Predictors of initiation of nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine use: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)
Open accessAbstract
Background and Objectives: There may be substantial overlap in the risk factors for substance use and substance use disorders (SUD). Identifying risk factors for substance use initiation is essential for understanding the etiology and natural history of SUD and to develop empirically‐based preventive interventions to reduce initiation. Methods: Analyses were done on Wave 1 participants of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n = 43,093). Estimates of the cumulative probability of substance use initiation were obtained separately for nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Survival analyses with time‐varying covariates were implemented to identify risk factors for substance initiation. Results: The lifetime cumulative probabilities of substance initiation were 45.5% for nicotine, 82% for alcohol, 19.6% for cannabis, and 6.4% for cocaine. Among respondents with lifetime nicotine use, 50% had used it by age 15.3, whereas for alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine the respective ages were 17.8, 16.6, and 19.8. Previous use of another substance, being male, having a cluster B personality disorder, family history of SUD, and being separated, divorced, or widowed increased the risk of use of all the substances assessed, whereas social anxiety disorder and some personality disorders were associated with specific substances. Discussion and Conclusions: Although the age of substance use initiation varies by substance, in more than 50% of cases initiation of use occurs in the first two decades of life. Although most risk factors for substance use initiation are common across substances, some are substance‐specific. Scientific Significance: This information may help in the development of empirically‐based preventive interventions. (Am J Addict 2018;27:477–484)
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Individuals may start using or misusing substances, such as opioids, after their school years.
“Yet, individuals may start using or misusing substances, such as opioids, after their school years 287 .”
From Substance use disorders: a comprehensive update of classification, epidemiology, neurobiology, clinical aspects, treatment and prevention (2023) · cites this paper as [287]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,167 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., Pickering, R. P., & Kaplan, K. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807 · Cited by 2,889 · see citing works
Psychiatric Aspects of Impulsivity
Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783 · Cited by 2,747 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, P. S., Kay, W., & Pickering, R. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00070-x · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Easy Estimation Methods for Discrete‐Time Duration Models
Jenkins, S. P. (1995) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.1995.tb00031.x · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Kushner, M. G. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00027-6 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H. C., Chagas, M. H. N., de Oliveira, D. C. G., De Martinis, B. S., Kapczinski, F., Quevedo, J., Roesler, R., Schröder, N., Nardi, A. E., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.6 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Lopez‐Quintero, C., Cobos, J. P. D. L., Hasin, D. S., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Self-citationGrant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.4.361 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
The Social Epidemiology of Substance Use
Galea, S. (2004) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxh007 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Hasin, D. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Huang, B. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n1001 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in factors influencing alcohol use and drinking progression among adolescents
Schulte, M. T., Ramo, D. E., & Brown, S. A. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.003 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Canino, G., Bravo, M., Ramírez, R., Febo, V. E., Rubio-Stipec, M., Fernández, R. L., & Hasin, D. (1999) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1999.60.790 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of twin and adoption studies of adolescent substance use.
Hopfer, C., Crowley, T., & Hewitt, J. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046848.56865.54 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Vega, W. A., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Andrade, L. H., Bijl, R. V., Borges, G. L. G., Caraveo-Anduaga, J. J., DeWit, D. J., Heeringa, S. G., Kessler, R. C., Kolody, B., et al. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00224-7 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Machin, D., Cheung, Y. B., & Parmar, M. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470034572 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Maggs, J. L., Patrick, M. E., & Feinstein, L. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02173.x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Lopez‐Quintero, C., Hasin, D. S., de los Cobos, J. P., Pines, A., Wang, S., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03194.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationChild, Parent, and Peer Predictors of Early-Onset Substance Use: A Multisite Longitudinal Study
Kaplow, J. B., Curran, & Dodge, K. A. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1015183927979 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E. O., Wilens, T. E., Fontanella, J. A., Poetzl, K. M., Kirk, T., Masse, J. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.009 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Personality, psychopathology, and nicotine response as mediators of the genetics of smoking
Gilbert, D. G., & Gilbert, B. O. (1995) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf02196923 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Tarter, R. E., Vanyukov, M., Kirisci, L., Reynolds, M., & Clark, D. B. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.12.2134 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Hemphill, S. A., Heerde, J. A., Herrenkohl, T. I., Patton, G. C., Toumbourou, J. W., & Catalano, R. F. (2011) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.017 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Fowler, T., Lifford, K., Shelton, K. H., Rice, F. J., Thapar, A., Neale, M. C., McBride, A. J., & van den Bree, M. B. M. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01694.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Global use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco
ANDERSON, P. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230600944446 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Validity of DSM‐IV Alcohol Dependence: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?
