Cited by 1,083Medicine, History, and PhilosophyHistorical and modern epidemiology studiesHistory of Science and Medicine

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The rise of surveillance medicine

Armstrong, David·1995·Sociology of Health & Illness

DOI 10.1111/1467-9566.ep10933329

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Despite the obvious triumph of a medical theory and practice grounded in the hospital, a new medicine based on the surveillance of normal populations can be identified as emerging in the twentieth century. This new Surveillance Medicine involves a fundamental remapping of the spaces of illness. This includes the problematisation of normality, the redrawing of the relationship between symptom, sign and illness, and the localisation of illness outside the corporal space of the body. It is argued that this new medicine has important implications for the constitution of identity in the late twentieth century.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/1467-9566.ep10933329

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Governing the soul: the shaping of the private self
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-6033 · Cited by 3,824
The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception.
Loudon, J. B., Foucault, M., & Smith, A. M. (1974) · Man · doi:10.2307/2800095 · Cited by 3,461
The birth of the clinic : an archaeology of medical perception
Foucault, M., & Sheridan, A. (1974) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203406373 · Cited by 2,679
Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self
Ajzenstadt, M., Menzies, R., & Rose, N. (1991) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3341282 · Cited by 1,114
The Disappearance of the Sick-Man from Medical Cosmology, 1770-1870
Jewson, N. (1976) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/003803857601000202 · Cited by 520
Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century
Soffer, R. N., & Armstrong, D. (1984) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1862620 · Cited by 436
Self-citation
The psychological complex
Rose, N. (1985) · Cited by 299
Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794-1848
TD (1967) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-196711000-00045 · Cited by 217
Redefining health: Living with cancer
Singer, M. K. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90261-2 · Cited by 206
Public Health Spaces and the Fabrication of Identity
Armstrong, D. (1993) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038593027003004 · Cited by 183
Self-citation

Show all 21 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Brown M. A., 1929, Teaching Health in Fargo
Smith F. B., 1979, The People's Health: 1830–1910

