Estimating the efficacy of Alcoholics Anonymous without self-selection bias: an instrumental variables re-analysis of randomized clinical trials
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Background: Observational studies of Alcoholics Anonymous' (AA) effectiveness are vulnerable to self‐selection bias because individuals choose whether or not to attend AA. The present study, therefore, employed an innovative statistical technique to derive a selection bias‐free estimate of AA's impact. Methods: Six data sets from 5 National Institutes of Health–funded randomized trials (1 with 2 independent parallel arms) of AA facilitation interventions were analyzed using instrumental variables models. Alcohol‐dependent individuals in one of the data sets (n = 774) were analyzed separately from the rest of sample (n = 1,582 individuals pooled from 5 data sets) because of heterogeneity in sample parameters. Randomization itself was used as the instrumental variable. Results: Randomization was a good instrument in both samples, effectively predicting increased AA attendance that could not be attributed to self‐selection. In 5 of the 6 data sets, which were pooled for analysis, increased AA attendance that was attributable to randomization (i.e., free of self‐selection bias) was effective at increasing days of abstinence at 3‐month (B = 0.38, p = 0.001) and 15‐month (B = 0.42, p = 0.04) follow‐up. However, in the remaining data set, in which preexisting AA attendance was much higher, further increases in AA involvement caused by the randomly assigned facilitation intervention did not affect drinking outcome. Conclusions: For most individuals seeking help for alcohol problems, increasing AA attendance leads to short‐ and long‐term decreases in alcohol consumption that cannot be attributed to self‐selection. However, for populations with high preexisting AA involvement, further increases in AA attendance may have little impact.
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TSF programs encourage participation in self- and mutual-help organizations, which aim to reduce alcohol use via changes in the composition of one's social network, increases in abstinence self-efficacy and spirituality, and reductions in negative affect.
“TSF programs encourage participation in self‐ and mutual‐help organizations (e.g. Alcoholics Anonymous), which aim to reduce alcohol use via changes in the composition of one's social network, increases in abstinence self‐efficacy and spirituality, and reductions in negative affect (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2000; Kelly 2012; Humphreys 2014).”
From Psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions to reduce harmful alcohol use in low- and middle-income countries (2023) · cites this paper as Humphreys 2014
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Samuels, M., Stumbar, S. E., & Minor, S. (2020) · Southern medical journal (Birmingham, Ala. Print) · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000001136 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peer Mentors in the Emergency Department
Mullinax, S., & Wilson, M. P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52520-0_22
Lötscher, F., Steinauer, R., Lang, U. E., Wiesbeck, G. A., & Walter, M. (2021) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/a-1389-5641 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kelly, J. F. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14390 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Herik, E. V. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/7900557
Mills, J. L. (2016) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/64264
Paternal Substance Use: Finding Solace in Drugs and Alcohol
Misri, S. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68249-5_8
Identifying the Religious Psychotherapy Client
Koenig, H. G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811282-3.00012-4
Substance‐Related and Addictive Disorders: Alcohol
Wagner, E. F., Hospital, M. M., Sobell, M. B., & Sobell, L. C. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781394258970.ch18
Kolodziej, L. R. (2020) · Pielęgniarstwo Polskie · doi:10.20883/pielpol.2020.6
The impact of religious affiliation on college students’ 12-step model preferences
Camargo, S. A., McClellan, M. J., Creech, C. B., Osbaldiston, R., Adair, C., & Stanton, A. R. (2020) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1767553
The Introduction of Self Help Group Facilitator in an Alcohol Unit: Preliminary Results
Patrizia, B., & Gianni, T. (2020) · International Archives of Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.23937/2690-263x/1710008
Treatment: Context and content
Humphreys, K. N., & Lingford-Hughes, A. R. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316258057.009
Self-citationMutual Help Approaches and Mechanisms of Change
Tonigan, J. S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108976213.010
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108976213.013
Family and Social Processes in Recovery from Alcohol Use Disorder
Jarnecke, A. M., Brown, D. G., & Melkonian, A. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108976213.016
- Authors
- Humphreys, K., Blodgett, J. C., & Wagner, T. H.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Humphreys, Keith
- Venue
- Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2688-2694
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0277
- PMC
- PMC4285560
- OpenAlex
- W1991273865
- Semantic Scholar
- 68d80ab278dd3d9e29f0ff44d27645050282368c
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIAAA (AA021473)
- VA Health Services Research and Development Service
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- Alcoholics Anonymous, self-selection bias, selection bias correction, instrumental variables, alcoholism, abstinence, alcohol use outcomes, peer support groups
- MeSH terms
- Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholism, Humans, Self Care, Temperance, Selection Bias, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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