Prevention programmes for children of parents with a mood/anxiety disorder: Systematic review of existing programmes and meta‐analysis of their efficacy
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: To systematically describe the characteristics and techniques of prevention programmes for children of parents with mood/anxiety disorders. In addition, recruitment approaches and difficulties were identified and a meta‐analysis was conducted to examine the efficacy of these prevention programmes. Methods: Randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of a prevention programme for children (6–25 years) of parents with mood and/or anxiety disorders were included. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsychINFO, and CENTRAL from the earliest record to March 2019. In addition, programme manuals of identified prevention programmes were requested for a content analysis. Results: Twenty‐two articles containing eight unique prevention programmes involving 1,325 subjects were identified. Programmes varied in the number and types of techniques, but all provided psychoeducation. Results suggested that recruitment via clinicians was more successful than recruitment via health maintenance organization databases. In a meta‐analysis, a significant risk difference was found in favour of prevention programmes on the risk of developing a depressive/anxiety disorder in offspring at short‐term (9–18 months follow‐up; RR = 0.37, 95% CI [0.21; 0.66]) and long‐term follow‐up (24 months or longer follow‐up; RR = 0.71, 95% CI [0.57; 0.87] and on symptom levels in offspring at post‐intervention (SMD = −0.19, 95% CI [−0.36; −0.02]) and at 12‐months follow‐up (SMD = −0.31, 95% CI [−0.57; −0.06]). Conclusions: The prevention programmes combined psychoeducational elements with skills training and/or cognitive‐behavioural therapy elements. The recruitment process and the content of these programmes are sometimes insufficiently described. Nevertheless, they appear to be effective, indicating a need to further examine how these programmes exactly work and for whom. Practitioner points: Preventive interventions for children of parents with mood/anxiety disorders appear to be effective in preventing these disorders in offspring. Available preventive intervention programmes focus mostly on psychoeducation, cognitive‐behavioural therapy, and family processes. More effort should be made into describing preventive interventions so that they can be easily implemented by practitioners. Studies should further examine why and for whom preventive interventions for children of parents with mood/anxiety disorders are effective.
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CBT is mostly used in clinical practice but increasingly also applied for preventive purposes.
“CBT is mostly used in clinical practice but increasingly also applied for preventive purposes [28,29].”
From A Smartphone Serious Game for Adolescents (Grow It! App): Development, Feasibility, and Acceptance Study (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The Discussion (Techniques used in prevention programmes; page not provided) describes a core CBT technique as commonly used in depression and anxiety treatment and says the reviewed prevention programmes included CBT elements. It does not establish that CBT is used mostly in clinical practice or that its preventive use is increasing over time. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe first choice of treatment of anxiety and mood problems in adolescents is psychological therapy, especially CBT.
“The first choice of treatment of anxiety and mood problems in adolescents is psychological therapy, especially cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) [28-30].”
From A Smartphone Serious Game for Adolescents (Grow It! App): Development, Feasibility, and Acceptance Study (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
The Discussion (Techniques used in prevention programmes; page unavailable) says that cognitive restructuring, a basic tenet of CBT, is commonly used in depression and anxiety treatment. It does not say that psychological therapy, or CBT specifically, is the first-choice treatment for adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Havinga, P. J., Maciejewski, D. F., Hartman, C. A., Hillegers, M. H. J., Schoevers, R. A., & Penninx, B. W. J. H.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology Behavioural Science Institute Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Maciejewski, Dominique F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-01-06
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 212-251
- ISSN
- 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8260
- PMC
- PMC8248072
- OpenAlex
- W3118603397
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- prevention programmes, offspring depression, psychoeducation, cognitive behavioral therapy, skills training, family processes, program efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Humans, Psychotherapy, Mood Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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