Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 1,882

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: The Importance of Bank Organisational Structure

Berger, Allen N., Udell, Gregory F.·2002·The Economic Journal

Abstract

This paper models the inner workings of relationship lending, the implications for bank organisational structure, and the effects of shocks to the economic environment on the availability of relationship credit to small businesses. Relationship lending depends on the accumulation over time by the loan officer of `soft' information. Because the loan officer is the repository of this soft information, agency problems are created throughout the organisation that may best be resolved by structuring the bank as a small, closely‐held organisation with few managerial layers. The shocks analysed include technological innovations, regulatory regime shifts, banking industry consolidation, and monetary policy shocks.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/1468-0297.00682

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 14 references

Research works printed but not linked: 70

  1. Acs, 1999, ‘The development and expansion of secondary markets for small businesses’
  2. Angelini, 1998, ‘Availability and cost for small businesses: customer relationships and credit cooperatives’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 925, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00008-9 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Avery, 2000, ‘Bank consolidation and the provision of banking services: the case of small commercial loans’
  4. Berger, 2000, ‘The dynamics of market entry: the effects of mergers and acquisitions on entry in the banking industry’
  5. Berger, 2001, ‘The effects of geographic expansion on bank efficiency’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 19, 163, 10.1023/A:1011159405433 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Berger, 2000, ‘Globalization of financial institutions: evidence from cross‐border banking performance’, Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services, 3, 23, 10.1353/pfs.2000.0001 · DOI
  7. Berger, 2001, ‘The effects of dynamic changes in bank competition on the supply of small business credit’
  8. Berger, 1995, ‘The transformation of the U.S. banking industry: what a long, strange trip it's been’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 55, 10.2307/2534612 · DOI
  9. Berger, 2001, ‘The ability of banks to lend to informationally opaque small businesses’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 25, 10.1016/S0378-4266(01)00189-3 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Berger, 2001, ‘Did U.S. bank supervisors get tougher during the credit crunch? Did they get easier during the banking boom? Did it matter to bank lending?’, 10.7208/chicago/9780226531939.003.0009 · DOI
  11. Berger, 2001, ‘The effect of market size structure on competition: the case of small business lending’
  12. Berger, 1998, ‘The effects of bank mergers and acquisitions on small business lending’, Journal of Financial Economics, 50, 187, 10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00036-1 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Berger, 1994, ‘Did risk‐based capital allocate bank credit and cause a “credit crunch” in the U.S.?’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 26, 585, 10.2307/2077994 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Berger, 1995, ‘Relationship lending and lines of credit in small firm finance’, Journal of Business, 68, 351, 10.1086/296668 · DOI
  15. Berger, 1996, ‘Universal banking and the future of small business lending’
  16. Berlin, 1998, ‘On the profitability and cost of relationship lending’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 873, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00033-8 · DOI
  17. Bizer, 1993, ‘Regulatory discretion and the credit crunch’
  18. Blackwell, 1997, ‘Banking relationships and the effect of monitoring on loan pricing’, Journal of Financial Research, 20, 275, 10.1111/j.1475-6803.1997.tb00249.x · DOI · Paper page
  19. Blanton, 1999, Business Access to Capital and Credit
  20. Bonaccorsi di Patti, 2000, ‘The effects of bank consolidation on small business lending: Evidence from market and firm data’
  21. Boot, 2000, ‘Relationship banking: what do we know?’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9, 7, 10.1006/jfin.2000.0282 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Carpenter, 2002, ‘Capital market imperfections, High‐tech investment, and new equity financing’, ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 102, F54, 10.1111/1468-0297.00683 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Cole, 1999, ‘Cookie‐cutter versus character: the micro structure of small business lending by large and small banks’
  24. Cole, 1998, ‘Banking consolidation and the availability of credit to small business’
  25. Cyrnak, 2000, ‘Non‐local lending to small businesses’
  26. Degryse, 2000, ‘Relationship lending within a bank‐based system: evidence from European small business data’, Journal of Financial Intermediation, 9, 90, 10.1006/jfin.1999.0278 · DOI
  27. DeYoung, 1999, ‘Youth, adolescence, and maturity at banks: credit availability to small business in an era of banking consolidation’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 23, 463, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00086-7 · DOI
  28. DeYoung, 1996, ‘Foreign‐owned banks in the U.S.: earning market share or buying it?’, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 28, 622, 10.2307/2078074 · DOI
  29. Elsas, 1998, ‘Is relationship lending special? Evidence from credit‐file data in Germany’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 1283, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00063-6 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Feldman, 1997, ‘Banks and a big change in technology called credit scoring’
  31. Ferri, 2000, ‘Bank‐firm relationships and allocative efficiency in northeastern and central Italy and in the south’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 24, 1067, 10.1016/S0378-4266(99)00118-1 · DOI
  32. Frame, 2001, ‘The effect of credit scoring on small business lending’, 10.2307/2673896 · DOI
  33. Hancock, 1995, ‘Bank balance sheet shocks and aggregate shocks: their dynamic effects on bank capital and lending’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 19, 661, 10.1016/0378-4266(94)00147-U · DOI
  34. Harhoff, 1998, ‘Lending relationships in Germany: empirical results from survey data’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 1317, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00061-2 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Harhoff, 1998, ‘How many creditors does it take to tango?’
  36. Haynes, 1999, ‘Small business borrowing from large and small banks’
  37. Hauswald, 2000, ‘Relationship banking, loan specialization and competition’
  38. Jayaratne, 1999, ‘How important are small banks to small business lending? New evidence from a survey to small businesses’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 23, 427, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00085-5 · DOI
  39. Kashyap, 1997, ‘The role of banks in monetary policy: a survey with implications for the European Monetary Union’
  40. Keeton, 1996, ‘Do bank mergers reduce lending to businesses and farmers? New evidence from tenth district states’, Economic Review, 81, 63
  41. Lerner, 2002, ‘When bureaucrats meet entrepreneurs: the design of effective “public venture capital” programmes’, ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 102, F73, 10.1111/1468-0297.00684 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Machauer, 2000, ‘Number of bank relationships: an indicator of competition, borrower quality, or just size?’
  43. Mester, 1997, ‘What's the point of credit scoring?’
  44. Mester, 1998, ‘Checking accounts and bank monitoring’, 10.21799/frbp.wp.1998.25 · DOI
  45. De Meza, 2002, ‘Overlending’, ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 102, F17, 10.1111/1468-0297.00681 · DOI
  46. De Meza, 1987, ‘Too much investment: a problem of asymmetric information’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102, 281, 10.2307/1885064 · DOI
  47. Nachman, 1994, ‘Optimal design of securities under asymmetric information’, Review of Financial Studies, 7, 1, 10.1093/rfs/7.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Nakamura, 1993, ‘Commercial bank information: Implications for the structure of banking’
  49. Ongena, 2000, ‘The duration of banking relationships’, Journal of Financial Economics, 29, 449
  50. Peek, 1994, ‘Bank real estate lending and the New England capital crunch’, AREUEA, 22, 33, 10.1111/1540-6229.00625 · DOI
  51. Peek, 1995, ‘The capital crunch: neither a borrower nor a lender be’, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 27, 625, 10.2307/2077739 · DOI · Paper page
  52. Peek, 1995, Bank regulation and the credit crunch’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 19, 679, 10.1016/0378-4266(94)00148-V · DOI · Paper page
  53. Peek, 1998, ‘Bank consolidation and small business lending: it's not just bank size that matters’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 799, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00012-0 · DOI · Paper page
  54. Petersen, 1994, ‘The benefits of firm‐creditor relationships: evidence from small business data’, Journal of Finance, 49, 3, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1994.tb04418.x · DOI · Paper page
  55. Petersen, 1995, ‘The effect of credit market competition on lending relationships’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 407, 10.2307/2118445 · DOI · Paper page
  56. Petersen, 2000, ‘Does distance still matter? The information revolution in small business lending’, 10.3386/w7685 · DOI
  57. Saunders, 2000
  58. Scott, 1999, ‘Bank consolidation and small business lending: a small firm perspective’
  59. Seelig, 1999, ‘Determinants of de novo entry in banking’
  60. Shrieves, 1995, ‘Regulation, recession, and bank lending behaviour: the 1990 credit crunch’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 9, 5, 10.1007/BF01051961 · DOI
  61. Stein, 2002, ‘Information production and capital allocation: decentralized vs. hierarchical firms’
  62. Strahan, 1998, ‘Small business lending and the changing structure of the banking industry’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22, 821, 10.1016/S0378-4266(98)00010-7 · DOI · Paper page
  63. Townsend, 1979, ‘Optimal contracts and competitive markets with costly state verification’, Journal of Economic Theory, 21, 265, 10.1016/0022-0531(79)90031-0 · DOI · Paper page
  64. Udell, 1989, ‘Loan quality, commercial loan review and loan officer contracting’, Journal of Banking and Finance, 13, 367, 10.1016/0378-4266(89)90048-4 · DOI
  65. Udell, 1995, ‘Financial system design for formerly planned economies: defining the issues’, Financial Markets, Institutions and Instruments, 4, 1
  66. Uzzi, 1999, ‘What small firms get capital and at what cost: notes on the role of social capital and banking networks’
  67. Wagster, 1999, ‘The Basle Accord of 1988 and the international credit crunch of 1989–1992’, Journal of Financial Services Research, 15, 123, 10.1023/A:1008023803152 · DOI
  68. Whalen, 1995, ‘Out‐of‐state holding company affiliation and small business lending’
  69. Williamson, 1967, ‘The economics of defense contracting: incentives and performance in issues’
  70. Williamson, 1988, ‘Corporate finance and corporate governance’, Journal of Finance, 43, 567, 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb04592.x · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 1,882

Metadata

Authors
Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F.
Venue
The Economic Journal
Published
2002-02-01
Volume
112
Issue
477
Pages
F32-F53
ISSN
  • 0013-0133 (ISSN-L)
  • 1468-0297
OpenAlex
W2111504671
Cited by
1,882
References
14
FWCI
48.63
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 4960 d)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: The Importance of Bank Organisational Structure. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/1468-0297.00682
The paper
Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (2002). Small Business Credit Availability and Relationship Lending: The Importance of Bank Organisational Structure. The Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00682

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.