Responding to global stimulant use: challenges and opportunities
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We did a global review to synthesise data on the prevalence, harms, and interventions for stimulant use, focusing specifically on the use of cocaine and amphetamines. Modelling estimated the effect of cocaine and amphetamine use on mortality, suicidality, and blood borne virus incidence. The estimated global prevalence of cocaine use was 0·4% and amphetamine use was 0·7%, with dependence affecting 16% of people who used cocaine and 11% of those who used amphetamine. Stimulant use was associated with elevated mortality, increased incidence of HIV and hepatitis C infection, poor mental health (suicidality, psychosis, depression, and violence), and increased risk of cardiovascular events. No effective pharmacotherapies are available that reduce stimulant use, and the available psychosocial interventions (except for contingency management) had a weak overall effect. Generic approaches can address mental health and blood borne virus infection risk if better tailored to mitigate the harms associated with stimulant use. Substantial and sustained investment is needed to develop more effective interventions to reduce stimulant use.
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Self-citationPharmacological Treatment of Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Dependence: A Systematic Review
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“This is particularly concerning considering people who use both opioids and stimulants are also known to face an elevated burden of concurrent chronic health conditions [17], necessitating access to care in order to avoid premature morbidity and mortality, including from illicit drug toxicity (overdose).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and the health of people who use drugs: What is and what could be?
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“First, substantial increases in both global cocaine manufacturing (+ 56% 2013–2016) and amphetamine distribution (+ 20% in seizures 2015–2016 alone) to record levels have been reported and universally increased availability and access for use, while facilitating lower drug prices [47, 80].”
BackgroundInfluentialMongeau‐Pérusse, V., Brissette, S., Bruneau, J., Conrod, P., Dubreucq, S., Gazil, G., Stip, É., & Jutras‐Aswad, D. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15417 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“More than 18 million people world-wide use cocaine [1], and 16% of them will develop a cocaine use disorder (CUD) [2].”
BackgroundLatent Classes of Substance Use in Young Adults – A Systematic Review
de Jonge, M. C., Bukman, A. J., van Leeuwen, L., Onrust, S. A., & Kleinjan, M. (2022) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2040029 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The use of substances is associated with a wide range of risks, e.g. poor mental health, physical risks, dependence, and elevated mortality in general (Farrell et al., 2019; Hall et al., 2019; Ryan et al., 2019; Zimmermann et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHeikkinen, M., Taipale, H. T., Tanskanen, A. J., Mittendorfer‐Rutz, E., Lähteenvuo, M., & Tiihonen, J. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3788 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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“Methamphetamine use disorder is assosciated with significantly elevated mortality, increased incidence of HIV and hepatitis C infection, poor mental health (suicidality, psychosis, depression) and increased risk of cardiovascular events [14].”
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Trends in methamphetamine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019
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“It is estimated that between 5.4 and 9.8 million people were amphetamine dependent globally in 2017, with the highest prevalence recorded in Australasia and North America [2,3].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIdentifying and managing infectious disease syndemics in patients with HIV
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“Based on these factors, stimulant use is especially strongly associated with HIV and HCV infection [20].”
BackgroundRisk factors associated with infection of blood-borne virus among people who used methamphetamine
Cai, Y., Dai, Z., Wen, S., & Bhandari, R. (2020) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05464-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
for the INTRO-HCV Study Group, Aas, C. F., Vold, J. H., Gjestad, R., Skurtveit, S. O., Lim, A. G., Gjerde, K. V., Løberg, E., Johansson, K. A., & Fadnes, L. T. (2021) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00354-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“In fact, their participation can be affected by a variety of factors such as having a positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, or having psychiatric problems, or because they are imprisoned and sent to compulsory drug detention centers (CDDCs) under prevailing drug laws.7 The CDDCs have been criticized for…”
BackgroundInfluentialClinical management of psychostimulant withdrawal: review of the evidence
Li, M. J., & Shoptaw, S. J. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16093 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationRousis, N. I., Bade, R., Romero-Sánchez, I., Mueller, J. F., Τhomaidis, Ν. S., Thomas, K. V., & Gracia‐Lor, E. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.108075 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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Self-citationFentanyl and other opioid involvement in methamphetamine-related deaths
Dai, Z., Abate, M. A., Groth, C. P., Rucker, T., Kraner, J. C., Mock, A. R., & Smith, G. S. (2021) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2021.1981919 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Increasing methamphetamine-related deaths combined with the lack of effective medication therapy for stimulant use disorder constitute an important public health danger (10).”
