Paternal Origins of Chinese Cattle
Abstract
To determine the genetic diversity and paternal origin of Chinese cattle, 302 males from 16 Chinese native cattle breeds as well as 30 Holstein males and four Burma males as controls were analysed using four Y-SNPs and two Y-STRs. In Chinese bulls, the taurine Y1 and Y2 haplogroups and indicine Y3 haplogroup were detected in seven, 172 and 123 individuals respectively, and these frequencies varied among the Chinese cattle breeds examined. Y2 dominates in northern China (91.4%), and Y3 dominates in southern China (90.8%). Central China is an admixture zone, although Y2 predominates overall (72.0%). The geographical distributions of the Y2 and Y3 haplogroup frequencies revealed a pattern of male indicine introgression from south to north China. The three Y haplogroups were further classified into one Y1 haplotype, five Y2 haplotypes and one Y3 haplotype in Chinese native bulls. Due to the interplay between taurine and indicine types, Chinese cattle represent an extensive reservoir of genetic diversity. The Y haplotype distribution of Chinese cattle exhibited a clear geographical structure, which is consistent with mtDNA, historical and geographical information.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
During the late Neolithic (4000-5000 years ago), taurine cattle were introduced to East Asia from West Asia, carrying T3 and the East Asian-specific T4 haplogroups.
“During the late Neolithic (4000–5000 years ago), taurine cattle were introduced to East Asia from West Asia, carrying T3 and the East Asian-specific T4 haplogroups [9,33,55,56,57].”
From The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution (2026) · cites this paper as [57]
Cites
Excoffier, L., & Lischer, H. E. L. (2010) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x · Cited by 16,266 · see citing works
A genetic linkage map for cattle.
Bishop, M. D., Kappes, S. M., Keele, J. W., STONE, R. T., Sunden, S. L. F., Hawkins, G. A., Toldo, S. S., Fries, R., Grosz, M. D., & Yoo, J. (1994) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/136.2.619 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
A second-generation linkage map of the bovine genome.Preprint
Kappes, S. M., Keele, J. W., STONE, R. T., McGraw, R. A., Sonstegard, T. S., Smith, T. P. L., Lopez-Corrales, N. L., & Beattie, C. W. (1997) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.7.3.235 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
On the Origin of Cattle: How Aurochs Became Cattle and Colonized the World
Ajmone‐Marsan, P., Garcia, J. F., & Lenstra, J. A. (2010) · Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20267 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Cattle domestication in the Near East was followed by hybridization with aurochs bulls in Europe
Götherström, A., Anderung, C., Hellborg, L., Elburg, R., Smith, C. I., Bradley, D. G., & Ellegren, H. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3243 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Genetic Diversity and Origin of Chinese Cattle Revealed by mtDNA D-Loop Sequence Variation
Lai, S.-J., Liu, Y.-P., Liu, Y.-X., Li, X.-W., & Yao, Y.-G. (2006) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.06.013 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Maternal and paternal genealogy of Eurasian taurine cattle (Bos taurus)
Kantanen, J., Edwards, C. J., Bradley, D. G., Viinalass, H., Thessler, S., Ivanova, Z., Kiselyova, T., Ćinkulov, M., Popov, R. G., Stojanović, S., et al. (2009) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.68 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Origin and Phylogeographical Structure of Chinese Cattle
Lei, C. Z., Chen, H., Zhang, H. C., Cai, X., Liu, R. Y., Luo, L. Y., Wang, C. F., Zhang, W., Ge, Q. L., Zhang, R. F., et al. (2006) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2006.01524.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The evolution of tropical adaptation: comparing taurine and zebu cattle
Chan, E. K. F., Nagaraj, S. H., & Reverter, A. (2010) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02053.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Edwards, C. J., Ginja, C., Kantanen, J., Pérez-Pardal, L., Tresset, A., Stock, F., Gama, L. T., Penedo, M. C. T., Bradley, D. G., Lenstra, J. A., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015922 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Y Chromosome Haplotype Analysis in Portuguese Cattle Breeds Using SNPs and STRs
Ginja, C., Gama, L. T., & Penedo, M. C. T. (2008) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esn080 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cai, X. M., Chen, H., Lei, C., Wang, S., Xue, K., & Bao, Z. (2007) · Genetica · doi:10.1007/s10709-006-9129-y · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Y‐specific microsatellites reveal an African subfamily in taurine (<i>Bos taurus</i>) cattle
Pérez‐Pardal, L., Royo, L. J., Beja‐Pereira, A., Curik, I., Traoré, A., Fernández, I., Sölkner, J., Alonso, J., Álvarez, I., Bozzi, R., et al. (2010) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01988.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Reduced genetic structure of north Ethiopian cattle revealed by Y-chromosome analysis
Li, M. H., Zerabruk, M., Vangen, O., Olsaker, I., & Kantanen, J. (2007) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800931 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Polymorphisms of two Y chromosome microsatellites in Chinese cattle
Cai, X. M., Chen, H., Wang, S., Xue, K., & Lei, C. (2006) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/1297-9686-38-5-525 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Characteristics of Chinese yellow cattle ecospecies and their course of utilization.