Sorted by citations

The Medicalization of Society
Conrad, P. (2007) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801885846 · Cited by 1,448
Communication and Uncertainty Management
Brashers, D. E. (2001) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02892.x · Cited by 1,407
The Shifting Engines of Medicalization
Conrad, P. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600102 · Cited by 1,074
Risk environments and drug harms: a social science for harm reduction approach
Rhodes, T. (2009) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.003 · Cited by 948
Sociology of diagnosis: a preliminary review.
Jutel, A. (2009) · Sociology of Health and Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01152.x · Cited by 644
Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U.S. Biomedicine
Clarke, A. E., Shim, J. K., Mamo, L., Fosket, J. R., & Fishman, J. R. (2003) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240306800201 · Cited by 560
The Datafication of Health
Ruckenstein, M., & Schüll, N. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041244 · Cited by 529
Self-Tracking for Health and the Quantified Self: Re-Articulating Autonomy, Solidarity, and Authenticity in an Age of Personalized Healthcare
Sharon, T. (2017) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-016-0215-5 · Cited by 428
Weighing Both Sides: Morality, Mortality, and Framing Contests over Obesity
Saguy, A. C., & Riley, K. (2005) · Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law · doi:10.1215/03616878-30-5-869 · Cited by 442
M-health and health promotion: The digital cyborg and surveillance society
Lupton, D. (2012) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/sth.2012.6 · Cited by 411
Escape Routes: Control and Subversion in the Twenty-First Century
Papadopoulos, D., Stephenson, N., & Tsianos, V. S. (2008) · Cited by 400
Patients-in-Waiting
Timmermans, S., & Buchbinder, M. H. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510386794 · Cited by 412
Space, Knowledge and Power
Elden, S. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315610146 · Cited by 359
Security, Disease, Commerce
King, N. B. (2002) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/030631270203200507 · Cited by 289
Disturbing Notions of Chronic Illness and Individual Responsibility: Towards a Genealogy of Morals
Galvin, R. (2002) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/136345930200600201 · Cited by 253
Molecular Biopolitics, Somatic Ethics and the Spirit of Biocapital
Rose, N. (2007) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700084 · Cited by 241
Self-tracking in the Digital Era
Sanders, R. (2016) · Body & Society · doi:10.1177/1357034x16660366 · Cited by 209
Risk, Responsibility, and Rhetoric in Infant Feeding
Murphy, E. (2000) · Journal of Contemporary Ethnography · doi:10.1177/089124100129023927 · Cited by 197
The new holism: P4 systems medicine and the medicalization of health and life itself
Vogt, H., Hofmann, B., & Getz, L. (2016) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-016-9683-8 · Cited by 198
The evolution of the concept of medicalization in the late twentieth century
Nye, R. A. (2003) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.10108 · Cited by 196
The Converged Experience of Risk and Disease
Aronowitz, R. (2009) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00563.x · Cited by 181
The Emergence of E-Scaped Medicine?
Nettleton, S. (2004) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038504045857 · Cited by 180
Innovative Health Technologies and the Social: Redefining Health, Medicine and the Body
Webster, A. (2002) · Current Sociology · doi:10.1177/0011392102050003009 · Cited by 172
The Agency of Children: From Family to Global Human Rights
Oswell, D. (2013) · Cited by 168
‘Gluttony or sloth’: critical geographies of bodies and morality in (anti)obesity policy
Evans, B. (2006) · Area · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2006.00692.x · Cited by 168
Not just old and sick – the ‘will to health’ in later life
HIGGS, P. F. D., Leontowitsch, M., Stevenson, F. A., & Jones, I. R. (2009) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x08008271 · Cited by 170
Dis-ease Surveillance: How Might Surveillance Studies Address COVID-19?
French, M. A., & Monahan, T. (2020) · Surveillance & Society · doi:10.24908/ss.v18i1.13985 · Cited by 166
Medicalisation: A Multi-dimensional Concept
Ballard, K. D., & Elston, M. A. (2005) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700053 · Cited by 180
The medicalisation of shyness: from social misfits to social fitness
Scott, S. (2006) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2006.00485.x · Cited by 165
Ethical Issues of Digital Twins for Personalized Health Care Service: Preliminary Mapping Study
Huang, P., Kim, K.-H., & Schermer, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/33081 · Cited by 158
How sociology can save bioethics . . . maybe
López, J. J. (2004) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.0141-9889.2004.00421.x · Cited by 157
The two facets of electronic care surveillance: An exploration of the views of older people who live with monitoring devices
Essén, A. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.005 · Cited by 145
Governing the healthy male citizen: Men, masculinity and popular health in Men's Health magazine
Crawshaw, P. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.026 · Cited by 155
Defending Motherhood: Morality, Responsibility, and Double Binds in Feeding Children
Elliott, S., & Bowen, S. (2018) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12465 · Cited by 150
The gaze and visibility of the carer: a Foucauldian analysis of the discourse of informal care
Heaton, J. (1999) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00182 · Cited by 140
‘Not living life in too much of an excess’: lay men understanding health and well-being
Robertson, S. (2006) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459306061787 · Cited by 145
Socio-cultural anthropology and alcohol and drug research:
Hunt, G. P., & Barker, J. C. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00329-4 · Cited by 133
Understanding women's sleep management: beyond medicalization‐healthicization?
Hislop, J., & Arber, S. (2003) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9566.2003.00371.x · Cited by 131
