=11.30, p<.001.
“As seen in Figure 2, it is important to note that children from community/healthy samples had significantly higher levels of baseline RSA (weighted M = 6.26, SD = 1.50) compared to children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = 6.09, SD = .88), F (1, 2003) = 11.30, p < .001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The association between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal was significantly higher among children from clinically/at-risk samples (r = .36) than among children from community/healthy samples (r = .20), F(1,2976)=250.50, p<.001.
“Finally, the association between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal was significantly higher among children from clinically/at-risk samples (r = .36) compared to children from community/healthy samples (r = .20), F(1, 2976) = 250.50, p < .001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The I2 values for RSA withdrawal relations with externalizing, internalizing, and social problems indicate moderate heterogeneity (54%, 54%, and 71%, respectively).
“The I2 values for the RSA withdrawal relations with the adaptive functioning outcomes indicated moderate heterogeneity for externalizing, internalizing, and social problems (54%, 54%, and 71%, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In children, RSA withdrawal has a small negative association with internalizing problems (weighted r = −.16, 95% CI −.21 to −.12, p = .001).
“Similarly, the relation between RSA withdrawal and measures of children’s internalizing problems had a weighted ES of r = −.16 (95% CI = −.21 to −.12, p = .001), also indicating a small negative effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In children, RSA withdrawal has a small negative association with externalizing problems (weighted r = −.16, 95% CI −.19 to −.12, p = .001).
“The relation between RSA withdrawal and measures of children’s externalizing problems had a weighted ES of r = −.16 (95% CI = −.19 to −.12, p = .001), indicating a small negative effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After controlling for baseline RSA, children from community/healthy samples had marginally higher RSA withdrawal (weighted M = .27, SD = .51) than children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = .20, SD = .27), F(1,1342)=3.61, p=.058.
“In terms of RSA withdrawal, and after controlling for baseline RSA, children from community/healthy samples had marginally higher levels of RSA withdrawal (weighted M = .27, SD = .51) compared to children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = .20, SD = .27), F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In children, RSA withdrawal has a small negative association with cognitive/academic problems (weighted r = −.16, 95% CI −.10 to −.22, p = .001).
“Lastly, the relation between RSA withdrawal and measures of children’s cognitive/academic problems also had a weighted ES of r = −.16 (95% CI = −.10 to −.22, p = .001), indicating a small negative effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Studies that co-varied baseline RSA had stronger associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes (M = −.19, SE = .03) than studies that did not co-vary baseline RSA (M = −.09, SE = .04), F(1,21)=6.16, p=.02.
“This analysis (graphically depicted in Figure 1) indicated a significant effect for co-varying baseline RSA, F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02. Specifically, studies that co-varied baseline RSA had stronger associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes, M = −.19, SE = .03, compared to studies that did not co-vary baseline RSA, M = −.09, SE = .04.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Co-varying baseline RSA during analyses does strengthen the associations between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Type of challenging task used to derive RSA withdrawal did not significantly impact the magnitude of the effect sizes (p = .08).
“Measurement of respiration rates (versus using normative rates) did not significantly impact the magnitude of the ESs (p = .70) nor did type of challenging task (cognitive, social, negative mood/stressors, multiple tasks) used to derive RSA withdrawal scores (p = .08).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No other differences among task types were found.
“No other differences among tasks were found.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect sizes of the significant associations in the meta-analysis were quite small.
“the ESs of our significant associations were quite small in nature”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
File drawer analysis indicated over 100 studies with null findings would be necessary to overturn the significant relation between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems.
“In the case of RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems, the file drawer analysis indicated over 100 studies necessary to overturn significant findings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Moderation analyses failed to find significant associations between child age or gender and the associations between RSA withdrawal and children's adaptive functioning outcomes.
“Other moderation analyses failed to find any significant associations between child age or gender and the associations between RSA withdrawal and children’s adaptive functioning outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
All studies reviewed used a broad measure of social functioning (parent, teacher, or peer report).
“It is important to note that all studies that we reviewed used a broad measure of social functioning whether reported by parents, teacher, or peers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For RSA withdrawal and social functioning problems, 32 studies with null findings would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance.
“However, for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively), suggesting that these varied findings are less likely to remain stable as new research emerges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
File drawer analysis indicated 65 studies with null findings would be necessary to overturn the significant relation between RSA withdrawal and internalizing problems.
