Perceived control qualifies the effects of threat on prejudice

Greenaway, Katharine H.; Louis, Winnifred R.; Hornsey, Matthew J.; Jones, Janelle M.

doi:10.1111/bjso.12049

Cited by 95Social and Intergroup PsychologyDeath Anxiety and Social ExclusionPsychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment

Perceived control qualifies the effects of threat on prejudice

Greenaway, Katharine H., Louis, Winnifred R., Hornsey, Matthew J., Jones, Janelle M.·2014·British Journal of Social Psychology

DOI 10.1111/bjso.12049

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

People sometimes show a tendency to lash out in a prejudiced manner when they feel threatened. This research shows that the relationship between threat and prejudice is moderated by people's levels of perceived control: Threat leads to prejudice only when people feel concurrently low in control. In two studies, terrorist threat was associated with heightened prejudice among people who were low in perceived control over the threat (Study 1; N = 87) or over their lives in general (Study 2; N = 2,394), but was not associated with prejudice among people who were high in perceived control. Study 3 (N = 139) replicated this finding experimentally in the context of the Global Financial Crisis. The research identifies control as an important ingredient in threatening contexts that, if bolstered, can reduce general tendencies to lash out under threat.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/bjso.12049

Cites

68 of 68 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Stress, appraisal, and coping
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,026 · see citing works
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559 · see citing works
Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.3.513 · Cited by 18,187 · see citing works
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577 · see citing works
Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.1.49 · Cited by 7,121 · see citing works
Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6,181 · see citing works
The illusion of control.
Langer, E. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311 · Cited by 3,909 · see citing works
The Belief in a Just World
Lerner, M. J. (1980) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0448-5 · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works
Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control.
Rothbaum, F. M., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.5 · Cited by 2,111 · see citing works
Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4 · Cited by 1,588 · see citing works
Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content
Ellemers, E. (1999) · Cited by 1,455 · see citing works
The Meaning Maintenance Model: On the Coherence of Social Motivations
Heine, S. J., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. D. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_1 · Cited by 1,437 · see citing works
Different Emotional Reactions to Different Groups: A Sociofunctional Threat-Based Approach to "Prejudice".
Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Lacking control increases illusory pattern perception
Whitson, J. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159845 · Cited by 1,119 · see citing works
In Common Predicament: Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation.
Berkowitz, L. J., & Sherif, M. (1967) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091843 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Human Helplessness: Theory and Applications
Garber, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1980) · Cited by 883 · see citing works
Intergroup Competition and Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration: An Instrumental Model of Group Conflict
Esses, V. M., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (1998) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01244.x · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Collective self‐esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial
Branscombe, N., & Wann, D. (1994) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420240603 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems
Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., Napier, J. L., Callan, M. J., & Laurin, K. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.18 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged.
Rodin, J., & Langer, E. J. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.35.12.897 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
The biopsychosocial model of arousal regulation
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60235-x · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Attachment theory and intergroup bias: Evidence that priming the secure base schema attenuates negative reactions to out-groups.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.97 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Right Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation on Outgroup Attitudes and Their Mediation by Threat From and Competitiveness to Outgroups
Duckitt, J. H. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205284282 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Prejudice towards Muslims in The Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory
González, K. V., Verkuyten, M., Weesie, J., & Poppe, E. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466608x284443 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
The Role of Threats in the Racial Attitudes of Blacks and Whites
Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., McNatt, P. S., & Renfro, C. L. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812009 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Compensatory Control: Achieving Order Through the Mind, Our Institutions, and the Heavens
Kay, A. C., Whitson, J. A., Gaucher, D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01649.x · Cited by 598 · see citing works
When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation
Warburton, W., Williams, K. D., & Cairns, D. R. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.005 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination
Kite, M. E., Whitley, B. E., & Wagner, L. S. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780367809218-13 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged.
Rodin, J., & Langer, E. J. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.12.897 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Perceived Control, Motivation, & Coping
Skinner, E. A. (1995) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483327198 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Social Ostracism
