Towards a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling
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Aims: To develop a comprehensive etiological model of pathological gambling (PG) for men and women based on Kendler's development model for major depression, which groups 22 risk factors into five developmental tiers (childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, last year). We hypothesized that: (1) all risk factors would be associated significantly with PG; (2) the effect of risk factors in earlier developmental tiers would be accounted for by later tiers; and (3) there would be few gender differences. Design: Separate models were built for life‐time gambling and for 12‐month PG among those with life‐time gambling. Setting: Data drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) in the United States. Participants: Respondents to NESARC wave 1 (n = 43 093). Measurements: Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (AOR) were used to determine the risk factors in multiple models. Findings: After mutually adjusting for other risk factors, family history of substance use disorders (SUD) or depression, impulsivity, childhood‐onset anxiety, number of Axis I and II disorders, history of SUD, nicotine dependence, social deviance in adulthood, and past‐year history of SUD, nicotine dependence and independent stressful life events predicted life‐time gambling. Past history of PG, number of personality disorders and past year nicotine dependence were associated significantly with 12‐month PG (all P < 0.05). There were no significant gender interactions for 12‐month PG. Conclusions: A modification of Kendler's model for major depression provides a foundation for the development of a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling. Life‐time history of gambling and 12‐month pathological gambling appear to be determined by risk factors in several developmental levels, with the effect of earlier development tiers accounted for by later ones.
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Anxiety disorders often precede the onset of gambling disorder or substance use disorders.
“Anxiety disorders, however, often precede the onset of gambling disorder or substance use disorders (Blanco et al., 2015; Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Blanco et al., 2015
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Self-citationConceptual Framework of Harmful Gambling, Third Edition
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“Anxiety disorders, however, often precede the onset of gambling disorder or substance-use disorders (Blanco et al., 2015; Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006; Kessler et al., 2008).”
The paradoxical relationship between emotion regulation and gambling-related cognitive biases
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Gambling Disorder and comorbid PTSD: A systematic review of empirical research
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Gambling disorder: an integrative review of animal and human studies
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The Effects of Parental Support and Self-Esteem on Internalizing Symptoms in Emerging Adulthood
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Clustering Treatment Outcomes in Women with Gambling Disorder
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Institutional Review Board: Ally Not Adversary
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Effect of a Brief Meditation Intervention on Gambling Cravings and Rates of Delay Discounting
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Where do gambling problems fit in the structure of psychopathology during emerging adulthood?
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Longitudinal subtypes of disordered gambling in young adults identified using mixed modeling
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Toward a generalized developmental model of psychopathological liabilities and psychiatric disorders
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Self-citationMerkouris, S., Greenwood, C. J., Youssef, G. J., Letcher, P., Vassallo, S., Dowling, N. A., & Olsson, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10071406 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Problem gambling and anxiety disorders in the general swedish population – a case control study
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Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Risk for Disordered Gambling
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Impulsivity, Consciousness and Defense Mechanisms of the Ego Among Pathological Gamblers
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Duration of untreated illness in gambling disorder
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Common Factors Underlying Diverse Responses in Alcohol Use Disorder
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Romantic Satisfaction in Young Adults as a Function of Sexual Debut
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Examining Personality Factors in Deception Detection Ability
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Lyrical Memory: Mnemonic Effects of Music for Musicians and Nonmusicians
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Family History of Pathological Gambling, Related Factors Effects, and Suicidality in Rural Greece
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The Relationship Between Religiousness and Friendship Quality
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Who’s Laughing Now? The Effects of Sexist and Rape Humor
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Exploring Sexual Self-Concept in a Community-Based Sample of LGB and Heterosexual Adults
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Cadre Conceptuel du Jeu Préjudiciable, Troisième Édition
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PSYCHOLOGICAL HELP FOR OVERCOMING GAME ADDICTION
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The associations between gambling disorder, object relations, loneliness and quality of life
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- Authors
- Blanco, C., Hanania, J., Petry, N. M., Wall, M. M., Wang, S., Jin, C. J., & Kendler, K. S.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-06-06
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1340-1351
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- PMC
- PMC4503473
- OpenAlex
- W1516572448
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 11.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (DA019606, DA023200, DA023973, CA133050, MH082773, DA023918, DA021567, DA027615, DA022739, DA024667, DA09241, AA03510)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, developmental model, etiology, risk factors, gender differences, nicotine dependence, personality disorders, substance use disorders, impulsivity, childhood anxiety, life events
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Gambling, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Personality Disorders, Risk Factors, Social Behavior Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Self Report
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