“Similarly, in the case of RSA withdrawal and internalizing problems, the file drawer analysis indicated 65 studies would be necessary to overturn significant findings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance, 10 studies with null findings would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance.
“However, for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively), suggesting that these varied findings are less likely to remain stable as new research emerges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the meta-analysis, the strongest associations between respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal and children's externalizing outcomes were observed in studies with a higher percentage of Caucasian participants.
“our moderation analyses indicated that the strongest associations between RSA withdrawal and children’s externalizing outcomes were among studies with a higher percentage of Caucasian as participants”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A pattern of physiological dysregulation involving lower sympathetic activity and lower vagal withdrawal may underlie the ability of children with externalizing behavior problems to cope with stress and challenging situations.
“A pattern of physiological dysregulation in the form of both lower sympathetic activity and lower levels of vagal withdrawal may underlie children with externalizing behavior problems’ ability to cope with stress and challenging situations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A fair number of studies have found that children with externalizing behavior problems display a more blunted vagal response to challenge.
“a fair number of studies have found that children with externalizing behavior problems display a more blunted vagal response to challenge”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Beauchaine, 2001
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- cites Boyce et al., 2001 source
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- cites Calkins & Dedmon, 2000
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- Premisecitation
Some studies have failed to find a link between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems.
“some studies have failed to find a link between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Beauchaine, Gatzke-Kopp, & Mead, 2007
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- cites Eisenberg et al., 2012 source
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- cites Erath, Tu, & El-Sheikh, 2011
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- Premisecitation
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders have low baseline RSA compared to healthy controls.
“children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have been observed to have low baseline RSA compared to healthy controls”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
The few studies examining the link between RSA withdrawal and social functioning have produced mixed results.
“Additionally, the results of the few studies that have examined the link between RSA withdrawal and social functioning have been mixed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Self-regulation skills, especially emotion regulation, are critical for children's adaptive functioning across behavioral, social, and cognitive/academic domains.
“self-regulation skills, particularly emotion regulation, as critical for children’s adaptive functioning across various domains including behavioral, social, and cognitive/academic”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Baumeister & Vohs, 2004
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- cites Blair, 2002 source
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- cites Calkins & Fox, 2002
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- Premisecitation
Blair (2003) found an inverse relation between RSA withdrawal and teacher-reported social competence.
“Blair (2003) found an inverse relation between RSA withdrawal and social competence as reported by teachers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blair, 2003
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- Premisecitation
There is a well-documented overlap in brain structures responsible for regulating emotions and higher order cognitive processes.
“there is a well-documented overlap in the brain structures (e.g., anterior cingulated cortex and orbitofrontal cortex) responsible for regulating both emotions and higher order cognitive processes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Children with externalizing behavior problems are more likely to have emotion regulation and behavioral control difficulties such as impulsivity.
“Children with externalizing behavior problems such as aggression, hyperactivity, and inattention are more likely to have emotion regulation and behavioral control difficulties such as impulsivity”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gilliom & Shaw, 2004
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- cites Keenan & Shaw, 2003
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- Premisecitation
Negative emotionality interferes with higher order cognitive processes such as executive functioning.
“Negative emotionality is known to interfere with higher order cognitive processes such as executive functioning”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Initial studies show that children with higher vagal withdrawal scores perform better on cognitive and academic tasks.
“Initial studies do show that children with higher vagal withdrawal scores, indicative of better emotion regulation, perform better on cognitive and academic tasks”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Blair & Peters, 2003
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- cites Katz & Gottman, 1997
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- cites Quas, Bauer, & Boyce, 2004 source
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- Premisecitation
During restful periods, the vagus inhibits the heart, contributing to a steady slow heart rate.
“During such restful periods, the vagus exerts an inhibitory influence on the heart acting as a “brake” by increasing vagal output to the sino-atrial (SA) node of the heart and limiting sympathetic influences which contributes to a steady slow heart rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Porges et al., 1996 source
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- Premisecitation
Cardiac vagal tone is a psychophysiological marker for emotion regulation in children and adults.
“cardiac vagal tone–an index of the parasympathetic influence on the heart–has emerged as a psychophysiological marker for emotion regulation in both children and adults”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Beauchaine, 2001
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- cites Calkins, 2007
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- cites Porges, 2007 source
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- Premisenone given
Most empirical research on RSA and social functioning has focused only on baseline RSA.