BackgroundHarm Reduction in Health Care Settings
Chan, C. A., Canver, B., McNeil, R., & Sue, K. L. (2021) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2021.09.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Cepeda, J., Vickerman, P. T., Bruneau, J., Zang, G., Bórquez, A., Farrell, M., Degenhardt, L. J., & Martin, N. K. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108135 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Despite documented associations between stimulant injection and blood borne viruses among PWID at the individual level (Farrell et al., 2019), the contribution of stimulant injection to HIV and HCV epidemics among PWID has not been quantified.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe contribution of methamphetamine use to crime: Evidence from Australian longitudinal data
McKetin, R., Boden, J. M., Foulds, J., Najman, J. M., Ali, R. L., Degenhardt, L. J., Baker, A., Ross, J. E., Farrell, M., & Weatherburn, D. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108262 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for methamphetamine dependence: A randomised controlled trial
McKetin, R., Dean, O. M., Turner, A., Kelly, P. J., Quinn, B., Lubman, D. I., Dietze, P., Carter, G. L., Higgs, P., Sinclair, B., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“weeks 1 4 [1], weeks 5 8 [2], and weeks 9 12 [3]).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPsychosocial interventions for stimulant use disorder
Minozzi, S., Saulle, R., Amato, L., Traccis, F., & Agabio, R. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011866.pub3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Harm Reduction and Treatment Among People at High Risk of Overdose
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Portable fluorogenic probe for monitoring of volatile amine vapour and food spoilage
Zhao, J., Xú, W., Li, B., Xu, W., Zhang, W.-K., Yuan, M., Li, H., He, Q., Ma, X., Cheng, J., et al. (2023) · Chinese Chemical Letters · doi:10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108579 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The global drug problem: change but not progression
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Pharmacotherapy treatment of stimulant use disorder
Liu, M. T. (2021) · Mental Health Clinician · doi:10.9740/mhc.2021.11.347 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. violent behavior.3,6 Tolerance occurs with repeated stimulant use, and…”
BackgroundInfluentialKhazanov, G. K., McKay, J. R., & Rawson, R. A. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16497 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Paul, F. A., Ganie, A. U. R., & Dar, D. R. (2024) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2024.2306935 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The use of stimulants like these is linked to a higher risk of death, blood-borne infections, poorer mental health (including mood disorders, psychosis, aggression, and suicidality), and unfavorable physical outcomes like heart attacks and strokes (Farrell et al., 2019).”
BackgroundStrategies to reduce drug-related harm: responding to the evidence base
Degenhardt, L. J., Wolfe, D., Hall, W., Hickman, M., Chang, J., Bruneau, J., Farrell, M., & Griffiths, P. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32232-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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“An estimated 29 million people used amphetamines in 2019 (1), with 7 million estimated to be dependent (2).”
BackgroundBórquez, A., Rich, K. M., Farrell, M., Degenhardt, L. J., McKetin, R., Tran, L. T., Cepeda, J., Silva‐Santisteban, A., Konda, K. A., Cáceres, C. F., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25495 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The estimated relative burden of HIV incidence among MSM/TW who use stimulants (18% (95%CI: 0% to 37%) higher) was low in comparison to findings from observational studies in other settings [11], although most have focussed on meth/amphetamines, which might have a stronger effect than cocaine on sexual risk behaviours…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMacdonald, C., Macpherson, G., Leppan, O., Tran, L. T., Cunningham, E. B., Hajarizadeh, B., Grebely, J., Farrell, M., Altice, F. L., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2024) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00160-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychostimulant Use Disorder, an Unmet Therapeutic Goal: Can Modafinil Narrow the Gap?
