Louis Pasteur: Between Myth and Reality

May combine two claims.

The legend of Pasteur was written and even a leading figure would not dare to flout it.

“The legend was written and even a leading figure would not dare to flout it [94].”

• cites [94] Fleming, 1947, Louis Pasteur, Brit. Med. J. sourcePartly supported

  In “Attenuation and Immunization” (page unavailable), Fleming says Pasteur became a “national hero,” supporting the idea that his reputation was established. The paper does not say that even a leading figure would not dare challenge that reputation; it also describes criticism and challenges to Pasteur’s work. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Pasteur was not a pioneer in the lines of work for which he is regarded as the father of modern bacteriology; hardly a problem he studied had not already been recognized and studied by his predecessors.

““Pasteur is regarded as the father of modern bacteriology, but we must remember that he was not a pioneer in these lines of work. There was hardly a problem that he studied which had not been already recognized, and even studied to a greater or less extent by his predecessors””

• cites [93] Conn, 1895, Louis Pasteur, Science sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Pasteur's efforts to minimize the role played by his precursors had been successful, as illustrated by Fleming failing to mention Béchamp, Toussaint, Feltz, Duboué, or Galtier in his 1947 tribute.

“he failed to mention Béchamp, Toussaint, Feltz, Duboué, or Galtier, illustrating that Pasteur's efforts to minimize the role played by his precursors had been successful.”

• cites [94] Fleming, 1947, Louis Pasteur, Brit. Med. J. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Claudio Fermi applied Toussaint's method, exposure to phenol, developing a vaccine that was simpler, more effective, and safer, without risk of transmission since the virulence was essentially eliminated.

“He applied the Toussaint's method, exposure to phenol, developing a vaccine that was simpler, more effective, and above all safer, without risk of transmission since the virulence was essentially eliminated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The best-known inoculation took place on 6 July 1885 on Joseph Meister, aged 9.

“The best-known inoculation took place on 6 July 1885 on young Joseph Meister (1876–1940), aged 9, who came with his mother from Alsace.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Joseph Grancher performed the injections on the first human recipients.

“and it was Joseph Grancher who performed the injections”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The child died on 26 November.

“Sadly, the child died on 26 November.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Lord Doneraile died of rabies on 26 August 1887 as a result of fox rabies or the inoculation during the treatment.

“Unfortunately, Lord Doneraile finally died of rabies on 26 August 1887 as a result of fox rabies or the inoculation during the treatment.”

May combine two claims.

On 14 January 1880, Pasteur wrote in his lab book asking when to take the microbe so it could vaccinate, illustrating that there was not yet a clear understanding of the protective vaccine.

“On 14 January 1880, Pasteur wrote in his lab book: “Hen’s germs: when should we take the microbe, so it could vaccinate?”, illustrating that there was not yet a clear understanding of the protective vaccine.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Pasteur's laboratory notebooks are complete enough that absence of notes on the fowl cholera vaccine between July and November 1879 indicates he did not perform the legendary vacation experiment.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lord Doneraile and Robert Barrer went to Paris to receive the full treatments between 24 January and 21 February.

“They went to Paris to receive the full treatments between 24 January and 21 February.”

May combine two claims.

Roux and Brouardel perjured themselves in court, claiming that the rabbit tests had been negative and that the child had not died of rabies but of a uremic attack.

“Roux and Brouardel perjured themselves in court, claiming that the rabbit tests had been negative and that the child had not died of rabies but of a uremic attack [7].”

• cites [7] Debré, P. (1994). Louis Pasteur, Flammarion.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Girard's treatment was initiated with two injections twelve hours apart, but was stopped by the hospital authorities who had consulted the Ministry of Public Health.

“The treatment was initiated with two injections twelve hours apart. However, the treatment was stopped by the hospital authorities who had consulted the Ministry of Public Health.”

May combine two claims.

Analysis of notebook #88 reveals no text between July 1879 and November 1879; texts from mid-November deal with anthrax, boils, and puerperal fever but not with the fowl cholera vaccine.