“Despite the theoretical link between RSA withdrawal and social functioning, most of the empirical research has focused only on baseline RSA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Significantly less research has examined the link between RSA withdrawal and social competence.
“However, significantly less research has examined the link between RSA withdrawal and social competence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The frequency band (.12-.40 Hz) used in the Porges adaptive filter method to define RSA in adults can accurately capture respiration rates, with less than 1% of individual breaths falling outside this band.
“the frequency band (.12–.40 Hz) used in the Porges adaptive filter method to define RSA in adults can accurately capture respiration rates (less than 1% of individual breaths fell outside this frequency band).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lewis et al., 2012 source
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- Premisecitation
Baseline RSA impacts the magnitude of RSA withdrawal that may occur during challenging situations.
“baseline RSA impacts the magnitude of RSA withdrawal that may occur during challenging situations”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Beauchaine, 2001
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- cites Calkins, Graziano, Berdan, Keane, & Degnan, 2008
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- cites El-Sheikh, 2005
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- Premisenone given
Studies vary in the types of challenging tasks used to derive RSA withdrawal values.
“studies vary in terms of which types of challenging tasks are used to derive RSA withdrawal values ranging from cognitively challenging tasks to more socially oriented or negative mood/stress inductions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Statistically controlling for respiratory parameters as covariates in between-subjects designs does not solve the problem of respiration's impact on RSA.
“statistically controlling for respiratory parameters as covariates in between subjects designs (e.g., ANCOVAs) does not “solve” the problem of the impact of respiration on RSA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Grossman & Taylor, 2007
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- cites Allen et al., 2007 source
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- Premisecitation
Studies have varied in whether baseline RSA levels are co-varied when examining links between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes.
“studies have varied in terms of whether baseline RSA levels are co-varied when examining links between RSA withdrawal and adaptive functioning outcomes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beauchaine, 2001
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- Premisecitation
A time-domain method extracting heart rate variability within a defined band of breathing frequencies (Porges adaptive filter) is equivalent to spectral analyses.
“a time domain method that extracts only the heart rate variability within a defined band of breathing frequencies (i.e., Porges adaptive filter method), is equivalent to spectral analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Denver et al., 2007 source
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- Premisecitation
Across 20 studies, respiration rates and tidal volume significantly affect RSA magnitude regardless of method used to derive RSA.
“across 20 studies and regardless of method used to derive RSA, respiration rates and tidal volume significantly affect RSA magnitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grossman & Taylor, 2007
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- Premisecitation
The associations between respiratory measures and RSA are stronger within individuals than between individuals.
“the associations between respiratory measures and RSA are much stronger within individuals versus between individuals”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ben Lamine et al., 2004
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- Premisecitation
Findings are mixed on whether higher vagal withdrawal relates to lower or higher internalizing symptoms.
“Indeed, findings are mixed on whether higher vagal withdrawal scores relate to lower (Gentzler et al., 2009; Pearson et al., 2005; Schmidt, Fox, Schulkin, & Gold, 1999) or higher (Boyce et al., 2001; Hastings, Sullivan, et al., 2008; Hinnant & El-Sheikh, 2009) levels of internalizing symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Across a review of 13 studies, statistically adjusting for respiration parameters including tidal volume or respiration frequency did not change any results.
“across a review of 13 studies that statistically adjusting for respiration parameters including tidal volume or respiration frequency did not change any of the results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Denver et al., 2007 source
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- Premisecitation
Frequency domain methods such as spectral analysis are less affected by respiration rates than methods assessing RSA oscillation amplitude.
“frequency domain methods such as spectral analysis are less affected by respiration rates compared to methods that assess the amplitude of RSA oscillations”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grossman, van Beek, & Wientjes, 1990
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- Premisenone given
There is a lack of studies examining actual rates of respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal among children from different ethnicities or races.
“there is a lack of studies examining actual rates of RSA withdrawal among children from different ethnicities/race”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Graziano et al. (2011) found that a cardiovascular profile with lower respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal and heart period was a significant risk factor for obesity only among African-American children.
“Graziano and colleagues (2011) found that a cardiovascular profile characterized by lower levels of RSA withdrawal and heart period represented a significant risk factor for the development of obesity, but only for African-American children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Graziano and colleagues (2011)
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- Study design and conductnone given
The meta-analysis could not distinguish the extent to which findings are a function of higher absolute levels of RSA withdrawal versus lower levels of RSA withdrawal or RSA augmentation.