Hersey, M., Bacon, A. K., Bailey, L. G., Coggiano, M. A., Newman, A. H., Leggio, L., & Tanda, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.656475 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Xie, Z., Zhong, G., Xu, C., Chen, T., Du, Z., Wei, Y., Zhao, M. J., & Du, J. (2025) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-025-01124-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Considering the persistent and significant variations in alcohol use [19, 20], a simultaneous examination of both global and regional trends in AUD is more comprehensive and essential.”
Chamberlain, S. R., Lust, K. A., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852920001492 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“4%, and use of such stimulants is associated with increased risk of death, blood-borne infections, worse mental health (including mood disorders, psychosis, aggression, and suicidality), and untoward physical consequences (such as strokes and heart attacks).(2) In a multi-criteria decision analysis comparing relative…”
BackgroundSolmi, M., Dragioti, E., Croatto, G., Raduà, J., Borgwardt, S., Carvalho, A. F., Demurtas, J., Mosina, A., Kurotschka, P. K., Shin, J. I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.014 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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“45) of all‐cause deaths were associated with cocaine dependence representing a total number of 178000 (119000–252000) excess all‐cause deaths [10].”
BackgroundMcKetin, R., Sutherland, R., Peacock, A., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13364 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationClifford, B., Gordon, K. V., Magee, F., Malone, V., Siefried, K. J., Graham, D., & Ezard, N. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09125-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Background The use of methamphetamine is a growing public health concern globally [1], with methamphetamine related death rates increasing in Australia from 0.”
BackgroundTrends in treatment episodes for methamphetamine smoking and injecting in Australia, 2003–2019
McKetin, R., Chrzanowska, A., Man, N. W. Y., Peacock, A., Sutherland, R., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13258 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationWarfield, S. C., Bharat, C., Bossarte, R. M., DePhilippis, D., Farrell, M., Hoover, M., Larney, S., Marshalek, P. J., McKetin, R., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109310 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Daldegan‐Bueno, D., Maia, L. O., Glass, M., Jutras‐Aswad, D., & Fischer, B. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Trends in cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003–2019
Man, N. W. Y., Chrzanowska, A., Price, O. H., Bruno, R., Dietze, P., Sisson, S. A., Degenhardt, L. J., Salom, C., Morris, L., Farrell, M., et al. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13252 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Implementing an evidence-based prize contingency management protocol for stimulant use
Rash, C. J. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209079 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Smith, K. E., Rogers, J. M., & Strickland, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2021.2006374 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Such difficulties are enduring given the lack of pharmacotherapy for stimulant use disorders and the mixed outcomes of treating methamphetamine use (Courtney and Ray 2014; Farrell et al. 2019; Fischer et al. 2015).”
BackgroundShrestha, R., Wickersham, J. A., Khati, A., Azwa, I., Ni, Z., Kamarulzaman, A., Sullivan, P. S., JadKarim, L., Eger, W. H., Gautam, K., et al. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/43318 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Modeling studies for MSM suggest that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective strategy to avert new HIV infections [10-18].”
Kratom as a potential substance use disorder harm reduction agent
Green, M., Vadiei, N., Veltri, C. A., Grundmann, O., & Evoy, K. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1416689 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Chronic stimulant misuse is linked to elevated mortality and adverse physical and psychological outcomes, including stroke, respiratory disease, bloodborne viruses, and neurocognitive alterations (51).”
BackgroundMorissette, F., Mongeau‐Pérusse, V., Rizkallah, É., Thébault, P., Lepage, S. E., Brissette, S., Bruneau, J., Dubreucq, S., Stip, É., Cailhier, J., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01098-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Amphetamines abuse and depression: Focus on TRPC channels
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Cocaine induced heart failure: report and literature review
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“Cardiac transplantation for those who have demonstrated severe cardiovascular disease from cocaine is eligible while maintaining cocaine abstinence and concerns for relapse remain minimal [11].”
