Skin temperature: its role in thermoregulation
Open accessAbstract
This review analyses whether skin temperature represents ambient temperature and serves as a feedforward signal for the thermoregulation system, or whether it is one of the body's temperatures and provides feedback. The body is covered mostly by hairy (non‐glabrous) skin, which is typically insulated from the environment (with clothes in humans and with fur in non‐human mammals). Thermal signals from hairy skin represent a temperature of the insulated superficial layer of the body and provide feedback to the thermoregulation system. It is explained that this feedback is auxiliary, both negative and positive, and that it reduces the system's response time and load error. Non‐hairy (glabrous) skin covers specialized heat‐exchange organs (e.g. the hand), which are also used to explore the environment. In thermoregulation, these organs are primarily effectors. Their main thermosensory‐related role is to assess local temperatures of objects explored; these local temperatures are feedforward signals for various behaviours. Non‐hairy skin also contributes to the feedback for thermoregulation, but this contribution is limited. Autonomic (physiological) thermoregulation does not use feedforward signals. Thermoregulatory behaviours use both feedback and feedforward signals. Implications of these principles to thermopharmacology, a new approach to achieving biological effects by blocking temperature signals with drugs, are discussed.
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Skin composition, specifically amount of hair, influences surface temperature; increased hair follicle amount augments thermal insulation and thermal stability of the skin.
“Indeed, an increase in hair follicle amount will augment the organism’s capacity to thermally insulate and increase the thermal stability of the skin [32].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
The regulated variable in the thermoregulation system is an integrative temperature signal incorporating spatially distributed core body and skin temperatures.
“Thus, the regulated variable in the thermoregulation system is an integrative temperature signal, which incorporates spatially distributed core body and skin temperatures [32].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Romanovsky, A. A.
- Affiliations
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Romanovsky, A. A.
- ORCID
- Romanovsky, A. A.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02-06
- Volume
- 210
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 498-507
- ISSN
- 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-1716
- PMC
- PMC4159593
- OpenAlex
- W2164803343
- Cited by
- 518
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Amgen
- Abbott Laboratories
- AbbVie
- National Institutes of Health (R01NS41233l)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Keywords
- skin temperature, thermoregulation, feedforward control, feedback control, hairy skin, glabrous skin, thermoreceptors, thermosensation, behavioral thermoregulation, autonomic thermoregulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Temperature Regulation, Humans, Skin Temperature
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