“Additionally, it is important to recognize that we were not able to distinguish the extent to which our findings are a function of higher absolute levels of RSA withdrawal versus lower levels of RSA withdrawal or more importantly RSA augmentation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
El-Sheik et al. (2009) demonstrated that co-activation or co-inhibition of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems predicted greater externalizing behavior problems associated with marital conflict.
“research by El-Sheik and colleagues (2009) demonstrated that co-activation or co-inhibition of the PNS and SNS predicted greater externalizing behavior problems associated with marital conflict”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites El-Sheik and colleagues (2009)
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- Premisecitation
Hinnant et al. (2011) found that African-American children did not show growth in baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia over a two-year period.
“but did not experience growth in baseline RSA over a two year period”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hinnant and colleagues (2011)
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- Premisecitation
Greater levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal are more strongly associated with reductions in stress reactivity in the context of higher social support.
“Greater levels of RSA withdrawal are also more strongly associated with reductions in stress reactivity in the context of higher social support (Wolff et al., 2012)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wolff et al., 2012 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Current physiological research in the field tends to examine widely different biological markers independently.
“researchers tend to examine widely different biological markers independently”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The study is the first meta-analysis to confirm the role of cardiac vagal control, as measured via RSA withdrawal, in contributing to children's adaptive functioning across externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic domains.
“In summary, this study marks the first meta-analysis to confirm the role of cardiac vagal control, as measured via RSA withdrawal, in contributing to children’s adaptive functioning across externalizing, internalizing, and cognitive/academic domains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The meta-analysis could not examine gender or age differences as they relate to absolute levels of baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal.
“It is important to note that our meta-analysis could not examine gender or age differences as they relate to absolute levels of baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results provide clear support for the view that internalizing problems are a function of physiological dysregulation rather than overregulation.
“The results of our meta-analysis provide clear support for the latter view in that greater levels of RSA withdrawal were associated with fewer internalizing symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The meta-analysis found that a physiological regulatory function in the PNS, as indexed by RSA withdrawal, is compromised in children with externalizing problems.
“Our meta-analysis elucidates potential etiological mechanisms by finding that a physiological regulatory function in the PNS, as indexed by RSA withdrawal, is also compromised in children with externalizing problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
It is difficult to extrapolate biological and psychological processes from normative samples to high-risk groups.
“First, it is important to acknowledge the difficulty in extrapolating biological and psychological processes that tend to be examined within normative samples to high-risk groups (Beauchaine, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beauchaine, 2001
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- Premisecitation
Children displaying less respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal to a stressful event only showed elevated conduct problems in the context of a violent home environment.
“children displaying less RSA withdrawal to a stressful event only showed elevated conduct problems in the context of a violent home environment (Katz, 2007)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Katz, 2007 source
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- Interpretationcitation
The lack of a significant overall association between RSA withdrawal and children's social functioning is counter to what would be expected based on Polyvagal theory and the Social Engagement System.
“This finding is counter to what one would expect based on Polyvagal theory and the Social Engagement System, outlined by Porges (2003b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
El-Sheik et al. (2009) demonstrated that reciprocal action of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems served as a protective factor.
“while reciprocal action of the PNS and SNS served as a protective factor”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites El-Sheik and colleagues (2009)
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- Interpretationown data
The predictive validity of RSA towards various outcomes does not change as a function of how respiration is accounted for.
“Hence, consistent with Denver and colleagues (2007), our findings indicate that the predictive validity of RSA towards various outcomes does not change as a function of how respiration is accounted for.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Denver et al., 2007 source
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- Premisecitation
Significant overlap in brain structures (e.g., ACC and orbitofrontal cortex) facilitates regulation of both emotions and higher order cognitive processes.
“From a physiological perspective such link is not surprising given the significant overlap in the brain structures (e.g., ACC and orbitofrontal cortex) that facilitate the regulation of both emotions and higher order cognitive processes (Bush et al., 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bush et al., 2000 source
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- Interpretationown data
The links between RSA and children's adjustment outcomes work similarly for boys and girls across development.