Caring, competence and professional identities in medical education
MacLeod, A. (2010) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-010-9269-9 · Cited by 132
Beyond Meaning, Discourse and the Empirical World: Critical Realist Reflections on Health
Williams, S. J. (2003) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700004 · Cited by 122
Repositioning the patient: the implications of being ‘at risk’
Scott, S., Prior, L., Wood, F., & Gray, J. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.020 · Cited by 123
Positioning positivism, critical realism and social constructionism in the health sciences: a philosophical orientation
Cruickshank, J. (2011) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00558.x · Cited by 116
E-Scaped Medicine? Information, Reflexivity and Health
Nettleton, S., & Burrows, R. (2003) · Critical Social Policy · doi:10.1177/0261018303023002003 · Cited by 116
Cosmopolitan Bodies: Fit to Travel and Travelling to Fit
Molz, J. G. (2006) · Body & Society · doi:10.1177/1357034x06067153 · Cited by 112
Medicalization: Changing Contours, Characteristics, and Contexts
Conrad, P. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6193-3_10 · Cited by 112
Cultural Landscapes of Purification: Sports Spaces and Discourses of Whiteness
Fusco, C. (2005) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.22.3.282 · Cited by 111
Usage of the Terms Prostitution, Sex Work, Transactional Sex, and Survival Sex: Their Utility in HIV Prevention Research
McMillan, K., Worth, H., & Rawstorne, P. (2018) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1140-0 · Cited by 108
Gouverner par les labels
Bergeron, H., Castel, P., & Dubuisson‐Quellier, S. (2014) · Gouvernement et action publique · doi:10.3917/gap.143.0007 · Cited by 110
Making sense of nonsense: experiences of mild cognitive impairment
Beard, R. L., & Neary, T. M. (2013) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01481.x · Cited by 128
The role of theory in qualitative health research
Kelly, M. (2009) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmp077 · Cited by 136
"It's sort of like being a detective": Understanding how Australian men self-monitor their health prior to seeking help
Smith, J. A., Braunack‐Mayer, A., Wittert, G., & Warin, M. J. (2008) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-8-56 · Cited by 107
(In)Visible Bleeding: The Menstrual Concealment Imperative
Wood, J. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_25 · Cited by 106
The politics of evidence on ‘domestic terrorists’: Obesity discourses and their effects
Rail, G., Holmes, D., & Murray, S. J. (2010) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/sth.2009.10 · Cited by 104
Technosciences et nouvelle biomédicalisation : racines occidentales, rhizomes mondiaux
Clarke, A. E., Fishman, J. R., Fosket, J. R., Mamo, L., & Shim, J. K. (2000) · Sciences sociales et santé · doi:10.3406/sosan.2000.1489 · Cited by 103
Understanding the routinised inclusion of race, socioeconomic status and sex in epidemiology: the utility of concepts from technoscience studies
Shim, J. K. (2002) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00288 · Cited by 107
Lay perceptions of type 2 diabetes in Scotland: bringing health services back in
Lawton, J., Peel, E., Parry, O., Araoz, G., & Douglas, M. J. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.013 · Cited by 103
Narrating the New Predictive Genetics
Konrad, M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511584183 · Cited by 100
Sleep and Health: Sociological reflections on the dormant society
Williams, S. J. (2002) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/136345930200600203 · Cited by 100
Breast cancer in two regimes: the impact of social movements on illness experience
Klawiter, M. (2004) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2004.421_1.x · Cited by 100
A will to youth: The woman’s anti-aging elixir
Smirnova, M. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.061 · Cited by 98
Locating gene–environment interaction: at the intersections of genetics and public health
Shostak, S. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00231-9 · Cited by 101
Recasting Hope: A process of adaptation following fetal anomaly diagnosis
Lalor, J., Begley, C., & Galavan, E. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.069 · Cited by 97
Health sociology from post-structuralism to the new materialisms
Fox, N. J. (2015) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459315615393 · Cited by 96
Regarding the Rise in Autism: Vaccine Safety Doubt, Conditions of Inquiry, and the Shape of Freedom
Kaufman, S. R. (2010) · Ethos · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1352.2009.01079.x · Cited by 96
Physiotherapy and the shadow of prostitution: The Society of Trained Masseuses and the massage scandals of 1894
Nicholls, D. A., & Cheek, J. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.09.010 · Cited by 94
Epidemiological accountability: philanthropists, global health and the audit of saving lives
Reubi, D. (2018) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/03085147.2018.1433359 · Cited by 93
From the womb to the tomb: obesity and maternal responsibility
McNaughton, D. A. (2010) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2010.523680 · Cited by 95
Between surveillance and recognition: Rethinking digital identity in aid
Weitzberg, K., Cheesman, M., Martin, A. K., & Schoemaker, E. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211006744 · Cited by 96
Gay Men and HIV/AIDS Risk Management
Flowers, P. (2001) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/136345930100500103 · Cited by 91
Making Sense of Risk: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Vulnerability to Heart Disease
Senior, V., Smith, J. A., Michie, S., & Marteau, T. M. (2002) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105302007002455 · Cited by 90
Student Perspectives on Digital Phenotyping: The Acceptability of Using Smartphone Data to Assess Mental Health
Rooksby, J., Morrison, A., & Murray-Rust, D. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300655 · Cited by 87
The swan effect in midwifery talk and practice: a tension between normality and the language of risk
a, M. S. (2011) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01366.x · Cited by 96
