Louis Pasteur—The life of a controversial scientist with a prepared mind, driven by curiosity, motivation, and competition

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The Pasteur Museum in Paris has a large painting with linkage to Denmark, made by Léon Bonnet in 1886, donated by Jacob C. Jacobsen as a gift to Marie Pasteur, showing the older Louis Pasteur with his granddaughter Camille.

“The Pasteur Museum in Paris has a large painting with linkage to Denmark, made by the French painter L eon Bonnet in 1886 donated by Jacob C. Jacobsen as a gift to Marie Pasteur showing the older Louis Pasteur with his granddaughter Camille (Fig. 6).”

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Antoine Danchin wrote recently about Louis Pasteur and his research motivation, driven by our interest to understand the origin of life.

“Interestingly, Antoine Danchin wrote recently about Louis Pasteur and his research motivation, driven by our interest to understand the origin of life [52].”

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After Pasteur's death in 1895, his faithful five musketeers, Duclaux, Chamberlain, Roux, Grancher, and Metchnikoff, continued the ongoing vaccine research and added soon new disciplines and research areas to the Pasteur Institute.

“After Pasteur's death in 1895, his faithful five musketeers, Duclaux, Chamberlain, Roux, Grancher, and Metchnikoff, continued the ongoing vaccine research and added soon new disciplines and research areas to the Pasteur Institute.”

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The new immunity discipline developed fast in the twentieth century with multiple Nobel laureates.

“The new immunity discipline developed fast in the twentieth century with multiple Nobel laurates [58].”

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This was also the topic of his lecture at the Copenhagen GMO Conference in 2006 and in his interview in the Danish television program Deadline after the conference.

“This was also the topic of his lecture at the Copenhagen GMO Conference in 2006 [53] and in his interview in the Danish television program Deadline after the conference.”

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The Danish Pasteur Society granted the author his first stay at the Pasteur Institute in 1975.

“The Danish Pasteur Society granted me my first stay at the Pasteur Institute in 1975 [56]”

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In Denmark, there is a marble sculpture of Louis Pasteur at the Carlsberg Research Laboratory and a bronze copy in the outer wall of a building near the modern Otilia Hotel at Pasteurvej in the old brewery area.

“Finally, in Denmark, there is not only the sculpture of Louis Pasteur made in marble at the Carlsberg Research Laboratory but also a bronze copy in the outer wall of building near the modern Otilia Hotel at Pasteurvej in the old brewery area (Figs 4 and 6).”

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Multiple French and foreign artists have been inspired by the anthrax and rabies vaccine stories and created drawings, paintings, and posters now collected at the Pasteur Museum and Archive in Paris.

“Multiple French and foreign artist have been inspired both of the anthrax and rabies vaccine stories and created both drawing, painting, and posters now collected at the Pasteur Museum and Archive in Paris.”

May combine two claims.

Pasteur's test of spontaneous generation showed that sterilizing a food source and keeping it isolated from the outside resulted in no putrefaction, while exposure to the outside environment resulted in putrefaction.

“Pasteur's test of spontaneous generation: By sterilizing a food source and keeping it isolated from the outside, Pasteur observed no putrefaction of the food source (top panel).Upon exposure to the outside environment, Pasteur observed the putrefaction of the food source (bottom panel).”

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Pasteur's collaborator Emile Roux inoculated rabies in dogs by trephination.

“Pasteur's collaborator, the physician Emile Roux (1853-1933) inoculated rabies in dogs by trephination.”

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Many members of the Pasteur Institute have been nominated with Nobel Prizes-10 in all up to now.

“Not surprising, many members of the Pasteur Institute have been nominated with a Nobel Prizes-10 in all up to now [59].”

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The first human vaccination at Ecole Normale Superieure in rue d'Ulm was performed by Joseph Grancher on Joseph Meister with the first human rabies vaccine in 1885.

“The first human vaccination at Ecole Normale Superi eure in rue d'Ulm.The physician Joseph Grancher vaccinates the young boy Joseph Meister with the first human rabies vaccine in 1885.”

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Spontaneous genesis was proven wrong by the swan bottle neck experiments.

“Spontaneous genesis was proven wrong by the so-called swan bottle neck experiments illustrated here.”

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When Pasteur attended the 2nd International Congress of Medicine in Copenhagen in August 1884, vaccination in general and against rabies was presented for the first time, and preventive methods against rabies in humans were discussed.

“When Pasteur attended the 2nd International Congress of Medicine in Copenhagen in August 1884, vaccination in general and against rabies was presented for the first time, and also preventive methods against rabies in humans were discussed.”

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The author and Gabriel Peltre fractioned antibodies to pure monoclonality by isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis.

“In this laboratory, my French colleague and lifetime friend Gabriel Peltre and I fractioned antibodies to pure monoclonality by isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis [55].”