“Hence, despite potential age differences, and to a lesser extent gender differences, in the magnitude of RSA, it appears that at least the links between RSA and children’s adjustment outcomes work similarly for boys and girls across development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The findings document a significant link between a biological marker for self-control and children's cognitive/academic functioning.
“Our findings are consistent with such literature by documenting a significant link between a biological marker for self-control and children’s cognitive/academic functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The higher association between baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal among children from clinical/at-risk samples versus community/healthy samples suggests lower variability or flexibility in their physiological system's response to stress/challenge.
“Additionally, the higher association between levels of baseline RSA and RSA withdrawal among children from clinical-at-risk samples versus children from community/healthy samples suggest lower variability or flexibility in their physiological system’s response to stress/challenge, even when considering varying baseline levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The few available studies have not found significant differences in respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal among children of different ethnicities or races.
“the few studies available have not found any significant differences”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Graziano, Calkins, et al., 2011
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- cites Graziano, Keane, et al., 2007
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- cites Matthews et al., 2002 source
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- Interpretationown data
The findings for academic/cognitive and social functioning are less likely to remain stable as new research emerges.
“However, for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively), suggesting that these varied findings are less likely to remain stable as new research emerges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Hinnant et al. (2011) found that African-American children had higher baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia than Caucasian children.
“Hinnant and colleagues (2011) found that African-American children had higher levels of baseline RSA compared to Caucasian children”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hinnant and colleagues (2011)
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- Interpretationown data
The phylogenetic contributions to social behavior outlined by Polyvagal Theory have little empirical support for individuals with other significant clinical impairment.
“As it stands, however, the phylogenetic contributions to social behavior outlined by Polyvagal Theory have little empirical support for individuals with other significant clinical impairment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 23
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe I2 value for RSA withdrawal relation with academic/cognitive performance did not exceed 50%, indicating relatively low heterogeneity.
“The I2 values for academic/cognitive performance did not exceed 50%, suggesting relatively low heterogeneity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo other demographic moderators (average age, gender, ethnicity, time lag, sample type) were significantly associated with the RSA withdrawal-adaptive functioning relations.
“No other significant demographic moderators were identified.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSample ethnicity is significantly associated with the strength of the relation between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems (β = −.62, p < .01), with a stronger negative association in studies having a higher percentage of Caucasian children.
“Regression analyses indicated that ethnicity of sample was significantly associated with the average strength of the relation between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems (β = −.62, p < .01). This indicates that the association between RSA withdrawal and externalizing problems is stronger (more negative) among studies which had a sample containing a high percentage of Caucasian children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationGreater RSA withdrawal is associated with better self-regulation, active coping skills, and observed emotion regulation during frustrating or stressful tasks.
“research has shown that greater levels of RSA withdrawal are associated with better self-regulation and active coping skills as well as observed emotion regulation during frustrating/stressful tasks”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Degangi, Dipietro, Greenspan, & Porges, 1991
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Gentzler, Santucci, Kovacs, & Fox, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Huffman et al., 1998 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningA child with good emotion regulation skills and a history of efficient physiological regulation during challenge should theoretically have an easier time recruiting the orbitofrontal cortex for higher order cognitive functions during less stressful situations.
“A child with good emotion regulation skills who has a history of using such physiological system efficiently during challenging or stressful situations should theoretically have an even easier time recruiting the orbitofrontal cortex for higher order cognitive functions during less stressful situations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFindings on the association between RSA withdrawal and cognitive/academic functioning are equivocal, with some studies finding no association or a quadratic association.
“these findings are equivocal as some studies do not find such an association (Quas, Carrick, Alkon, Goldstein, & Boyce, 2006) or find a more quadratic association (Marcovitch et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Quas, Carrick, Alkon, Goldstein, & Boyce, 2006
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Marcovitch et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationRSA is a non-invasive measure of the functional output of vagal pathways on the heart.
“Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a component of heart rate variability, has emerged as a non-invasive measure of the functional output of the vagal pathways on the heart.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grossman, Stemmler, & Meinhardt, 1990
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigh baseline RSA is associated with uninhibited behavior, assertiveness, sociability, and social competence in non-ASD samples.
“high levels of baseline RSA have been associated with uninhibited behavior, assertiveness, sociability, and social competence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Beauchaine, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn a sample of kindergarteners, higher RSA withdrawal was associated with higher social preference scores.