“The analysis of notebook #88 reveals no text between July 1879 and November 1879: Pasteur was on vacation in Arbois, where he celebrated the wedding of his daughter Marie-Louise to René Valéry-Radot and afterward suffered from a gastroenteric disease. Texts from mid-November deal with anthrax, boils, and puerperal fever but not with the fowl cholera vaccine.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Pasteur's laboratory notebooks are complete enough that absence of notes on the fowl cholera vaccine between July and November 1879 indicates he did not perform the legendary vacation experiment.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The second injection took place on 22 June 1885 at the Saint-Denis hospital, where an eleven-year-old girl, Julie-Antoinette Poughon, was vaccinated; she died the next day, suggesting that the administration of the vaccine was too late.

“The second injection took place on 22 June 1885 at the Saint-Denis hospital, where an eleven-year-old girl, Julie-Antoinette Poughon, was vaccinated. Unfortunately, she died the next day, suggesting that the administration of the vaccine was too late.”

May combine two claims.

The dog that bit Meister was killed and autopsied; finding wood debris in his stomach was the only evidence that he would have had rabies.

“The dog that bit Meister was killed and autopsied; finding wood debris in his stomach was the only evidence that he would have had rabies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Roux and Brouardel felt they were acting for the benefit of mankind by saving vaccination.

“By doing so, they felt they were acting for the benefit of mankind by saving vaccination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Michel Peter considered that the child had indeed died of rabies.

“However, not all were convinced, in particular Michel Peter, who considered that the child had indeed died of rabies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Decourt verified and estimated the number of cases of rabies in France during the years 1850 to 1876 at 28.5 cases per year.

“Decourt says he has verified and estimated the number of cases of rabies in France during the years 1850 to 1876 at 28.5 cases per year.”

• cites [27] Decourt, 1989, Les Vérites Indésirables—2e Partie: Comment on falsifie l’histoire—Le cas Pasteur, Arch. Int. Claude BernardNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Michel Peter witnessed another case of death despite the vaccine, that of a young man of twenty called Réveillac, who died of rabies after receiving treatment.

“he also witnessed another case of death despite (or because?) of the vaccine, that of a young man of twenty, called Réveillac, who died of rabies after receiving treatment.”

May combine two claims.

Before the first attempts on humans, between August 1884 and May 1885, experiments involved 26 dogs bitten by rabid dogs with three different vaccine approaches, with an overall success rate of 62%.

“Before the first attempts on humans, between August 1884 and May 1885, experiments involved 26 dogs bitten by rabid dogs with three different vaccine approaches. The overall success rate was 62%.”

• cites [3] Geison, G.L. (1995). The Private Science of Louis Pasteur, Pasteur Princeton University Press. Princeton Legacy Library. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On 26 October 1885 Pasteur presented his successes to the Academy of Sciences and its president, Henri Bouley.

“On 26 October 1885, Pasteur presented his successes to the Academy of Sciences and its president, Henri Bouley (1814–1885)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As early as the fall/winter of 1885, people came from far away to receive the life-saving treatment, including the nineteen muzhiks of Smolensk (fifteen of whom were rescued) and four boys from New Jersey.

“As early as the fall/winter of 1885, people came from far away to receive the life-saving treatment: from Russia, the nineteen muzhiks of Smolensk (fifteen of whom were rescued), who had been welcomed at the railway station by the Baron Arthur Pavlovitch de Mohrenheim, ambassador of Russia in Paris, or from America, the four boys from New Jersey.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pasteur asked to be inoculated as well; Grancher refused, as did Loir.

“Pasteur asked to be inoculated as well. Grancher refused, as did Loir, and in doing so disobeyed Pasteur for the first time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In 1887 Anton von Frisch published a work questioning the reliability and relevance of Pasteur's vaccine approach.

“In 1887, he published a work entitled “The treatment of rabies disease: an experimental critique of Pasteur's method”, in which he questioned the reliability and relevance of Pasteur's vaccine approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Meister, like Jupille, was infinitely grateful and became a guardian of the Institut Pasteur.

“Meister, like Jupille, was infinitely grateful and became a guardian of the Institut Pasteur.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lord Doneraile and his coachman Robert Barrer were both bitten by a rabid fox on 13 January 1887 in Ireland.

“In Ireland at the time of the last outbreak of rabies, Lord Doneraile and his coachman Robert Barrer were both bitten by a rabid fox on 13 January 1887.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pasteur had the idea to add potash to accelerate the drying.