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The author had a postdoc stay for the degree Diplome d'Immunologie Approfondie in 1977.

“including my postdoc stay for the degree”

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In 1884, a full-scale laboratory to study rabies, complete with animal pens, was set up in Villeneuve d'Etang in the village Marnes-la-Coquettes outside west of Paris.

“In 1884, a full-scale laboratory to study rabies, complete with animal pens, was setup in Villeneuve d'Etang in the village Marnes-la-Coquettes outside west of Paris.”

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Pasteur filed nine patents.

“In the next period, Louis Pasteur filed nine patents [37].”

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The curative rabies vaccination procedure was proven effective after a recent diagnosis of rabies, a long time before vaccination as a more prophylactic approach was established and introduced many years later.

“The curative vaccination procedure was hereby proven effective after a recent diagnosis of rabies, a long time before vaccination as a more prophylactic approach were established and introduced many years later.”

May combine two claims.

Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur were competitors both involved in the discovery that Bacillus anthracis could cause severe illness and cause both animal and human disease, as well as on the later development of the vaccine against anthrax.

“In their life time, Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur were competitors both involved in the discovery that Bacillus anthracis could cause severe illness and cause both animal and human disease [42,43], as well as on the later development of the vaccine against anthrax.”

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Pasteur's discoveries on infectious diseases and his understanding that the role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely great made the following centuries safer and less injured by pandemics.

“Without the discoveries of Louis Pasteur in the 19th century on infection diseases and his understanding that”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Without Pasteur's discoveries, the following centuries would have been more unsafe and more injured by pandemics.

May combine two claims.

These preclinical tests were done with 'the other methods'-a new type of attenuation, probably the chromate oxidation method of Toussaint-and all dogs showed a clear curative effect of the vaccinations.

“These preclinical tests were done with”

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Pasteur's liquid culturing of yeast and bacteria inspired the Carlsberg Laboratory to develop clean yeast culture.

“Pasteur's liquid culturing of yeast and bacteria has inspired the Carlsberg Laboratory to develop clean yeast culture in prevention of earlier failures in the beer production mainly due to bacterial contamination.”

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Pasteur's antagonism to Koch was not only scientifically based but also of political origin, since his son Jean-Baptiste was injured during his military service in Germany during the German-French war in 1870-1871.

“Perhaps, the antagonism of Louis Pasteur to his younger German colleague Robert Koch was not only scientifically based but also of political origin, since his son Jean-Baptiste was injured during his military service in Germany during the German-French war in 1870-1871 [44].”

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In the Pouilly-le-Fort experiment, on June 2-3, all sheep and goats in the control group died, and the cows which had received the same challenge were very ill, while all vaccinated animals survived in good health.

“On June 2-3, all sheep and goats in the control group died, and the cows which had received the same challenge were very ill.In contrast, all vaccinated animals survived in good health [30].”

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The Pasteur Institute course program with numerous Nobel laureates and other top scientists as teachers is a most significant factor in the global network determining scientific progress.

“This program with numerous Nobel laureates and other top scientists as teachers is also a most significant factor in the global network determining scientific progress.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The course program at the Pasteur Institute in Paris is open for foreign students, running from the first course in 1889—Cour de Microbie Technique—to the present catalog of courses.

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Girard was given a 1 mL dose of an air-dried attenuated extract from the spinal cord of a rabid rabbit on May 2, 1885; a second injection was planned but hospital and health authorities interrupted and Pasteur was told Girard could undergo no further vaccine treatment.

“On May 2nd 10 a.m., Pasteur arrived again together with his nephew Adrien Loir and his physician colleague Emile Roux.Girard was given a 1 mL dose of an air-dried attenuated extract from the spinal cord of rapid rabbit.A second injection were planned 10 p.m. the same day, but hospital and health authorities interrupted and Pasteur was told, that Girard could undergo no further vaccine treatment.”

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After 7 days with severe illness symptoms, Girard's condition became normal and he was released from the hospital without any symptoms of disease on May 25th; two weeks later he was declared cured for rabies by Pasteur and the doctors involved.

“After 7 days with various severe illness symptoms, and still refusing both water and food, suddenly Girard's condition became normal and he was released from the hospital without any symptoms of disease on May 25th.Two weeks later, he was declared cured for rabies by Pasteur and the doctors involved.”

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Louis Pasteur's pasteurization experiment illustrates that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself.

“Louis Pasteur's pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself.”

May combine two claims.

Pasteur wrote he had successfully vaccinated 50 rabid dogs before using it on Joseph Meister, but according to Geison, Pasteur's laboratory notebooks showed that only 11 dogs had been vaccinated with random results, but other trials were ongoing.