Hasin, D. S., Schuckit, M. A., Martin, C. S., Grant, B. F., Bucholz, K. K., & Helzer, J. E. (2003) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000060878.61384.ed · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationDENT, C., Grube, J. W., & Biglan, A. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.06.014 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
White, A., Chan, G., Quek, L., Connor, J. P., Saunders, J. B., Baker, P., Brackenridge, C., & Kelly, A. B. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.001 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Brown, T. N., Schulenberg, J., Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2001) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1010034912070 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ahmad, S., & Billimek, J. (2006) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.04.001 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Griffin, K. W., Botvin, G. J., Scheier, L. M., Doyle, M., & WILLIAMS, C. R. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00225-3 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
van Leeuwen, A. P., Verhulst, F. C., Reijneveld, S. A., Vollebergh, W., Ormel, J., & Huizink, A. C. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.05.008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Imbalanced Activity in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Impairs Behavioral Inhibition
Meyer, H. C., & Bucci, D. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.034 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lazareck, S., Robinson, J. A., Crum, R., Mojtabai, R., Sareen, J., & Bolton, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07345 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Huizink, A. C., Levälahti, E., Korhonen, T., Dick, D. M., Pulkkinen, L., Rose, R. J., & Kaprio, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2010.71.5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
McCutcheon, V. V., Heath, A. C., Edenberg, H. J., Grucza, R. A., HESSELBROCK, V. M., Kramer, J., Bierut, L. J., & Bucholz, K. K. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Mayet, A., Legleye, S., Beck, F., Falissard, B., & Chau, N. (2015) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000439564 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Fothergill, K. E., Ensminger, M. E., Green, K. M., Robertson, J. A., & Juon, H. S. (2009) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650905000105 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Behrendt, S., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Zimmermann, P., Höfler, M., Perkonigg, A., Bühringer, G., Lieb, R., & Wïttchen, H. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710001418 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Alcohol Actions on GABAA Receptors: From Protein Structure to Mouse Behavior
Ueno, S., Harris, R. A., Messing, R. O., Sánchez‐Pérez, A. M., Hodge, C. W., McMahon, T., Wang, D., Mehmert, K. K., Kelley, S., Haywood, A., et al. (2001) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02378.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Core symptom pattern of social phobia
Fahl�n, T. (1996) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1996)4:5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gillespie, N. A., Lubke, G. H., Gardner, C. O., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.015 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Volkow, N. D., & Blanco, C. (2023) · World psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21073 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Self-citationGhiţă, A., Hernández-Serrano, O., Fernández-Ruiz, Y., Monras, M., Ortega, L., Mondon, S., Teixidor, L., Gual, A., Porras-García, B., Ferrer-García, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8081153 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Guerin, A., & Kim, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212259 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Halladay, J., Horricks, L., Amlung, M., MacKillop, J., Munn, C., Nasir, Z., Woock, R., & Georgiades, K. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00403-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Blanco, C., Flórez‐Salamanca, L., Secades‐Villa, R., Wang, S., & Hasin, D. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Universidad de Oviedo (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Flórez‐Salamanca, Ludwing
- Venue
- The American Journal on Addictions
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-08-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 477-484
- ISSN
- 1055-0496 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0391
- OpenAlex
- W2887263992
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 4.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal on Addictions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Consultation of the Doctoral Thesis Database (TESEO) (Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- NIH Clinical Center (AA014223, AA018111, CA133050, DA019606, DA020783, DA023200, DA023973)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Demography › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- substance use initiation, nicotine use, alcohol consumption, cannabis use, cocaine use, risk factors, age of initiation, personality disorders, social anxiety disorder, family history of substance use disorder, marital status, substance use prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Marijuana Abuse, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Age of Onset, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Alcohol-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review