“while Pasteur had the idea to add potash to accelerate the drying”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rabies inoculations began on 20 October, carried out daily for twelve days.

“Rabies inoculations began on 20 October, carried out daily for twelve days.”

May combine two claims.

Pasteur was on vacation in Bordighera, and it was Adrien Loir who took over the vaccination.

“Pasteur was on vacation in Bordighera on the Italian Riviera, and it was Andrien Loir who took over the vaccination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The experimental approach with parched spinal cord was initially started on 28 May and 3 June in 20 dogs and repeated on 25 and 27 June in 20 new dogs.

“The experimental approach with parched spinal cord was initially started on 28 May and 3 June in 20 dogs and repeated on 25 and 27 June in 20 new dogs.”

May combine two claims.

Lépine demonstrated by injecting 40 rabbits that the protective power of the Pasteur vaccine was 35%, while tested on 52 rabbits, Fermi's vaccine reached a protection rate of 77.7%.

“He demonstrated by injecting 40 rabbits that the protective power of the Pasteur vaccine was 35%, while tested on 52 rabbits, Fermi's vaccine reached a protection rate of 77.7% [89].”

• cites [89] Sautter, 1937, Essais expérimentaux sur la valeur pratique des vaccins antirabiques phéniqués, Ann. Inst. PasteurNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

On 3 May Girard's condition deteriorated with tremors that lasted three days; on 7 May he was much better, and a fortnight later he was discharged from the hospital.

“On May 3rd, Girard's conditions deteriorated with tremors that lasted three days. On May 7th, the patient was much better, and a fortnight later, the patient was discharged from the hospital.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pasteur considered Peter's words null and void.

“However, Pasteur considered Peter's words null and void.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Adrien Loir and Eugène Viala got vaccinated as well.

“Then, Adrien Loir and Eugène Viala (1858–1926), a laboratory technician, got vaccinated as well [68].”

• cites [68] Loir, A. (1938). À L’ombre de Pasteur—Souvenirs Personnels, Le Mouvement Sanitaire.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Meister committed suicide when the Nazi army entered Paris.

“Meister committed suicide when the Nazi army entered Paris.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Doubt persisted as to the nature of the first patient's illness.

“Doubt persisted as to the nature of this first patient's illness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The next day Pasteur presented the same results to the Academy of Medicine.

“The next day, Pasteur presented the same results to the Academy of Medicine”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lord Doneraile suffered severe, multiple, and deep bites on both hands.

“Lord Doneraile suffered severe, multiple, and deep bites on both hands.”

May combine two claims.

From 1886 to 1889, 7893 people (including 15.9% foreigners) were treated at the Institut Pasteur, and the mortality was only 0.67%.

“from 1886 to 1889, 7893 people (including 15.9% foreigners) were treated, and the mortality was only 0.67%”

• cites [87] Perdrix, 1890, Les vaccinations antirabiques à l’institut Pasteur. Résultats statistiques, Ann. Inst. PasteurNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The mortality from rabies was greater than 98%.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pasteur paid tribute to Theodor Schwann in a letter written in 1878.

“There is another scholar to whom Pasteur paid tribute by writing him in 1878”

• cites [10] Florkin, M. (1960). Naissance et Déviation de la Théorie Cellulaire Dans L’œuvre de Théodore Schwann, Hermann. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Pasteur's authoritarianism, inflexible temperament, and conflicting relationships with students ended in the resignation of 73 students.

“His authoritarianism, his inflexible temperament, and his conflicting relationships with the students ended in the resignation of 73 students”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pasteur established the germ theory of infectious diseases that allowed Joseph Lister to develop his antiseptic practice in surgery.

“He established the germ theory of infectious diseases that allowed Joseph Lister to develop his antiseptic practice in surgery”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pasteur generalized the word "vaccination" coined by Richard Dunning, Edward Jenner's friend.

“He generalized the word “vaccination” coined by Richard Dunning, Edward Jenner’s friend”

May combine two claims.

Pasteur's discovery on molecular chirality catapulted him to the forefront of French research, recognizing what his eminent predecessors had missed.

“his discovery on molecular chirality catapulted the young Pasteur to the forefront of French research, recognizing what his eminent predecessors”

• cites [8] Gal, 2017, Pasteur and the art of chirality, Nat. Chem. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pasteur was a mediocre student who failed to pass his baccalaureate the first time, but he was an excellent pastellist.