Williams, K. D. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9354-3_7 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Conspicuous Consumption versus Charitable Behavior in Response to Social Exclusion: A Differential Needs Explanation
Lee, J., & Shrum, L. J. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/664039 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Making Sense of Life: The Existential Self Trying to Deal with Personal Uncertainty
van den Bos, K. (2009) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400903333411 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
The Symbolic Power of Money: Reminders of Money Alter Social Distress and Physical Pain
Zhou, X., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02353.x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Minor studies of aggression: VI. Correlation of lynchings with economic indices
Hovland, C. I., & Sears, R. R. (1940) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1940.9917696 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-regulatory processes defend against the threat of death: Effects of self-control depletion and trait self-control on thoughts and fears of dying.
Gailliot, M. T., Schmeichel, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.49 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
An existential function of enemyship: Evidence that people attribute influence to personal and political enemies to compensate for threats to control.
Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017457 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Religious Belief as Compensatory Control
Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D. M., McGregor, I., & Nash, K. A. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309353750 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Stereotype threat spillover: How coping with threats to social identity affects aggression, eating, decision making, and attention.
Inzlicht, M., & Kang, S. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018951 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
A dual-motive model of scapegoating: Displacing blame to reduce guilt or increase control.
Rothschild, Z. K., Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., & Keefer, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027413 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The role of control motivation in mortality salience effects on ingroup support and defense
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Fankhänel, T. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012666 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The power of we: Evidence for group-based control
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., Ablasser, C., Beyer, M., Kuban, J., Manger, A.-M., & Schultz, M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.014 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
When Being a Model Minority Is Good . . . and Bad: Realistic Threat Explains Negativity Toward Asian Americans
Maddux, W. W., Galinsky, A. D., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Polifroni, M. A. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207309195 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Confrontational and Preventative Policy Responses to Terrorism: Anger Wants a Fight and Fear Wants "Them" to Go Away
Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., Aramovich, N. P., & Morgan, G. S. (2006) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2804_11 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Diversity in in-group bias: Structural factors, situational features, and social functions.
Scheepers, D. T., Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.944 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
From lynching to gay bashing: The elusive connection between economic conditions and hate crime.
GREEN, D. P., Glaser, J., & Rich, A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.82 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Collective Reactions to Threat: Implications for Intergroup Conflict and for Solving Societal Crises
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Kessler, T. (2011) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01027.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
On the belief in God: Towards an understanding of the emotional substrates of compensatory control
Laurin, K., Kay, A. C., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.07.007 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Political Consequences of Perceived Threat and Felt Insecurity
Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Weber, C. R. (2007) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716207305951 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Ostracism: The Power of Silence
Vogel-Scibilia, S. (2002) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.1.114 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Antecedents and Consequences of Social Identity Complexity: Intergroup Contact, Distinctiveness Threat, and Outgroup Attitudes
Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Tausch, N., Cairns, E., & Hughes, J. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209337037 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Similarity as a source of differentiation: the role of group identification
Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2001) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.72 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-Directedness: Cause and Effects Throughout the Life Course.
Miller, J., Rodin, J., Schooler, C., & Schaie, K. W. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072280 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Evidence for the specificity of control motivations in worldview defense: Distinguishing compensatory control from uncertainty management and terror management processes
Shepherd, S., Kay, A. C., Landau, M. J., & Keefer, L. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.026 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The relative merits of lean, enriched, and empowered offices: An experimental examination of the impact of workspace management strategies on well-being and productivity.
Knight, C., & Haslam, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0019292 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Intergroup and Interpersonal Threats as Determinants of Prejudice: The Moderating Role of In-Group Identification
Bizman, A., & Yinon, Y. (2001) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2303_5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