BackgroundSanchez, W. N., Pochapski, J. A., Jessen, L. F., Ellenberger, M., Schwarting, R. K. W., Robinson, D. L., Andreatini, R., & Cunha, C. D. (2021) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15658 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“To evaluate the potential of benzodiazepines and other positive modulators of GABAA receptors to treat CUD, it is important to determine whether these drugs can counteract the effects of cocaine on both tonic and phasic dopamine.”
BackgroundInfluentialStimulant use in suicides: A systematic review
Mantinieks, D., Schumann, J., Drummer, O. H., Woodford, N. W. F., & Gerostamoulos, D. (2022) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111391 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tang, Z., Zhu, Z. A., & Xu, J. (2022) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/10998004221122522 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sampson, D. L., Heinsch, M., Geddes, J., Velleman, R. D. B., Velleman, G., Teesson, M., Newton, N. C., & KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0284156 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Global estimates show that between 5.4 and 9.8 million people were amphetamine dependent in 2017, with the highest prevalence recorded in Australasia and North America [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialA multivariate regressor of patterned dopamine release predicts relapse to cocaine
Luján, M. Á., Oliver, B. L., Young-Morrison, R., Engi, S. A., Zhang, L.-Y., Wenzel, J. M., Li, Y., Zlebnik, N. E., & Cheer, J. F. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112553 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lindqvist, K., Thorin, Z., & Kåberg, M. (2023) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-023-00801-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In Swedish NSP, over 60% of PWID predominantly use amphetamines, adding to the challenge of eliminating HCV as amphetamine use disorder, compared to OAT for opioid use disorder, lack effective pharmacotherapy treatment that retain patients in care [60, 61].”
BackgroundDaldegan‐Bueno, D., & Fischer, B. (2023) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2023.101891 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Risk of psychosis in illicit amphetamine users: a 10 year retrospective cohort study
Huang, C., Tsai, I., & Lee, C. W. (2022) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2021-300300 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Methamphetamine dependence in Australia–why is ‘ice’ (crystal meth) so addictive?
Scott, R. J. (2023) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2023.2206870 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The current estimated global prevalence of amphetamine and methamphetamine use is 0.7%, with dependence affecting 11% of those users (Farrell et al., 2019).”
InfluentialJones, K. F., Khodyakov, D., Han, B. H., Arnold, R. M., Dao, E., Morrison, J., Kapo, J. M., Meier, D. E., Paice, J. A., Liebschutz, J. M., et al. (2023) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.34921 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“16 National estimates indicate combined nonmedical stimulants and opioid overdose deaths are increasing sharply.”
BackgroundEzard, N., Clifford, B., Siefried, K. J., Ali, R. L., Dunlop, A. J., McKetin, R., Bruno, R., Carr, A., Ward, J. S., Farrell, M., et al. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16730 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Methamphetamine use is associated with physical, psychological and social harms, as well as increased mortality [2].”
Self-citationChrzanowska, A., Man, N. W. Y., Darke, S. G., Degenhardt, L. J., Farrell, M., Moran, L. L., & Peacock, A. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109112 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationDuncan, Z., Ward, B., Kippen, R. J., Dietze, P., & Sutton, K. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107988 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Do, U., Perron, P.-A., Bruneau, J., & Larney, S. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13918 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Safer smoking kits for methamphetamine consumption
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Self-citationCognitive improvement among abstinent methamphetamine users: A 2‐year prospective longitudinal study
Wang, T., Fan, T., Lappin, J., Li, X., Zhao, Y., Wu, P., Shi, J., Bao, Y., & Lü, L. (2021) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13209 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A mechanistic overview of approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant dependence
Jensen, K. L., Jensen, S. B., & Madsen, K. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.854176 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“2 million people used amphetamines (Farrell et al., 2019).”