“He was a mediocre student who failed to pass his baccalaureate the first time, but he was an excellent pastellist”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The fact that fermentation is part of the action of a living entity had been hypothesized since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observed yeast under his microscope in 1680.

“The fact that fermentation is part of the action of a living entity had been hypothesized since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) observed yeast under his microscope in 1680”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pasteur knew he would need funding for his research and that he would apply for it through an Academy of Sciences Prize (Prix Montyon, 1859).

“He knew he would need funding for his research and that he would apply for it through an Academy of Sciences Prize (Prix Montyon, 1859)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pasteur was a great admirer of Lazzaro Spallanzani, recognizing his immense contribution when he first demonstrated the non-existence of spontaneous generation.

“Louis Pasteur was a great admirer of Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799), recognizing his immense contribution when he first demonstrated the non-existence of spontaneous generation”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Robert Koch pointed out the great ambiguity of Pasteur's approach to preparing his vaccines.

“Robert Koch, his most famous opponent, pointed out the great ambiguity of Pasteur’s approach to preparing his vaccines”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pasteur refuted the idea of Antoine Béchamp, who first considered silkworm disease a microbial infection.

“although he had refuted the idea of Antoine Béchamp, who first considered it was a microbial infection”

May combine two claims.

Using phenol as an antiseptic, Lister reduced the mortality of amputee patients to 15% in four years, compared to 45-50% who died of sepsis previously.

“Using phenol as an antiseptic, he reduced the mortality of amputee patients to 15% in four years, compared to 45–50% who died of sepsis previously.”

• cites [57] Lister, 1867, On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess, etc., with observations on the conditions of suppuration, LancetNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [58] Lister, 1867, On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery, Lancet sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pasteur solved the problem of silkworm disease.

“He solved the problem of silkworm disease”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Geison's demystification of Pasteur led to numerous laudatory comments.

“The demystification of the great hero by Geison led to numerous laudatory comments [63,64].”

• cites [63] Bynum, 1995, The scientist as anti-hero, Nature sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [64] Fee, 1995, The private science of Louis Pasteur, N. Engl. J. Med. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pasteur created four vaccines: fowl cholera, anthrax, pig erysipelas, and rabies.

“He created four vaccines (fowl cholera, anthrax, pig erysipelas, and rabies)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Patrice Debré offered a more realistic description of Pasteur, qualifying him as unfair, arrogant, haughty, contemptuous, dogmatic, taciturn, individualist, authoritarian, careerist, flatterer, greedy, and ruthless with his opponents.

“such as that offered by Patrice Debré [7], qualifying him as unfair, arrogant, haughty, contemptuous, dogmatic, taciturn, individualist, authoritarian, careerist, flatterer, greedy, and ruthless with his opponents”

• cites [7] Debré, P. (1994). Louis Pasteur, Flammarion.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For ten years, Pasteur pursued his research in chemistry and crystallography, founding stereochemistry.

“For ten years, he pursued his research in chemistry and crystallography, founding stereochemistry”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pasteur was invited by Antoine-Jérôme Balard to join his laboratory at ENS.

“Pasteur was invited by Antoine-Jérôme Balard (1802–1876), a prestigious chemist who had discovered bromine in 1826, to join his laboratory at ENS”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Studying fermentation was the second main field of investigation of Pasteur.

“Studying this process would be the second main field of investigation of Pasteur”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pasteur proposed pasteurization for the sterilization of wines.

“He proposed a process, known as pasteurization, for the sterilization of wines”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cadeddu and Decourt, considering Pasteur's publications, correspondence, Loir's book, and laboratory notebooks, showed that Pasteur sought glory above all, to the detriment of his predecessors and collaborators, rigging experiments if necessary or distorting results.

“Considering the publications of Pasteur, his correspondence, the book of Pasteur’s nephew, Adrien Loir (1862–1941) [68], and the laboratory notebooks, they showed how much Pasteur sought for glory above all, to the detriment of his predecessors and his collaborators, rigging his experiments if necessary or distorting his results.”