Chen, Y. (1990) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Population genetic analysis of 6 Y-STR loci in Chinese northwestern Qinchuan yellow cattle breed
Xin, Y., Zan, L., Liu, Y., Liu, H., Tian, W., Fan, Y., & Huang, L. (2009) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-009-9875-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chen, N., Cai, Y., Chen, Q., Li, R., Wang, K., Huang, Y., Hu, S., Huang, S., Zhang, H., Zheng, Z., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04737-0 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the History of Cattle Genetic Resources
Felius, M., Beerling, M.-L., Buchanan, D., Theunissen, B., Koolmees, P., & Lenstra, J. (2014) · Diversity · doi:10.3390/d6040705 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Species Composition and Environmental Adaptation of Indigenous Chinese Cattle
Gao, Y., Gautier, M., Ding, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Faruque, M. O., Li, J., Ye, S., Gou, X., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16438-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Freitas, P. H. F., Wang, Y., Yan, P., de Oliveira, H. R., Schenkel, F. S., Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., & Brito, L. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.604823 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, Q., Zhao, H., Wang, J., Ju, Z., Yang, L., Gao, Y., Wei, X., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.01404 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Genome-wide scan reveals genetic divergence and diverse adaptive selection in Chinese local cattle
Xu, L., Yang, L., Zhu, B., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Gao, X., Gao, H., Liu, G. E., et al. (2019) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5822-y · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Genetic diversity of Chinese cattle revealed by Y‐ SNP and Y‐ STR markers
Xia, X., Yao, Y., Li, C., Zhang, F., Qu, K., Chen, H., Huang, B., & Lei, C. (2018) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12742 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
McIntosh, M. M., Spiegal, S. A., McIntosh, S. Z., Castaño-Sánchez, J. P., Estell, R. E., Steele, C. M., Elias, E. H., Bailey, D. W., Brown, J. R., & Cibils, A. F. (2023) · Journal of Arid Environments · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2022.104905 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yang, L., Xu, L., Zhu, B., Niu, H., Zhang, W., Miao, J., Shi, X., Zhang, M., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14768-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A SNP in PLAG1 is associated with body height trait in Chinese cattle
Hou, J., Qu, K., Jia, P., Hanif, Q., Zhang, J., Chen, N., Dang, R., Chen, H., Huang, B., & Lei, C. (2019) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12872 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
PRLH and SOD 1 gene variations associated with heat tolerance in Chinese cattle
Zeng, L., Chen, N., Ning, Q., Yao, Y., Chen, H., Dang, R., Zhang, H., & Lei, C. (2018) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12702 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Population structure and ancestry of Qinchuan cattle
Chen, N., Huang, J., Zulfiqar, A., Li, R., Xi, Y., Zhang, M., Dang, R., Lan, X., Chen, H., Ma, Y., et al. (2018) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12658 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Four Novel SNPs of MYO1A Gene Associated with Heat-Tolerance in Chinese Cattle
Jia, P., Cai, C., Qu, K., Chen, N., Jia, Y., Hanif, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Huang, B., et al. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9110964 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mitogenome Diversity and Maternal Origins of Guangxi Cattle Breeds
Xia, X., Huang, G., Wang, Z., Sun, J., Wu, Z., Chen, N., Lei, C., & Hanif, Q. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10010019 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Genome-Wide SNPs and InDels Characteristics of Three Chinese Cattle Breeds
Zhang, F., Qu, K., Chen, N., Hanif, Q., Jia, Y., Huang, Y., Dang, R., Zhang, J., Lan, X., Chen, H., et al. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9090596 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Novel SNP in EIF2AK4 Gene Is Associated with Thermal Tolerance Traits in Chinese Cattle
Wang, K., Cao, Y., Rong, Y., Ning, Q., Jia, P., Huang, Y., Lan, X., Dang, R., Chen, H., & Lei, C. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9060375 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Niemi, M., Bläuer, A., Iso‐Touru, T., Harjula, J., Nyström, V., Rannamäe, E., Lõugas, L., Sajantila, A., Lidén, K., & Taavitsainen, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123821 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Missense Mutation of the HSPB7 Gene Associated with Heat Tolerance in Chinese Indicine Cattle
Zeng, L., Cao, Y., Wu, Z., Huang, M., Zhang, G., Lei, C., & Zhao, Y. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9080554 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Exploring genetic diversity and phylogenic relationships of Chinese cattle using gene mtDNA 16S rRNA
Yan, L., She, Y., Elzo, M. A., Zhang, C., Fang, X., & Chen, H. (2019) · Archives animal breeding/Archiv für Tierzucht · doi:10.5194/aab-62-325-2019 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Jia, S., Plath, M. W., Huang, Y., Li, C., Lei, C., Zhao, X., & Chen, H. (2015) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evv151 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
DGAT1 K232A polymorphism is associated with milk production traits in Chinese cattle