The Common Denominators of Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis and Methamphetamine Abuse
Vincent, B., & Shukla, M. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230907151226 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Most importantly, conditions like suicidality, psychosis, depression, and violence contribute to the poor mental health associated with stimulant use, and continuous abuse of such drugs enhances the incidence of HIV and hepatitis C infection, thus upraising the mortality rate [13].”
BackgroundRocha‐Gomes, A., Teixeira, A. E., Lima, D. S. S., Rocha, L. D. S., da Silva, A. A., Lessa, M. R., Pinto, N. A. V. D., Stuckert-Seixas, S. R., & Riul, T. R. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113430 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence
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Patterns of drug use among people who inject drugs: A global systematic review and meta-analysis
Webb, P., Ireland, J., Colledge‐Frisby, S., Peacock, A., Leung, J., Vickerman, P. T., Farrell, M., Hickman, M., Grebely, J., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2024) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104455 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMethamphetamine use and psychotic symptoms: findings from a New Zealand longitudinal birth cohort
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Self-citationBrookfield, S., Selvey, L. A., Maher, L., & Fitzgerald, L. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103427 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…s d A s o i d T tand pleasure as an experience shaped by personal, social, and strucural factors that can be remade and reimagined in different times. oucault (2011) distinguished the more generic concept of pleasure rom that of ‘desire’, which he saw as more weighed down by the interretations of…”
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Ferguson, M., Sedgemore, K.-O., Scow, M., Choisil, P., Haywood, B., Xavier, J. C., Crabtree, A., Stitilis, B., Liu, L., & Buxton, J. A. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104186 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among untreated illicit substance users: a population-based study
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“This finding is in line with previous research indicating serious consequences of use of amphetamine-type substances (ATSs) on mental health [34–36].”
ResultBech, A. B., Clausen, T., Waal, H., Delaveris, G. J. M., & Skeie, I. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15705 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Anderson, A. C., Robinson, A. H., Potter, E., Kerley, B., Flynn, D., Lubman, D. I., & Verdejo‐García, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.876018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Different phases of ATS use call for different interventions: a large qualitative study in Europe
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“Most interventions directed to prevent, treat or reduce the harms of illegal drug use currently focus on (injected) opioids [30, 31].”
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“Methamphetamines and other emerging drugs of concern are global issues with public health implications affecting individuals, families, workplaces and communities [1].”
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Navigating Evidence, Challenges, and Caution in the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorders
Bahji, A., Danilewitz, M., & Crockford, D. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13101416 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Stimulants also have known detrimental cardiovascular effects, including hypertension, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, myocardial infarction, and stroke [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialA systematic review of the effect of ovarian sex hormones on stimulant use in females
Arunogiri, S., Crossin, R., Rizzo, D., Walker, L. C., Ridley, K., & Gurvich, C. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13079 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fang, S., Hung, C., Huang, C.-Y., Huang, S., & Shao, Y. J. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-023-01025-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Lee et al., 2021), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (Huang et al., 2016a), and human immunodeficiency virus (Farrell et al., 2019).”
Høj, S. B., Minoyan, N., Zang, G., Larney, S., & Bruneau, J. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110956 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Farrell, M., Martin, N. K., Stockings, E., Bórquez, A., Cepeda, J. A., Degenhardt, L., Ali, R., Tran, L. T., Rehm, J., Torrens, M., Shoptaw, S., & McKetin, R.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Farrell, Michael
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 394
- Issue
- 10209
- Pages
- 1652-1667
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC6924572
- OpenAlex
- W2981405421
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI147490)
- National Institute for Drug Abuse (R01 DA03773)
- NIH (P30 AI036214)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Social Sciences › Demography › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
- Keywords
- stimulant use, cocaine, amphetamine, prevalence, substance dependence, mortality, suicidality, HIV, hepatitis C, blood-borne viruses, cardiovascular risk, psychosis, depression, violence, pharmacotherapy, psychosocial interventions, contingency management, harm reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amphetamines, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Mental Disorders, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cocaine, Female, Hepatitis C, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Virus Diseases, HIV Infections, Incidence, Prevalence, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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