• cites [4] Cadeddu, 1985, Pasteur and fowl cholera: Critical review of a historical account, Hist. Philos. Life Sci.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [5] Cadeddu, 1987, Pasteur and anti-anthrax vaccination: Historical and critical analysis, Hist. Philos. Life Sci.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [6] Cadeddu, 2000, The heuristic function of ‘error’ in the scientific methodology of Louis Pasteur: The case of the silkworm diseases, Hist. Philos. Life Sci.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [27] Decourt, 1989, Les Vérites Indésirables—2e Partie: Comment on falsifie l’histoire—Le cas Pasteur, Arch. Int. Claude BernardNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [68] Loir, A. (1938). À L’ombre de Pasteur—Souvenirs Personnels, Le Mouvement Sanitaire.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The resignation of 73 students required the intervention of the Minister of Education and led to Pasteur's resignation.

“This required the intervention of the Minister of Education and led to his resignation”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Theodor Schwann in 1836 refined Spallanzani's experiment by passing the air through a flame which enters in a flask containing an infusion sterilized by boiling.

“Theodor Schwann (1810–1882), a Berliner doctor who, in 1836, refined Spallanzani’s experiment by passing the air through a flame which enters in a flask containing an infusion sterilized by boiling”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Jean-Baptiste Biot invented the polarimeter used by Pasteur for his first studies on the divergent diffraction of light by tartaric and paratartaric acids.

“who invented the polarimeter used by Pasteur for his first studies on the divergent diffraction of the light by tartaric and paratartaric acids”

May combine two claims.

In 1880, Pasteur demonstrated that earthworms brought germs from carcasses of dead sick animals buried in fields to the surface, explaining natural contamination of cattle.

“Finally, in 1880, Pasteur offered up an explanation for the natural contamination of cattle. He demonstrated that earthworms brought germs emanating from the carcasses of the dead sick animals to the surface, which had been buried in fields [52].”

• cites [52] Pasteur, 1880, Sur l’étiologie du charbon, C. R. Acad. Sci.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pasteur offered a scientific explanation to the empirical findings of his predecessors.

“Then, Pasteur offered a scientific explanation to the empirical findings of his predecessors.”

May combine two claims.

Heating wine had been previously proposed by Alfred de Vergnette de Lamotte in 1846, and Pasteur denied Lamotte's anteriority.

“However, this approach had been previously proposed by Alfred de Vergnette de Lamotte (1806–1886), a gentleman winemaker (1846) of whom Pasteur denied the anteriority of his work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pasteur created his vaccines in the paths of his precursors Henri Toussaint (anthrax vaccine) and Pierre Victor Galtier (rabies vaccine).

“in the paths of his precursors, Henri Toussaint (anthrax vaccine) and Pierre Victor Galtier (rabies vaccine)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Franz Schulze enriched the experimental approach to demonstrate that air is a vector of germs.

“Franz Schulze (1815–1921), a German chemist and professor of anatomy in Rostock, Graz, and Berlin, enriched the experimental approach to demonstrate that air is a vector of germs”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

History has forgotten scientists whose only fault was to be right ahead of Pasteur.

“history has forgotten those scientists whose only fault was to be right ahead of him”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In January 1876, Stimson successfully completed the first amputation in the USA under completely aseptic conditions.

“Back in New York, in January 1876, he successfully completed the first amputation in the USA under completely aseptic conditions [61].”

• cites [61] Stimson, L.A. (1878). A Manual of Operative Surgery, Henry C. Lea.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After Claude Bernard's death, Pasteur published a book "Critical examination of a posthumous writing by Claude Bernard on fermentation" (1879), affirming the importance of yeast and germs to obtain alcoholic fermentation.

“after Claude Bernard’s death, Pasteur, addressing his late opponent, published a book “Critical examination of a posthumous writing by Claude Bernard on fermentation” (1879), affirming urbi et orbi the importance of yeast and germs to obtain alcoholic fermentation”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

While in Lille, Pasteur was contacted by beet alcohol producers who were facing difficulties in their process of fermentation.

“While in Lille, Pasteur was contacted by beet alcohol producers who were facing difficulties in their process of fermentation”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Whitebread breweries in Britain and Carlsberg in Denmark attribute their success to Pasteur's visit after identifying that a microorganism was contaminating the fermentations required to make beer.