“in a sample of kindergarteners, Graziano and colleagues (2007) found that higher levels of RSA withdrawal (which is calculated by subtracting children’s RSA score during a challenging task from children’s RSA score during a resting or baseline task) were associated with higher social preference scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Graziano et al., 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAccording to Polyvagal theory, successful vagal regulation is marked by RSA suppression or withdrawal, which facilitates coping by mediating metabolic output via heart rate increases.
“According to Polyvagal theory, however, successful vagal regulation is marked by RSA suppression or withdrawal, which is thought to facilitate an organism’s ability to cope with challenging states by mediating metabolic output via heart rate increases”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBaseline vagal tone reflects an organism's ability to maintain homeostasis and its potential responsiveness.
“Baseline measures of vagal tone represent an organism’s ability to maintain homeostasis and the potential responsiveness of that organism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Porges et al., 1996 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll averaged measures used in the study were judged by both coders as being of approximately equal validity.
“All averaged measures used in the current study were judged by both coders as being of approximately equal validity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataInterjudge reliability for coding was excellent, with all ICC values above .90 and kappa values of 1.00.
“The reliability between coders was excellent (all ICC values > .90 and κ values = 1.00).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationUnder controlled respiratory conditions, RSA is relatively uninfluenced by sympathetic activity and provides a sensitive index of cardiac vagal tone.
“RSA, under controlled respiratory conditions, is relatively uninfluenced by variations in sympathetic activity, and provides a sensitive index of cardiac vagal tone, even when alterations in parasympathetic activity are small”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grossman, Stemmler, & Meinhardt, 1990
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDuring stressful periods, the vagal brake is disengaged, increasing heart rate.
“during stressful periods, the vagal “brake” is disengaged resulting in a decrease in vagal output to the SA node of the heart and thus contributing to an increase in heart rate”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Porges et al., 1996 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataGreater RSA withdrawal is associated with fewer social problems among community/healthy children, but with more social problems among clinically/at-risk children.
“Hence, while greater levels of RSA withdrawal was associated with fewer social problems among community/healthy children the reverse was true for clinically/at-risk children where greater levels of RSA withdrawal was associated with more social problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe Society for Psychophysiological Research's Task Force concluded that no single measure for quantifying RSA is the gold standard.
“The Society for Psychophysiological Research’s Task Force committee concluded that no single measure for quantifying RSA can be viewed as the gold standard as each of approaches offers advantages and disadvantages”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Berntson et al., 1997 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCompared to peak-to-through and spectral analysis methods, the Porges adaptive filter method was significantly more sensitive to vagal mechanisms, with effect sizes more than 3 times greater, as evidenced through glycopyrrolate infusion.
“compared to the other two methods, the Porges adaptive filter method was significantly more sensitive to vagal mechanisms (effect sizes were reported as more than 3 times greater than the other two methods) as evidenced through a glycopyrrolate infusion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lewis et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisenone givenThe main source of debate about RSA measurement is how much respiration confounds RSA as an estimate of cardiac vagal tone.
“The main source of debate is regarding how much respiration confounds RSA as an estimate of cardiac vagal tone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe adaptive nature of RSA withdrawal may be contingent on the context children are in.
“the adaptive nature of RSA withdrawal may be contingent in the context children are in.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSome studies have demonstrated that cognitively or frustrating challenging tasks incur greater RSA withdrawal levels compared to positive or neutral mood induction tasks.
“some studies have demonstrated that cognitively or frustrating challenging tasks incur greater RSA withdrawal levels compared to positive or neutral mood induction tasks”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe law of initial values suggests that participants with higher baseline levels of a physiological measure have a greater potential for decreases in that measure.
“The law of initial values also suggests that participants with higher baseline levels of a physiological measure have a greater potential for decreases in that measure”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Lacey & Lacey, 1962
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Wilder, 1956 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisereasoningIt is not clear whether the type of challenging task affects associations with adaptive functioning outcomes.
“it is not clear whether the type of challenging task actually affects any potential associations with adaptive functioning outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRespiration frequency strongly relates to the frequency of RSA but minimally impacts the amplitude of RSA, accounting for 2-10% of variance.
“while respiration frequency strongly relates to the frequency of RSA, it minimally impacts the amplitude of RSA (2–10% of variance).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Denver et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUsing ANCOVAs may create spurious group effects or remove an actual effect of interest.