British National Party representations of Muslims in the month after the London bombings: Homogeneity, threat, and the conspiracy tradition
Wood, C., & Finlay, W. M. L. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x264103 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Threat and defense as goal regulation: From implicit goal conflict to anxious uncertainty, reactive approach motivation, and ideological extremism.
Nash, K. A., McGregor, I., & Prentice, M. S. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025944 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Steps, stages, and structure: Finding compensatory order in scientific theories.
Rutjens, B. T., van Harreveld, F., van der Pligt, J., Kreemers, L. M., & Noordewier, M. K. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0028716 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The social functions of ingroup bias: Creating, confirming, or changing social reality
Scheepers, D. T., Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2006) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280601088773 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Yes We Can
Rutjens, B. T., van Harreveld, F., & van der Pligt, J. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610361782 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Keeping the vermin out: Perceived disease threat and ideological orientations as predictors of exclusionary immigration attitudes
Green, E. G. T., Krings, F., Staerklé, C., Bangerter, A., Clémence, A., Wagner‐Egger, P., & Bornand, T. (2010) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.1037 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Rejection as a call to arms: inter-racial hostility and support for political action as outcomes of race-based rejection in majority and minority groups.
Barlow, F., Sibley, C., & Hornsey, M. (2012) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02040.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
The mask of zeal: Low implicit self-esteem, threat, and defensive extremism
McGregor, I., & Jordan, C. H. (2007) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860601115351 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Control, Denial, and Heightened Sensitivity Reactions to Personal Threat: Testing the Generalizability of the Threat Orientation Approach
Thompson, S. C. G., & Schlehofer, M. M. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208318403 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The David and Goliath Principle
Jeffries, C. H., Hornsey, M. J., Sutton, R. M., Douglas, K. M., & Bain, P. G. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212444454 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
On the Psychology of the Uncertain Self and the Integration of the Worldview Defense Zoo
van den Bos, K. (2009) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400903448532 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The Global Refugee Crisis: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications for Improving Public Attitudes and Facilitating Refugee Resettlement
Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., & Gaucher, D. (2017) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12028 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants
Esses, V. M. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-080520-102803 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
A Leak in the Academic Pipeline: Identity and Health Among Postdoctoral Women
Ysseldyk, R., Greenaway, K. H., Hassinger, E., Zutrauen, S., Lintz, J., Bhatia, M. P., Frye, M., Starkenburg, E., & Tai, V. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01297 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citation
Personal control decreases narcissistic but increases non‐narcissistic in‐group positivity
Cichocka, A. K., de Zavala, A. G., Marchlewska, M., Bilewicz, M., Jaworska, M., & Olechowski, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12328 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Striving for group agency: threat to personal control increases the attractiveness of agentic groups
Stollberg, J., Fritsche, I., & Bäcker, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00649 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Xenophobia and anti-immigrant attitudes in the time of COVID-19
Esses, V. M., & Hamilton, L. K. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220983470 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Evidence for motivated control: Understanding the paradoxical link between threat and efficacy beliefs about climate change
Hornsey, M. J., Fielding, K. S., McStay, R., Reser, J., Bradley, G. L., & Greenaway, K. H. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.02.003 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citation
The acceptance of Covid-19 tracking technologies: The role of perceived threat, lack of control, and ideological beliefs
Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., & Maison, D. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238973 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Great Recession and Group‐Based Control: Converting Personal Helplessness into Social Class In‐Group Trust and Collective Action
Fritsche, I., Moya, M., Bukowski, M., Jugert, P., de Lemus, S., Decker, O., Valor‐Segura, I., & Navarro‐Carrillo, G. (2017) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12207 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
A Populist Paradox? How Brexit Softened Anti-Immigrant Attitudes
Schwartz, C., Simon, M., Hudson, D., & Hudson, J. V.-H. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123419000656 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Agency Through the We: Group-Based Control Theory
Fritsche, I. (2022) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214211068838 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Loss of control stimulates approach motivation
Greenaway, K. H., Storrs, K. R., Philipp, M. C., Louis, W. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.009 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Why it is so hard to teach people they can make a difference: climate change efficacy as a non-analytic form of reasoning
Hornsey, M. J., Chapman, C. M., & Oelrichs, D. M. (2021) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2021.1893222 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
The consequences of economic threat for motivated social cognition and action