“The Whitebread breweries in Britain and Carlsberg in Denmark attribute their success to Pasteur’s visit after identifying that a microorganism was contaminating the fermentations required to make beer”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Jean Baptiste Dumas and Jean-Baptiste Biot supported Pasteur's young career.

“Two other mentors supported Pasteur’s young career: Jean Baptiste Dumas (1800–1884), a professor of chemistry and member of the French Academy of Sciences, and Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774–1862), a professor of astronomy and physics and also a member of the French Academy of Sciences”

May combine two claims.

In 1863, Davaine observed bacteria in the blood of animals with anthrax and showed that the disease was communicable by infected blood.

“In 1863, Davaine observed the presence of bacteria in the blood of animals with anthrax and showed that the disease was communicable by infected blood [48].”

• cites [48] Davaine, 1870, Recherches sur les infusoires du sang dans la maladie connue sous le nom de sang de rate, C. R. Acad. Sci.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pasteur contributed to the understanding of fermentation, helping brewers and winemakers improve their beverages.

“he contributed to the understanding of the process of fermentation, helping brewers and winemakers to improve their beverages”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some awesome scientists were fully ignored by Pasteur.

“However, there were some awesome scientists who were fully ignored by Pasteur”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Pasteur's work was disruptive with nineteenth century knowledge, so he faced many opponents.

“Because Pasteur’s work was disruptive with nineteenth century knowledge, he faced many opponents”

May combine two claims.

After obtaining Pasteurella from Toussaint, Pasteur prepared a bacterial culture and developed his first vaccine against fowl cholera, reported in 1880.

“After Pasteur had obtained the Pasteurella from Toussaint, he prepared a bacterial culture and developed his first vaccine against fowl cholera, which he reported in 1880 [62].”

• cites [62] Pasteur, 1880, Sur le choléra des poules; études des conditions de la non-récidive de la maladie et de quelques autres de ses caractères, C. R. Acad. Sci.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pasteur discussed fermentation with his mentor Jean-Baptiste Biot, who dissuaded him from openly engaging in such a controversial subject.

“He apparently discussed this subject with his mentor Jean-Baptiste Biot, who dissuaded him from openly engaging in such a controversial subject”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The germ Erysipelothrix was first isolated by Robert Koch in 1876-78 from septic mice inoculated subcutaneously with the blood of rotten meat.

“The germ, Erysipelothrix, was first isolated by Robert Koch in 1876–78 from septic mice that had been inoculated subcutaneously with the blood of rotten meat.”

May combine two claims.

On 13 June 1881, Pasteur communicated his results to the Academy, failing to specify the nature of his vaccine.

“On 13 June 1881, Pasteur communicated his brilliant results to the Academy, failing to specify the nature of his vaccine [71], and for a good reason.”

• cites [71] Pasteur, 1881, Compte rendu sommaire des expériences faites à Pouilly-Le-Fort, près de Melun, sur la vaccination charbonneuse, C. R. Acad. Sci.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A full vaccination process was then necessary for Grancher.

“A full vaccination process was then necessary for Grancher.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Michel Peter reminded his colleagues that the proof of rabies from finding foreign bodies in a dog's stomach had been abandoned.

“Yet, Michel Peter (1824–1893), member of the Academy of Medicine, reminded his colleagues: “In the past, you remember, any dog in whose stomach one found foreign bodies: wood, straw, etc., was famous enraged; this proof is abandoned” [85].”

• cites [85] (1887). Discussion sur la vaccination antirabique. Bull. Acad. Natl. Méd., 17, 51.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Gamaleïa reported that certain preparations of anthrax vaccine could kill sheep and established that the fever induced by the vaccine was a prerequisite for its effectiveness.

“He reported that certain preparations could kill sheep and established that the fever induced by the vaccine was a prerequisite for its effectiveness.”

• cites [73] 1888, Étude sur la vaccination charbonneuse, Ann. Inst. PasteurNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 1892, Loir and Chamberland reported that the death rate was 1.07% for 57,900 vaccinated animals.

“In 1892, Loir and Chamberland reported that the death rate was 1.07% for 57,900 vaccinated animals.”

May combine two claims.

At Pouilly-Le-Fort, the vaccinated sheep were in great shape except one ewe that died pregnant with a stillborn fetus; control animals were all dead or dying; all vaccinated and naïve cattle survived the inoculation.