Li, F., Cai, C., Qu, K., Liu, J., Jia, Y., Hanif, Q., Chen, N., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Huang, B., et al. (2020) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2020.1711769 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Y chromosome diversity and paternal origin of Chinese cattle
Li, R., Xie, W., Chang, Z., Wang, S., Dang, R., Lan, X., Chen, H., & Lei, C. (2013) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-013-2777-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Species composition and environmental adaptation of indigenous Chinese cattlePreprint
Gao, Y., Gautier, M., Ding, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Wang, X., Faruque, M. O., Li, J., Ye, S., Gou, X., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/170449 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Y-chromosome polymorphisms of the domestic Bactrian camel in China
Chen, H., Ren, Z., Zhao, J., Zhang, C., & Yang, X. (2018) · Journal of Genetics · doi:10.1007/s12041-017-0852-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A novel SNP of TECPR2 gene associated with heat tolerance in Chinese cattle
Ma, X., Liu, Y., Sun, L., Hanif, Q., Qu, K., Liu, J., Zhang, J., Huang, B., & Lei, C. (2021) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2021.2011305 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Abanda, B., Schmid, M., Paguem, A., Iffland, H., Preuß, S., Renz, A., & Eisenbarth, A. (2021) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes12070976 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ding, C., Ma, J., Yan, H., Meng, Y., Qi, X., Qu, K., Li, F., Zhang, J., Zhuzha, B., Quji, S., et al. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146643 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Local Ancestry and Adaptive Introgression in Xiangnan Cattle
Yan, H., Li, J., Zhang, K., Duan, H., Sun, A., Zhang, B., Li, F., Chen, N., Lei, C., & Yi, K. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13121000 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Kumari, R., SHARMA, V., & Yadav, M. (2016) · The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijans.v86i12.68482 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Basiladze, G., Tabatadze, L. V., Gabashvili, E., Osepashvili, M., Murtskhvaladze, M., & Kotetishvili, M. (2024) · Genetic Resources · doi:10.46265/genresj.hynz9140 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Genetic diversity of Y-short tandem repeats in chinese native cattle breeds
Xin, Y. P., Zan, L., Liu, Y., Tian, W. Q., Wang, H. B., Cheng, G., Li, A., & Yang, W. C. (2014) · Genetics and Molecular Research · doi:10.4238/2014.november.14.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abundance and Characterization of Perfect Microsatellites on the Cattle Y Chromosome
Ma, Z. (2016) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2016.1243551 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Genomic Landscape of Cattle: Domestication, Dispersal, and Adaptive Evolution
Liu, Y., Dao, W., Gao, R., Fan, X., Yang, R., & Miao, Y. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16050776 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Distribution of the variant at AKIRIN2: c.*188G > A in Chinese cattle
Zeng, M., Qu, K., Hanif, Q., Liu, J., Zhang, J., Chen, N., Huang, B., & Lei, C. (2020) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2020.1803341 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The distribution of four missense mutations in SPTBN5 gene across native Chinese breeds
Zhou, H., Huang, B., Qu, K., Liu, J., Zhang, J., & Lei, C. (2020) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2020.1831521 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mia, L., Mony, S., Maruf, T. M., Pabitra, M. H., Bhuiyan, A., Talukder, K., Motaleb, M., & Bhuiyan, M. (2022) · Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.3329/bjas.v51i1.58885
Basiladze, G., Tabatadze, L. V., Gabashvili, E., Osepashvili, M., Murskhvaladze, M., & Kotetishvili, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3499073/v1
Cattle Ancestry, Domestication and Carnivores
Campbell, M. O. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97363-5_3
Tian, Y., Zhang, Z., Hanif, Q., Li, F., Zhang, J., Arslan, A. M., Lei, C., Huang, B., & Chen, N. (2026) · Animal Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10495398.2026.2633924
Yan, H., Quan, X., Li, X., Liu, S., Quji, S., Luobu, C., Lei, Z., Li, F., Ma, W., Qi, X., et al. (2026) · Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics · doi:10.1111/jbg.70062
- Authors
- Li, R., Zhang, X. M., Campana, M. G., Huang, J. P., Chang, Z. H., Qi, X. B., Shi, H., Su, B., Zhang, R. F., Lan, X. Y., Chen, H., & Lei, C. Z.
- Affiliations
- Northwest A&F University (CN)
- Kunming Institute of Zoology (CN)
- Harvard University (US)
- Weinan Vocational and Technical College (CN)
- Hubei Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lei, C. Z.
- Venue
- Animal Genetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-01-24
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 446-449
- ISSN
- 0268-9146 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2161896005
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Animal Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Chinese cattle, paternal origin, Y-chromosome haplogroups, Y-SNPs, Y-chromosome short tandem repeats, genetic diversity, geographic structure, Holstein, introgression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Breeding, Cattle, China, DNA, Mitochondrial, Fathers, Gene Frequency, Geography, Haplotypes, Male, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Y Chromosome, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Microsatellite Repeats, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