“The use of ANCOVAs may also create spurious group effects or remove an actual effect of interest”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Miller & Chapman, 2001 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChronic periods of unnecessary regulation can lead to increases in stress and be maladaptive.
“Chronic periods of unnecessary regulation can lead to increases in stress and be maladaptive”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schubert, Lambertz, Nelesen, Bardwell, Choi, & Dimsdale, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIn a stressful or threat-perceiving context, reduction or suppression of RSA may be needed to activate cardiac activity and mobilize metabolic resources, whereas in a positive or threat-free context, augmentation of RSA may be more adaptive.
“while a stressful or threat perceiving context may call for a reduction or suppression of RSA in order to active cardiac activity and mobilize metabolic resources to deal with the stress/threat, a more positive or threat free context may not require prolonged decreases in RSA and in fact augmentation of RSA may be more adaptive”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hastings, Nuselovici, et al., 2008
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe meta-analysis could not examine whether task length or length of baseline period affected any of the findings.
“While we examined certain measurement issues associated with RSA, we were not able to examine whether the task length or length of the baseline period affected any of the findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren with emotional and behavioral control difficulties perform worse on cognitive tasks and have worse academic outcomes.
“Children with emotional and behavioral control difficulties also perform worse on cognitive tasks and have worse academic outcomes (Holmes et al., 2010; Massetti et al., 2008; Masten et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAfrican-American adults display lower autonomic regulation than Caucasian adults.
“display lower autonomic regulation compared to Caucasian adults”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cossrow & Falkner, 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Sloan et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOne perspective holds that children with internalizing problems physiologically overregulate, contributing to their symptoms.
“One perspective indicated that children with internalizing problems physiologically overregulate which contributes to their symptoms (Thayer & Lane, 2000) while another perspective highlighted that internalizing problems are also a function of physiological dysregulation (Schmitz et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Thayer & Lane, 2000 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).
PremisecitationAnother perspective holds that internalizing problems are a function of physiological dysregulation.
“One perspective indicated that children with internalizing problems physiologically overregulate which contributes to their symptoms (Thayer & Lane, 2000) while another perspective highlighted that internalizing problems are also a function of physiological dysregulation (Schmitz et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schmitz et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe relation between RSA withdrawal and social functioning is very different across populations; the question is not whether RSA withdrawal is associated with improved social functioning, but for whom.
“Thus, the question appears to be not whether RSA withdrawal is associated with improved social functioning, but for whom.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLack of self-control is a core feature of children with externalizing problems such as ADHD and ODD.
“Within the externalizing domain, lack of self-control has long been conceptualized as a core feature of children who display significant behavioral problems such as those diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (Barkley, 1997; Keenan & Shaw, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Barkley, 1997 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Keenan & Shaw, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBetter emotion regulation is linked with optimal academic outcomes including school readiness and cognitive processes such as executive functioning.
“Within the cognitive/academic domain, a significant amount of research has linked better emotion regulation with optimal academic outcomes including school readiness (Graziano, Reavis, et al., 2007) as well as cognitive processes such as executive functioning (Bierman, Nix, Greenberg, Blair, & Domitrovich, 2008; Blair, 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren with externalizing problems have overall low reactivity as measured primarily through the sympathetic nervous system via electrodermal activity and lower baseline heart rate levels.
“Previous physiological research had highlighted children with externalizing problems as having overall low reactivity as measured primarily through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) via both electrodermal activity and lower baseline heart rate levels (see meta-analysis by Lorber, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lorber, 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe empirical data support the possibility that greater RSA withdrawal contributes to the allocation of metabolic resources, and that increases in heart rate may facilitate attentional abilities that help children control behaviors and emotions during challenging states.
“The empirical data summarized here appear to support the possibility that greater RSA withdrawal contributes to the allocation of metabolic resources. Specifically, increases in heart rate may facilitate the use of attentional abilities, which in turn may aid children in controlling both their behaviors and emotions during challenging states.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe study found evidence for the role of vagal regulation in the social behavior of healthy children, but the opposite for clinical/at-risk populations.
“Although we found evidence for the role of vagal regulation in the social behavior of healthy children (as predicted by the Social Engagement System outlined by Polyvagal Theory), we found the opposite to be true for clinical/at-risk populations, suggesting that the vagal “brake” does not uniformly enhance social functioning across all children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfrican-American adults tend to have higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease than Caucasian adults.