“It was a huge success; the vaccinated sheep were in great shape, except for one ewe that died. It was identified that she was pregnant and had a stillborn fetus in her womb. The control animals were all dead or dying when the public rushed to the experiment site. All vaccinated and naïve cattle survived the inoculation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Duboué discovered that the progression of the rabies virus takes place through the peripheral nerve fibers to the central nervous system and not through the blood.

“he reported his discovery that the progression of the rabies virus takes place through the peripheral nerve fibers to the central nervous system and not through the blood”

• cites [81] Duboué, P.H. (1879). De la Physiologie Pathologique et du Traitement Rationnel de la Rage: Suite D’études de Pathogénie, V. Adrien Delahaye & Cie.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

On 6 July 1885 Pasteur had little data to ensure the efficacy and safety of his protocol.

“This is to say whether on July 6th Pasteur had little data to ensure the efficacy and safety of his protocol.”

May combine two claims.

In August 1880, Toussaint organized a vaccination session on 26 sheep at the Alfort Veterinary School in Vincennes; 22 animals successfully resisted the anthrax challenge.

“In Vincennes, in August 1880, Toussaint organized a vaccination session on a total of 26 sheep on the farm of the Alfort Veterinary School in Vincennes. Twenty-two animals successfully resisted to the anthrax challenge [70].”

• cites [70] Toussaint, H. (1880). Vaccinations Charbonneuses. Séance du 19 août 1880, Association Française pour L’avancement des Sciences. Comptes rendus de la 9e session.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

After Jenner, Béchamp, Toussaint, and Galtier, Pasteur allowed vaccination to acquire its credentials.

“After Jenner, Béchamp, Toussaint, and Galtier, Pasteur allowed vaccination to acquire its credentials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 1882, Loeffler observed a similar organism in the skin blood vessels of a pig that died of porcine erysipelas and published the description a few years later.

“In 1882, Friedrich Loeffler (1852–1915) observed a similar organism in the skin blood vessels of a pig that died of porcine erysipelas and published the description of the organism a few years later.”

May combine two claims.

Toussaint tried heating the bacteria unsuccessfully, but treating the germs with phenol led to a protective vaccine.

“He tried heating the bacteria, which was not successful; however, treating the germs with phenol led to a protective vaccine.”

• cites [69] Toussaint, 1880, De l’immunité pour le charbon, acquise à la suite d’inoculations préventives, C. R. Acad. Sci.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In summer 1887, an anthrax vaccination organized by the Odessa bacteriological station resulted in the death of 80% of the vaccinated animals, i.e., 3549 sheep, at a cost of more than 40,000 rubles.

“Despite his efforts to master a vaccine that was complicated to prepare, during the summer of 1887, an anthrax vaccination organized by the Odessa bacteriological station resulted in the death of 80% of the vaccinated animals, i.e., 3549 sheep, at a cost of more of 40,000 rubles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The word vaccination was coined in 1800 by Dr. Richard Dunning.

“In fact, the word vaccination was coined in 1800 by Dr. Richard Dunning (1761–1851) [74], a founding member of the Plymouth Medical Society and friend and great supporter of Jenner, who had endorsed the word.”

• cites [74] Dunning, R. (1800). Some Observations on Vaccination or the Inoculated Cow-Pox, March and Teape.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The development of Pasteur's third vaccine, for pig erysipelas, was the least controversial.

“The development of Pasteur’s third vaccine was undoubtedly the least controversial.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pasteur's fourth vaccine, for rabies, contributed most to his fame but was also a hot topic of contradictory debate.

“Pasteur’s fourth vaccine was undoubtedly the one that contributed the most to his fame, but it was also a hot topic of contradictory debate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Adrien Loir organized a successful anthrax vaccination of 400,000 sheep in Australia.

“By contrast, Adrien Loir organized a successful anthrax vaccination of 400,000 sheep in Australia.”

May combine two claims.

Galtier injected rabies virus into the blood stream of nine sheep and one goat, then injected the deadly virus into these animals and ten control animals; the ten vaccinated animals survived and the ten control animals perished.

“In total, he injected the rabies virus into the blood stream of nine sheep and one goat. He then injected the deadly virus into these animals and ten control animals. The ten vaccinated animals survived, and the ten control animals perished.”