“One example of discord is, when Pasteur wrote, he had successfully vaccinated 50 rabid dogs before using it on Joseph Meister, but according to Geison [46], Pasteur's laboratory notebooks showed, that only 11 dogs had been vaccinated with random results, but that other trials were ongoing”

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Pasteur was asked to help the silk industry, and bacteria were found to cause the illness in silk larvae.

“From the observations that bacteria were the cause of beer and wine”

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In 1878, Pasteur observed by chance that older cultures of chicken cholera had lost virulence, and chickens inoculated with the older cultures were protected against more virulent cultures.

“In 1878, he observed by chance that older cultures had lost virulence, and chickens inoculated with the older cultured were protected against more virulent cultures.”

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Pasteur's studies on tartrate crystals and chiral stereochemistry showed original achievements and were not done in the path of others.

“These studies showed original achievements and should be more enlightened since not done in the path of others as many of his later discoveries [8,9].”

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These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of germ theory of disease.

“These experiments were important pieces of evidence supporting the idea of germ theory of disease.”

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Pasteur's discoveries will stand forever as an example of how competitive science makes progress.

“How future generations will look on Pasteur's discoveries still have to be seen, but they will stand forever as an example on how competitive science make progress since”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Competitive science is the primary driver of scientific progress.

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Pasteur failed first to fully understand the fermentation process, in contrast to Antoine Bechamp who already had suggested that both yeast cells and enzymes (zymase) were involved.

“Pasteur initiated in Lille an intensive study on fermentation, but he failed first to fully understand the fermentation process, in contrast to the French chemist Antoine B echamp (1816-1908), who already had suggested that both the yeast cells and enzymes (named zymase) were involved in the fermentation process.”

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Meister never showed any symptoms of rabies, so the vaccination could not be taken as proof of his cure, but it could have ended otherwise.

“On the other hand, Meister never showed any symptoms of rabies, so the vaccination could not be taken as proof of his”

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Pasteur together with other famous researchers of the 19th century gave the modern world a tool to prevent and cure deadly infections through vaccination.

“Without any understanding and knowledge about an immune system, neither innate nor acquired, Louis Pasteur together with other famous researchers of the 19th century gave the modern world a tool to prevent and cure deadly infections though vaccination.”

May combine two claims.

Within a month, Pasteur treated Julie-Antoinette Poughon, an 11-year-old girl at Hôpital Sct.Denis who had been bitten by her own dog and suffered severe headache; she received two injections, first with the same type of rabies attenuated extract as Girard and later a more virulent extract, and she died a few days after the treatments.

“Within a month, Pasteur treated another case Julie-Antoinette Poughon-an 11-year-old girl-at Hôpital Sct.Denis who in early May had been bitten by her own dog, and suffered with severe headache.Both Pasteur and her hospital doctor agreed that she suffered from rabies.On Pasteur's suggestion, her own doctor gave her two injections, first with the same type of rabies attenuated extract as Girard got”

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Pasteur's approach to beer production was based on microscopy for quality control, use of pure yeast, improved hygiene, and pasteurization.

“The approach was based again on using microscopy for quality control, the use of pure yeast avoiding bacterial contamination, improved hygiene, and employing the recently discovered Barbedienne pasteurization for improving preservation.”

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Pasteur's and Hansen's studies on fermentation have had a great impact for the success of Carlsberg Brewery worldwide in making high-quality beer for more than a century.

“Pasteur's and Hansen's studies on fermentation undoubtfully have had a great impact for the success of Carlsberg Brewery worldwide in making high-quality beer for more than a century.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Pasteur's swan bottle neck experiments definitively proved the theory of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation.

“Pasteur had developed a method to grow yeast and bacteria in liquid media, and setup a brilliant experiment called the”

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The Pasteur Institute has been a considerable factor for scientific development in Denmark.

“The Pasteur Institute has also been a considerable factor for scientific development in Denmark.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: For 150 years, scientists at the Pasteur Institute and the Carlsberg Laboratory have exchanged knowledge and expertise in close collaboration.

May combine two claims.

In parallel with the first human clinical trials, several series of experimental experiments on dogs were conducted; one was initiated on 11 dogs on April 13, and new series were done on 4, 9, 10 dogs initiated on May 28th, June 3rd, June 25th, and June 27th.

“In parallel with these first human clinical trials, several series of experimental experiments on dogs were conducted.One was initiated on 11 dogs on April 13 (before Girard), with ambiguous results, but new series of vaccinations were done on 4 9 10 dogs initiated on May 28th, June 3rd, June 25th, and June 27th (before Meister).”

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Thomas Anderson appointed Lister to Pasteur's basic discoveries of bacteria causing diseases, and Lister started to look after the invisible cause of infections after surgery.

“Thomas Anderson, a British chemistry professor appointed Lister to Louis Pasteur's basic discoveries of bacteria causing diseases, and Lister as an amateur scientist started to look after the invisible cause of infections after surgery, which earlier often killed people even after a successful surgery [38].”

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