Pathologizing “Fatness”: Medical Authority and Popular Culture
Murray, S. (2008) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.25.1.7 · Cited by 89
Dementia screening and early diagnosis: The case for and against
Milne, A. J. (2010) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698570903509497 · Cited by 88
Blurring, moving and broken boundaries: men's encounters with the pregnant body
Draper, J. (2003) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9566.2003.00368.x · Cited by 94
Capturing complex realities: understanding efforts to achieve evidence-based policy and practice in public health
Smith, K. E., & Joyce, K. E. (2012) · Evidence & Policy · doi:10.1332/174426412x6201371 · Cited by 87
Personal health technologies, micropolitics and resistance: A new materialist analysis
Fox, N. J. (2015) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459315590248 · Cited by 85
Understanding digital health: Productive tensions at the intersection of sociology of health and science and technology studies
Henwood, F., & Marent, B. (2019) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12898 · Cited by 90
Cervical screening, compliance and moral obligation
Howson, A. (1999) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00164 · Cited by 85
‘I do not need to… I do not want to… I do not give it priority…’– why women choose not to attend cervical cancer screening
Oscarsson, M. G., Wijma, B. E., & Benzein, E. (2008) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2007.00478.x · Cited by 85
Women's control and choice regarding HRT
Griffiths, F. E. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00141-0 · Cited by 85
The politics of non-communicable diseases in the global South
Reubi, D., Herrick, C., & Brown, T. (2015) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.09.001 · Cited by 80
Health as moral performance: ritual, transgression and taboo
Williams, S. J. (1998) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/136345939800200401 · Cited by 84
Medical sociology and the biological body: where are we now and where do we go from here?
Williams, S. J. (2005) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459306058984 · Cited by 83
Revealed identity: a study of the process of genetic counselling
Armstrong, D., Michie, S., & Marteau, T. M. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00241-x · Cited by 83
Self-citation
Languages of suffering
Brinkmann, S. (2014) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354314531523 · Cited by 81
Reasons for non-attendance at cervical screening as reported by non-attendees in Sweden
Oscarsson, M. G., Benzein, E., & Wijma, B. E. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820701504619 · Cited by 81
Resisting Pathology: GID and the Contested Terrain of Diagnosis in the Transgender Rights Movement
Burke, M. C. (2011) · Advances in medical sociology · doi:10.1108/s1057-6290(2011)0000012013 · Cited by 79
‘They’ll still get the bodily care’. Discourses of care and relationships between nurses and health care assistants in the NHS
Daykin, N., & Clarke, B. A. (2000) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.00208 · Cited by 79
Connecting a sociology of childhood perspective with the study of child health, illness and wellbeing: introduction
Brady, G., Lowe, P., & Lauritzen, S. O. (2015) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12260 · Cited by 77
Causal narratives in public health: the difference between mechanisms of aetiology and mechanisms of prevention in non‐communicable diseases
Kelly, M. P., & Federica Russo, B. (2017) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12621 · Cited by 78
The sociology of cognitive enhancement: Medicalisation and beyond
Coveney, C. M., Gabe, J., & Williams, S. J. (2011) · Health Sociology Review · doi:10.5172/hesr.2011.20.4.381 · Cited by 85
The experience of risk as ‘measured vulnerability’: health screening and lay uses of numerical risk
Gillespie, C. (2011) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01381.x · Cited by 77
Inscribing healthification: governance, risk, surveillance and the subjects and spaces of fitness and health
Fusco, C. (2004) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.10.003 · Cited by 93
Medical Sociology and Technology: Critical Engagements
Casper, M. J., & Morrison, D. R. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510383493 · Cited by 74
Obituary Listing
(1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.18.1636 · Cited by 74
Internet marketing of bariatric surgery: Contemporary trends in the medicalization of obesity
Salant, T., & Santry, H. P. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.021 · Cited by 73
‘Between the demands of truth and government’: Health practitioners, trust and immunisation work
Brownlie, J., & Howson, A. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.033 · Cited by 75
Living with chronic risk: healthy women with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer
Kenen, R. H., Ardern-Jones, A. T., & Eeles, R. A. (2003) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698570310001607003 · Cited by 75
NARRATING THE NEW PREDICTIVE GENETICS: ETHICS, ETHNOGRAPHY AND SCIENCE
Konrad, M. (2004) · Cited by 71

Authors: Armstrong, D.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Armstrong, David
ORCID: Armstrong, David
Venue: Sociology of Health & Illness
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1995-06
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 393-404
ISSN: 0141-9889 (ISSN-L)
1467-9566
DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.ep10933329
OpenAlex: W2008982090
Cited by: 1,083
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 29 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 7.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4776 d)
Locations: Sociology of Health & Illness (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Medicine, History, and Philosophy
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Historical and modern epidemiology studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History of Science and Medicine
Keywords: healthy population, 20th century medicine, hospital medicine

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The rise of surveillance medicine

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks