Gender Differences in Lifetime Alcohol Dependence: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Open accessAbstract
Background: An extensive clinical literature has noted gender differences in the etiology and clinical characteristics of individuals with alcohol dependence ( AD ). Despite this knowledge, many important questions remain. Methods: Using the 2001 to 2002 N ational E pidemiologic S urvey on A lcohol and R elated C onditions ( n = 43,093), we examined differences in sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, clinical correlates, risk factors, and treatment‐utilization patterns of men ( N = 2,974) and women ( N = 1,807) with lifetime AD . Results: Men with lifetime AD were more likely than women to be diagnosed with any substance use disorder and antisocial personality disorder, whereas women were more likely to have mood and anxiety disorders. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity in the general population, AD was associated with externalizing disorders and any mood disorder among women only. Men with AD met more criteria, had longer episodes, and were younger at the age of first drink. There were no gender differences in remission rates. Women with AD were more likely to have a family and a spouse with history of alcohol use disorders. Treatment rates were low for both genders, and women were more likely to report social stigmatization as a treatment barrier. Conclusions: There are important gender differences in the psychiatric comorbidities, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and treatment‐utilization patterns among individuals with lifetime AD .
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Although SUDs remain more prevalent in men than in women, the gender gap has been narrowing, possibly in part due to changes in gender roles.
“Although SUDs remain more prevalent in men than in women, the gender gap has been narrowing 150,328- 330 , possibly in part due to changes in gender roles 331 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [330]
The introductory passage under Abstract > Conclusions says the gender gap in alcohol problems is narrowing, and Results > Sociodemographic Characteristics reports higher lifetime alcohol-dependence prevalence in men (17.4%) than women (8.0%). The source supports the claim for alcohol dependence, but not its extension to SUDs generally. The proposed role of changing gender roles has a separate citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatterns of comorbidity vary between men and women: men are more likely to have multiple SUDs, while women tend to have greater rates of mood, anxiety and eating disorders in addition to a SUD.
“Patterns of comorbidity also vary between men and women: men are more likely to have multiple SUDs, while women tend to have greater rates of mood, anxiety and eating dis orders in addition to a SUD 330,333 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [330]
The Results (Psychiatric Comorbidity; page unavailable) report that men with lifetime alcohol dependence were more likely to have a comorbid substance use disorder, while women were more likely to have mood and anxiety disorders. The paper does not establish the claimed difference in eating disorders, and its findings concern people with alcohol dependence rather than people with any SUD. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“in age of onset but report little difference in the course and progression of use (Khan et al., 2013; Schuckit, Daeppen, Tipp, Hesselbrock, & Bucholz, 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
- Authors
- Khan, S., Okuda, M., Hasin, D. S., Secades‐Villa, R., Keyes, K., Lin, K., Grant, B., & Blanco, C.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Universidad de Oviedo (ES)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Secades‐Villa, Roberto
- Venue
- Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-06-13
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1696-1705
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0277
- PMC
- PMC3796956
- OpenAlex
- W2044289535
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Consultation of the Doctoral Thesis Database (TESEO) (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA018111, AA018111, AA-014223, K05AA014223)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH082773, MH076051, R01MH076051, MH082773)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA020783, DA019606, R01DA023973, DA020783, DA020783-S4, DA019606-S3, DA023200, R01DA019606, DA023973, K02DA023200)
- National Cancer Institute (CA133050, R01CA133050)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- gender differences, psychiatric comorbidity, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, antisocial personality disorder, externalizing disorders, remission, family history of alcoholism, social stigma, risk factors, NESARC
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Characteristics, United States, Alcohol-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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