“African-Americans tend to show higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cossrow & Falkner, 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Sloan et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationRecent studies have documented differences between African-American and Caucasian children.
“some recent studies have documented differences among African-American children versus Caucasian children”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hinnant and colleagues (2011)
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Graziano and colleagues (2011)
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
High-risk groups have more complex psychological and biological deficits that contribute to their impairment.
“While our mixed findings are unlikely the result of smaller sample sizes for children from clinical/at-risk samples (44% of studies we reviewed contained clinical/at-risk samples), high-risk groups undoubtedly have more complex psychological and biological deficits that contribute to their impairment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Baseline RSA represents a general responsiveness measure and provides a ceiling on how much withdrawal a child can engage in during challenging situations.
“Baseline RSA is thought to represent a general responsiveness measure as it provides a ceiling on how much withdrawal a child can engage in during challenging situations.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Baseline physiological arousal is systematically related to reactivity.
“Given evidence that baseline physiological arousal is systematically related to reactivity (Graziano & Derefinko, 2013), baseline arousal prior to the task was included as a covariate along with significantly correlated demographic variables.”
From Physiological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Examining Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Social and Cognitive Stressor Tasks (2020) · cites this paper as Graziano & Derefinko, 2013
Among children, meta-analytic results suggest that RSA withdrawal to stress or challenge is associated with lower levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems.
“Among children, meta-analytic results suggest that RSA withdrawal to stress or challenge is associated with lower levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems in children (Graziano & Derefinko, 2013).”
From Physiological Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Examining Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Social and Cognitive Stressor Tasks (2020) · cites this paper as Graziano & Derefinko, 2013
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 21) = 6.16reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022
“F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 2003) = 11.3reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F (1, 2003) = 11.30, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 1342) = 3.61reported p = .058 · recomputed p = .058
“F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058”
- ConsistentF(1, 2976) = 250.5reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 2976) = 250.50, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Social-effect confidence interval contradicts its estimate and significance label
MajorThe reported social-effect estimate is positive, but its entire confidence interval is negative. That interval also excludes zero, contrary to the result being labeled non-significant.
“r = .06, 95% CI = −.10 to −.01, ns”
“a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found”
Discussion overstates the RSA-withdrawal group difference
MajorThe discussion calls the clinical-versus-community difference in RSA withdrawal significant, whereas the results call it marginal and give p = .058.
“had significantly lower absolute levels of baseline RSA as well as RSA withdrawal compared to children from community/healthy samples.”
“children from community/healthy samples had marginally higher levels of RSA withdrawal (weighted M = .27, SD = .51) compared to children from clinically/at-risk samples (weighted M = .20, SD = .27), F(1, 1342) = 3.61, p = .058.”
A result is called significant despite the stated alpha threshold
MinorThe methods set the minimum alpha level at .01, but the baseline-RSA analysis is described as significant with p = .02.
“This analysis (graphically depicted in Figure 1) indicated a significant effect for co-varying baseline RSA, F (1, 21) = 6.16, p = .02.”
“we used a minimum alpha level of .01 (two-tailed tests).”
File-drawer claim treats an already non-significant social result as significant
MinorThe file-drawer section says additional studies would be needed to make the social result non-significant, but the primary analysis already reports that result as non-significant.
“for RSA withdrawal and academic/cognitive performance and social functioning problems, considerably fewer studies would be necessary to reduce results to non-significance (10 and 32, respectively)”
“a non-significant relation between RSA withdrawal and measure of children’s social functioning problems was found”
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“…examining actual rates of RSA withdrawal among children from different ethnicities/race, although the few studies available have not found any significant differences (Graziano, Calkins, et al., 2011; Graziano, Keane, et al., 2007; Matthews, Salomon, Kenyon, & Allen, 2002; Stifter & Corey, 2001).”
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- Authors
- Graziano, P., & Derefinko, K.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Graziano, Paulo
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-37
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4074920
- OpenAlex
- W2043258274
- Semantic Scholar
- 6f6524f8faae07be66200280c4ae424a36c5fc08
- Cited by
- 439
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007304, T32DA035200)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- cardiac vagal control, polyvagal theory, self-regulation, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, academic difficulties, social problems, respiration measurement, racial differences
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Arrhythmia, Sinus, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Respiration, Social Behavior, Vagus Nerve
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