Fritsche, I., & Jugert, P. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.027 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Groupy Shift: Conformity to Liberal In-Group Norms as a Group-Based Response to Threatened Personal Control
Stollberg, J., Fritsche, I., & Jonas, E. (2017) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.374 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The effect of objectification on aggression
Poon, K., Chen, Z., Teng, F., & Wong, W.-Y. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103940 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Between the Lines of Us and Them: Identity Threat, Anxious Uncertainty, and Reactive In-Group Affirmation: How Can Antisocial Outcomes be Prevented?
Lueders, A., Jonas, E., Fritsche, I., & Agroskin, D. (2016) · Peace psychology book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Exploring Cultural Differences in the Extent to Which People Perceive and Desire Control
Hornsey, M. J., Greenaway, K. H., Harris, E. A., & Bain, P. G. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218780692 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Investigating the identification-prejudice link through the lens of national narcissism: The role of defensive group beliefs
Bertin, P., Marinthe, G., Biddlestone, M., & Delouvée, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104252 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Social exclusion and xenophobia: Intolerant attitudes toward ethnic and religious minorities
Aydin, N., Krueger, J. I., Frey, D., Kastenmüller, A., & Fischer, P. A. (2013) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430213510569 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Experimental Manipulations of Personal Control do Not Increase Illusory Pattern Perception
van Elk, M., & Lodder, P. (2018) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.155 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Will we be harmed, will it be severe, can we protect ourselves? Threat appraisals predict collective angst (and its consequences)
Tabri, N., Wohl, M. J. A., & Caouette, J. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2303 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Stress of Passing Through an Educational Bottleneck: A Longitudinal Study of Psychology Honours Students
Cruwys, T., Greenaway, K. H., & Haslam, S. A. (2015) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12115 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Reaching Science Skeptics: How Adaptive Framing of Climate Change Leads to Positive Responses Via Persuasion Knowledge and Perceived Behavioral Control
Coleman, R., Thorson, E., Jimenez, C., & Vinton, K. (2022) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502221084925 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fighting the Past: Perceptions of Control, Historical Misperceptions, and Corrective Information in the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict
Nyhan, B. J., & Zeitzoff, T. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12449 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lab- and Field-Based Approaches to Meaning Threats and Restoration: Convergences and Divergences
Park, C. L., & George, L. S. (2017) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000118 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Refugees in the media: Exploring a vicious cycle of frustrated psychological needs, selective exposure, and hostile intergroup attitudes
Lueders, A., Prentice, M. S., & Jonas, E. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2580 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Political ideology and compensatory control mechanisms
de Leon, R. P., & Kay, A. C. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.013 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Towards a social psychology of precarity
Coultas, C., Reddy, G., & Lukate, J. M. (2023) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12618 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Investigating antecedents of Islamophobia: The role of perceived control over terrorism, threat, meta‐dehumanization , and dehumanization
Pavetich, M., & Stathi, S. (2021) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2512 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Migrations in Italy and Perceptions of Ethnic Threat
Nese, A. (2022) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-022-00985-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Negative Intergroup Contact and Radical Right‐Wing Voting: The Moderating Roles of Personal and Collective Self‐Efficacy
Nijs, T., Stark, T., & Verkuyten, M. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12577 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Warlike and Peaceful Societies
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Blaming immigrants to enhance control: Exploring the control‐bolstering functions of causal attribution, in‐group identification, and hierarchy enhancement
Hirsch, M., Veit, S., & Fritsche, I. (2021) · Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/jts5.73 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The effect of climate change threat on public attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities and climate refugees
Shanaáh, Š., Fritsche, I., & Osmundsen, M. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241262252 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Cycle of Intergroup Conflict
Reiß, S., & Jonas, E. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811844-3.00019-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
When lack of control enhances closeness to others: The case of unemployment and economic threat
Bukowski, M., de Lemus, S., Rodríguez‐Bailón, R., Willis, G. B., & Alburquerque, A. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2563 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Examining Refugee Integration: Perspective of Community Members
Weng, S. S., & Choi, S. (2019) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/fez049 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The influence of perceived robot threat on workplace objectification
Xu, L., Xuehui, W., Yu, F., & Kaiping, P. (2023) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2024.00210 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Acting collectively against air pollution: When does control threat mobilize environmental activism? Registered report
Potoczek, A., Bukowski, M., Jaśko, K., Czepluch, F., Fritsche, I., Jugert, P., & Kossowska, M. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104352 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Peace and conflict as group norms.
Louis, W. R. (2014) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000018 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pathogens, privilege, and purity: How pathogen threat and childhood socioeconomic status influence consumers’ condemnation of purity violations
Whelan, J., & Hingston, S. T. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.017 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Possibility of Self-Determined Death Eliminates Mortality Salience Effects on Cultural Worldview Defense: Cross-Cultural Replications
Du, H., Fritsche, I., Talati, Z., Castano, E., & Jonas, E. (2016) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2016.77101 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Why didn’t we do this before?” the development of Making Safeguarding Personal in the London borough of Sutton
Hopkinson, P., Killick, M., Batish, A., & Simmons, L. (2015) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/jap-12-2014-0045 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Let’s take back control: Disentangling and integrating group-based and certainty-based social responses to threatened personal control
Fritsche, I., Lautenbacher, J. M., & Masson, T. (2025) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2025.2509465 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reducing Objectification Could Tackle Stigma in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From China
Chen, Y., Jin, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Dong, W., & Chen, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.664422 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The man who used to shrug – one man’s lived experience of TBI
Walsh, R. S., Crawley, L., Dagnall, N., & Fortune, D. G. (2020) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-203079 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
United as one? Personal and social identity threats differentially predict cooperation and prejudice toward minorities
Bukowski, M., de Lemus, S., Potoczek, A., Sankaran, S., Petkanopoulou, K., Muro, M. P. M., Chryssochoou, X., & Tausch, N. (2024) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2024.2336939 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How group life makes personal agency possible
Greenaway, K. H. (2024) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2024.03.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Social-identity dynamics in rural communities: a motive for resistance to change
Ham, S. (2022) · The Rangeland Journal · doi:10.1071/rj22023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Black Unicorn Effect: Micro-daily Events and Satisfaction Decrease the COVID-19 Xenophobia, but Only for Those With Low Levels of Neuroticism
Silva, A. J., & Vilela, C. (2023) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941231161278 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Inequality, Military Veteran Transitions, and Beyond: Compensatory Control Theory and Its Application to Real World Social Justice Problems
Kay, A. C., & Gibbs, W. C. (2022) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-021-00385-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stereotyping, prejudice, and the role of anxiety for compensatory control
Schneider, L. J. (2022) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.32872/spb.7875 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The influence of robot salience on workplace objectification
Liying, X. U., Feng, Y. U., Kaiping, P. E. N. G., & Xuehui, W. A. N. G. (2022) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.01905 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Social-cognitive factors that influence prosociality and collective action towards refugees: a reply to ‘The challenges of encouraging refugee assistance: lessons learned from reframing the problem as one of within-group collective action and norm change’ by Faiza El-Higzi and Cristina Moya
Sankaran, S. (2023) · Global Discourse · doi:10.1332/20437897y2023d000000016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychosocial pathways to xenophobic attitudes among South Africans: a mediating study
Ejoke, U. P. (2018) · Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How we empowers me: the availability of agentic ingroups elevates group-based control perceptions following threat
Czepluch, F., Jugert, P., Fritsche, I., Franke, B., & Lautenbacher, J. M. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2543394 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Do people turn to visible reminders of group identity under stress?
Greenaway, K. H., & Aknin, L. B. (2018) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12503 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Psychology of Anomie
Teymoori, A. (2016) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2016.831 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Will We Be Harmed, Will It Be Severe, Can We Protect Ourselves? Threat Appraisals Predict Collective Angst (and Its Consequences)Preprint
Tabri, N., Wohl, M. J. A., & Caouette, J. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/b38u2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficacité de l'enseignement socioconstructiviste et de l'enseignement explicite en éducation prioritaire : Quelle alternative pour apprendre les mathématiques ?
Guilmois, C. (2026) · doi:10.70675/e8bf15dfz0919z4262zbe0cz89cfde2eb45a · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reimagining Social Relations Through Care and Collective Joy: The Formation of Collectivity Among Volunteers Along the Lines of In/Formality
Brunßen, M., Jay, S., & de Oliveira, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70241 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Decision making in a chaotic world: The impact of randomness on confirmatory information processing in personal and economic decision making
Niedernhuber, J. (2015) · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) · doi:10.5283/epub.31663
Intergruppenkontakt auf sozialen Netzwerkplattformen
Dietrich, N., & Kanis, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17603-7_6
5. Economic Determinants of Conflict and Fear
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.05
7. Regality Theory Applied to Ancient Cultures
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.07
Discussion and Conclusion
(2016) · Archaeopress Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvxrq1f9.12
3. Contributions from Other Theories
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.03
2. The Theory of Regal and Kungic Cultures
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.02
6. Strategic Uses of Fear
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.06
8. Statistical Testing of Regality Theory
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.08
4. Different Kinds of War in Human History
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.04
1. Introduction
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.01
9. Discussion and Conclusion
Fog, A. (2017) · Open Book Publishers · doi:10.11647/obp.0128.09
United as One_PreprintPreprint
Bukowski, M., de Lemus, S., Potoczek, A., Sankaran, S., Petkanopoulou, K., Montañés, P., Chryssochoou, X., & Tausch, N. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zs6xf
Doživljaj kontrole u psihologiji: Teorije, metode i istraživanja
Ljubotina, D. (2022) · doi:10.17234/9789533790466
References
(2023) · International perspectives on equality, diversity and inclusion · doi:10.1108/s2051-233320230000007011
Development of a Model for Social Conflict Intentions in Urban Communities as Early Warning Systems
Suyono, H., & Lismawati, L. (2024) · Journal of Educational Health and Community Psychology · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v13i2.28668
The Effects of COVID-19-Related Threat on Perceived Control and Ingroup Favoritism
Ransom, C., Scarf, D., Arahanga‐Doyle, H., & Hunter, J. (2024) · Springer studies on populism, identity politics and social justice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69610-7_12
The Stress of SecrecyPreprint
Liu, Z., Greenaway, K. H., Kalokerinos, E. K., Akinola, M., & Slepian, M. L. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5158742
Self-citation
Different types of depression literacy and their impacts on reducing personal stigma towards late-life depression in older adults: Results from a pre-and-post intervention study
Zhang, A. Y., Liu, T., Leung, D. K. Y., Lu, S., Yau, J. H.-Y., Wong, G. H. Y., & Lum, T. Y. S. (2025) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcaf038
Cultural Differences in the Perception of Control and Intergroup Discrimination
Hunter, J., Hu, Q., Platow, M. J., Tran, J. N., Knight, P., Kappmeier, M., Ruffman, T., & Scarf, D. (2025) · Diversity and inclusion research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82900-0_14
Understanding the Basis of Intercultural and Intergroup Discrimination: The Role of Subjective Control in Employment and Other Situations
Yan, R., Huang, M., Hu, Q., Fahey, K., Scarf, D., & Hunter, J. A. (2025) · Diversity and inclusion research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82900-0_20
Teaching about terrorism
Bammens, M., van Alten, D. C. D., Bucher, L., de Graaf, B., & Wansink, B. (2025) · Historical thinking, culture, and education · doi:10.12685/htce.1395
Muslims and Non‐Muslims: In Conflict or Harmony With Each Other? Conflict‐Related Ingroup Norms Shape Threat Effects on Intergroup Behavioural Intentions
Hess, F. M., Masson, T., & Fritsche, I. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70144
The Moderating Role of War-Time Stress on the Associations Between Sexual Distress and Sexual and Psychological Well-Being
Lazar, A., & Gewirtz‐Meydan, A. (2025) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2025.2534593
When Fear Breeds Division: How Perceived Threats Increase Negative Attitudes Towards People With Opposing Opinions
Xie, X., Zeng, Z., van Prooijen, J., & Guo, Y. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.70025
The Impact of Perceived AI Anxiety on Workplace Alienation among Customer Service Center Employees: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Control
郭, 雯. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.1412929
Will We Be Harmed, Will It Be Severe, Can We Protect Ourselves? Threat Appraisals Predict Collective Angst (and Its Consequences)Preprint
Wohl, M., Caouette, J., & Tabri, N. (2017) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Approche intergroupe des croyances conspirationnistes : Une stratégie de gestion de l’identité sociale ? Conceptualisation, déterminants et conséquences
Bertin, P. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/76d26027z5d35z4793zad15z2edb421681bc
A Machine Learning Study of Predictors of Homophobia Across the Globe
Joshanloo, M. (2026) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-026-03528-9
A representative German survey experiment exploring the acceptability of green H2 storage: Significant links with socio-psychological predictors and targeted information
Steller, R. S., Recklies, E. A., Schweizer-Ries, P., & Kause, A. (2026) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2026.104907
Sense of Lack of Control, Cognitive Control, and the Expression of Prejudice: The Role of Effort Withdrawal
Soral, W., & Bilewicz, M. (2026) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x261489618
Common Inclusive Identity as a Prevention Against Anti-Muslim Responses to Threat: The Roles of Personal Control and Political Orientation / La identidad común inclusiva para prevenir una respuesta anti islámica a la amenaza: el papel del control personal y la orientación política
Hess, F. M., Fritsche, I., Bukowski, M., Potoczek, A., & Guerra, R. (2026) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1177/02134748261483390
Adaptation amid autocratization in Hong Kong: the roles of powerlessness and secondary control in emigration and self-censorship
Kobayashi, T., Chan, P., & Gong, C. (2026) · Japanese Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s1468109926100450

Authors: Greenaway, K. H., Louis, W. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Jones, J. M.
Affiliations: The University of Queensland (AU)
Queen Mary University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Greenaway, Katharine H.
ORCID: Greenaway, Katharine H.
Louis, Winnifred R.
Hornsey, Matthew J.
Jones, Janelle M.
Venue: British Journal of Social Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-09-06
Volume: 53
Issue: 3
Pages: 422-442
ISSN: 0144-6665 (ISSN-L)
2044-8309
DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12049
OpenAlex: W2147786894
Cited by: 95
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 12.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: British Journal of Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
Keywords: perceived control, threats, prejudice, terrorist threats, 2008 financial crisis, moderation
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aggression, Australia, Emigration and Immigration, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, Social Behavior, Social Control, Formal, Terrorism, Young Adult, Economic Recession

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Perceived control qualifies the effects of threat on prejudice

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks